14. Insight on Treatment Mechanism: Constructed Wetland for Sewage Treatment

Rapid urbanisation has led to a surge in organic wastewater generation, significantly contributing to the contamination of freshwater resources and posing serious threats to environmental and human health. Conventional physicochemical treatment methods, while effective, are often constrained by high operational costs, energy consumption, and the production of hazardous byproducts. In response to increasing environmental concerns and regulatory pressures, biological treatment methods have gained attention for their sustainability and efficacy. Among these, constructed wetlands have been vital natural cleaning systems. Constructed wetlands (CWs) are inexpensive eco-technical solutions that have long been utilized to clean municipal and urban wastewater. However, over the last two decades, their application has expanded for wastewater treatment due to technological advancements and extensive research in the field. The CW is a promising approach for treatment strategy because it provides economic and environmental advantages in addition to effective treatment. These ecosystems offer an environmentally beneficial alternative to traditional treatment techniques by combining human ingenuity with natural processes.