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2017 | OriginalPaper | Chapter

3. Integration and Equal Pay: Equal but Not the Same

Authors : Annie Hau-Nung Chan, Lawrence Ka-Ki Ho

Published in: Women in the Hong Kong Police Force

Publisher: Palgrave Macmillan UK

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Abstract

This chapter describes the various factors behind the rapid expansion of women police between the mid-1960s and 1970s. These include general factors that led to an increase in policing demand and specific factors that led to more demand for policewomen. The two-pronged contemporaneous re-organisation of police work explains how gender enabled the proliferation of tasks deemed suitable for policewomen. Because of the equal pay movement and its success, the discourse of difference prominent in the 1950s was overshadowed by a discourse of equality. However, closer reading of the materials reveals inconsistencies and exaggerations to play up policewomen’s achievements, as well as a persistent need to qualify policewomen as feminine and therefore different, despite the fact that they were now supposedly “equals” to their male counterparts. Women were expanding to a broader range of units but the work that they did was still sex-typed. The expansion also created unexpected problems for some divisions and units, mostly because of gendered policies of the HKP.

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Footnotes
1
Other sources include Hong Kong Statistics, Hong Kong Police Annual Report, Hong Kong Government Staff List and Hong Kong Estimates of Revenue and Expenditure, Civil Service Personnel Statistics. Different sources use different census dates, and in some cases certain years are missing.
 
2
It is acknowledged that in 1972 women inspectors were first recruited from overseas because “male expatriate recruitment was not, at that time, equating with demand” (Calderwood, 1974, p. 15).
 
3
HKMS148-1-41, Colonial Secretariat, No. 3/4406/48 [letter], 5 February 1949.
 
4
HKMS148-1-41, Salaries Commission Offices, Colonial Secretariat, Ref. SC/95A/59 [letter], 1 April 1959.
 
5
HKMS148-1-41, The Hong Kong Standing Committtee for Equal Pay, [letter]. (n.d.) p. 1.
 
6
HKMS148-1-41, The Hong Kong Standing Committee for Equal Pay, [letter], (n.d.), p. 2.
 
7
Hong Kong Government, Report on Women‘s Salary Scales in the Public Service, 1962, p. 5.
 
8
HKMS148-1-41, The Hong Kong Standing Committee for Equal Pay, [letter], (n.d.), p. 2.
 
9
HKRS70-7-171-1, HKS, Traditional male domain of crime-fighting invaded: Police women make the grade, 30 November 1975.
 
10
HKRS70-7-171-1, HKS, Traditional male domain of crime-fighting invaded: Police women make the grade, 30 November 1975.
 
11
This is based on the teaching (男女授受不親) from Chinese philosopher Mencius.
 
12
HKRS70-7-171-1, South China Morning Post, Women police get same training as men, 7 June 1965.
 
13
HKRS70-7-171-1, Police Public Information Bureau [press release], Women police attract overseas interest, 23 January 1969; HKRS70-7-171-1, Kung Sheung Daily News, 芬蘭警察雜誌:介紹香港女警, 24 January, 1969; HKRS70-7-171-1, Hong Kong Times, 本港女警精明能幹:備受海外人士喝采, 24 January, 1979.
 
14
HKRS70-7-171-1, Police Public Information Bureau [press release], Women police attract overseas interest, 23 January 1969.
 
15
HKRS70-7-171-1, Women in the fight [report], 11 July 1973; HKRS70-7-171-1, HKS, HK officer honoured by Queen, 12 July 1973.
 
16
Police Public Information Bureau, Off Beat No. 108, 女警數目空前紀綠:亦為英聯邦區之冠, 2 March—15 March 1977, p. 2.
 
17
HKRS70-7-171-1, South China Morning Post, Police women show their worth, 5 October 1971.
 
18
The Diaoyu Islands are disputed territory between China and Japan and continue to be a focus for nationalists and patriots.
 
19
HKRS70-7-171-1, HKS, Traditional male domain of crime-fighting invaded: Police women make the grade, 30 November 1975.
 
20
HKRS70-7-171-1, HKS, Traditional male domain of crime-fighting invaded: Police women make the grade, 30 November 1975.
 
21
HKRS70-7-171-1, HKS, W.P.C. Leung is on the job again, 13 February 1971.
 
22
HKRS70-7-171-1, HKS, Heroines of the police force,17 June 1975.
 
23
HKRS70-171-1, PPRB, Police report #8 p. 61, 16 June 1975.
 
24
HKRS70-7-171-1, HKS, Police heroines back on the beat!, 17 June 1975.
 
25
HKRS70-7-171-1, HKS, This miss is ready for anything…even riots, 17 May 1973.
 
26
HKRS70-7-171-1, HKS, This miss is ready for anything…even riots, 17 May 1973.
 
27
HKRS70-7-171-1, HKS, The police women: Two women in the force have as hard and tough a time as the men, 17 July 1973.
 
28
HKRS70-7-171-1, China Mail, Equality means a lot in the police: It’s very much women’s lib as far as Hong Kong’s women police are concerned, 24 July 1973.
 
29
First Report of the Commission of Inquiry under Sir Alaistair Blair-Kerr. Hong Kong: Government Printer, July 1973.
 
30
Police Public Information Bureau, Off Beat, Women police expand: Promotion prospects of women police will be greatly enhanced under a phased expansion programme over the next few years, 28 November—11 December 1973, p. 2.
 
31
Police Public Information Bureau, Off Beat, Women police expand: Promotion prospects of women police will be greatly enhanced under a phased expansion programme over the next few years, 28 November—11 December 1973, p. 2.
 
32
HKRS70-7-171-1, Police Public Information Bureau, [Police Report No. 7], 31 August 1974.
 
33
HKRS70-7-171-1, Police Public Information Bureau, Off Beat, Special book marks women police silver jubilee: Kimmy Koh started it all, 21 August—3 September 1974.
 
34
HKRS70-7-171-1, Police Public Information Bureau, [Police Report No. 12], 30 November 1974.
 
35
HKRS70-7-171-1, HKS, Policewomen reach a new milestone, 11 November 1974.
 
36
HKRS70-7-171-1, Police Public Information Bureau, [Police Report No. 14], 29 November 1974.
 
37
Police Public Information Bureau, 香港電台電視組拍成一紀錄片介紹女警工作[Radio Televions Hong Kong Televison Unit completes documentary to introduce policewomen’s work] Off Beat #28, 6 February 1974, p. 2.
 
38
Police Public Information Bureau, 香港電台電視組拍成一紀錄片介紹女警工作[Radio Televions Hong Kong Televison Unit completes documentary to introduce policewomen’s work] Off Beat #28, 6 February 1974, p. 2.
 
39
HKRS70-7-171-1, HKS, Wandering woman returned home, 8 November, 1973.
 
40
HKRS70-7-171-1, HKS, Moments of pride for the police, 13 November, 1973.
 
41
HKRS70-7-1-171-1, South China Morning Post, Mini-bus baby, 8 June 1974.; HKRS70-7-171-1, Police Public Information Bureau, Policewoman acts as midwife for the third time [Police Report No. 8], 7 June 1974; HKRS70-7-171-1, Police Public Information Bureau, [Police Report No. 3], 13 January 1975.
 
42
HKRS70-7-171-1, South China Sunday Post-Herald, Pounding that beat…: It’s tough on the feet, 4 August 1974.
 
43
HKRS70-7-171-1, South China Sunday Post-Herald, Pounding that beat…: It’s tough on the feet, 4 August 1974.
 
44
Police Public Information Bureau, Off Beat #160, Women take on another tough job, 21 March—4 April 1974, p. 1.
 
45
Police Public Information Bureau, Off Beat #160, Women take on another tough job, 21 March—4 April 1974, p. 1.
 
46
HKRS70-7-171-1, Police Public Information Bureau, [Police report no. 7], 27 May 1973.
 
47
HKRS70-7-171-1, Police Public Information Bureau, [Police report no. 7], 27 May 1973.
 
48
HKRS70-7-171-1, Police Public Information Bureau, [Police report no. 7], 27 May 1973.
 
49
Police Public Information Bureau, Off Beat #106, Jungle boots for our girls: For the first time in Force history women constables are out on patrol in rural areas, 2—15 February 1977, p. 1.
 
50
Police Public Information Bureau, Off Beat #106, 本隊創下新紀元 並開放警隊先河:西貢鄉區巡邏隊 首次有女性隊員, 2—15 February 1977.
 
51
HKRS70- 6-277-2, Police Public Information Bureau, [responses to inquiries from China Mail], 27 Feb 1974.
 
52
Police Public Information Bureau, Off Beat #1, You can help our TV show, 24 January—6 February 1973, p. 2.
 
53
HKRS70-7-171-1, HKS, The police women: Two women in the force have as hard and tough a time as the men, 17 July 1973.
 
54
HKRS70-7-171-, South China Morning Post, They all love Cathy in Tsun Wan, 15 July 1975.
 
55
HKRS70-7-171-1, The Star, HK women police an example for Finland, 11 March 1968.
 
56
HKRS70-7-171-1, South China Morning Post, Women police acclaimed, 24 August 1973.
 
57
HKRS70-7-171-1, Police Public Information Bureau, [Police report no. 13], 27 June 1975.
 
58
HKRS70-7-171-1, South China Morning Post, Woman officer gets top police job, 18 June 1975.
 
59
HKRS70-7-171-1, Hong Kong Star, The girls are slowly taking over as Pcs, 2 October 1971.
 
60
HKRS70-7-171-1, South China Morning Post, Policewomen show their worth, 5 October 1971.
 
61
HKRS70-7-171-1, HKS, The girls are slowly taking over as Pcs, 2 October 1971.
 
62
Police Public Information Bureau, Off Beat #127, ‘Sea’ jobs for police women, 30 November—13 December 1977, p. 1.
 
63
Police Public Information Bureau, OffBeat #127, ‘Sea’ jobs for police women, 30 November—13 December 1977, p. 1.
 
64
Police Public Information Bureau, OffBeat #146, 30 August—12 September 1978, p. 4.
 
65
Police Public Information Bureau, Off Beat #157, 7 February—20 February 1979, p. 1.
 
66
HKRS70-7-171-1, HKS, Traditional male domain of crime-fighting invaded: Police women make the grade, 30 November 1975.
 
67
HKRS70-7-171-1, HKS, Traditional male domain of crime-fighting invaded: Police women make the grade, 30 November 1975.
 
68
Police Public Information Bureau, Off Beat #152, Equal role for women, 22 November—5 December 1978.
 
69
HKRS637-3-1, Commissioner of the Police, Establishment: Women police, Ref. (2.) in CP 169/204 [memo], 8 July 1971.
 
70
HKRS637-3-1, Commissioner of the Police, Establishment of sub-committee of finance committee, EC 1971/72 item 109, 8 July 1971, p. 3.
 
71
HKRS637-3-1, Commissioner of the Police, Establishment of sub-committee of finance committee, EC 1971/72 item 109, 8 July 1971, p. 7.
 
72
HKRS637-3-1, Commissioner of the Police, Establishment of sub-committee of finance committee, EC 1971/72 item 109, 8 July 1971, p. 22.
 
73
HKRS637-3-1, Commissioner of the Police, Establishment of sub-committee of finance committee, EC 1971/72 item 109, 8 July 1971, p. 12.
 
74
HKRS637-3-1, Commissioner of the Police, Establishment of sub-committee of finance committee, EC 1971/72 item 109, 8 July 1971, p. 13, 16, 26, 30, 34, 36.
 
75
HKRS637-3-1 “Memo from CP 11 July 1974 Women Police Establishment”.
 
76
HKRS 637-3-1, Commissioner of Police, Disciplined force manning scales as at 1st July, 1973, Ref. (27) in CP 169/204 [memo], 11 July 1974, p. 4.
 
77
HKRS 637-3-1, SSPF, Establishment—Women police [memo], 29 July 1974, p. 1.
 
78
HKRS 637-3-1, SSPF, Establishment—Women police [memo], 29 July 1974, p. 1.
 
79
HKRS637-3-1, DPC NT, Women police manning scales [memo], 3 December 1975, p. 1.
 
80
HKRS637-3-1, DPC NT, Women R. & F. [memo], 5 August 1977.
 
81
HKRS637-3-1, SDI TKL, Women R. & F.—Shadow establishment [memo], 12-940,221, 11 August 1977.
 
82
HKRS637-3-1, DPC NT, Deployment of WPC’s [memo], Ref.: (142) in NT 165/2, 20 July 1981.
 
83
HKRS637-3-1, DS F, Deployment of WPCs [memo], Ref. (18) in NT F 169/5, 12 August 1981.
 
84
HKRS637-3-1, DS F, Woman police: Deployment and strength [memo], Ref.: (20) in NT/F 169/5, 10 December 1981.
 
85
HKRS637-3-1, DS F, Woman police strength [memo], Ref.: (23) in NT F 169/5, 12 February 1982.
 
86
HKRS637-3-1, RC NT, Women police strength [memo], Ref. (233) in NT 183/10, 15 March 1982.
 
87
HKRS637-3-1, DS F, Application for transfer: W/Sgt 15,541 Lo Ng Chui-Lin [memo], Ref.: xxx (not legible) in NT F 183/2 V, 28 May 1982.
 
88
HKRS637-3-1, Commissioner of Police, Women police establishment [memo], Ref.: (28) in CP 169/204 III, 28 October 1974.
 
89
HKRS637-3-1, Commissioner of Police, Women rank and file in C.I.D. [memo], Ref.: (57) in CP 169/204 III, 6 December 1976.
 
90
A handful of women CIDs had been allowed to carry guns on specific operations prior to 1995.
 
91
HKRS637-3-1, Commissioner of Police, Women rank and file of “shadow entitlement” [memo], CP/CON (not legible)/198/9 Pt. II, 21 January 1977.
 
92
HKRS805-1-1, Policy decisions on women police establishment (no author, no date, no ref); HKRS 805-1-1, Commissioner of Police, Women police—Inspectorate strength [memo], Ref: (55) in C.P. 169/204 III, 16 December 1975.
 
93
HKRS70-8-3437, Police Public Information Bureau, Hong Kong’s girl—Power supports the police [police report no. 6], 27 January 1977.
 
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Metadata
Title
Integration and Equal Pay: Equal but Not the Same
Authors
Annie Hau-Nung Chan
Lawrence Ka-Ki Ho
Copyright Year
2017
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1057/978-1-349-95281-6_3