Intelligent Infrastructure in Transportation and Management

Table of Contents

1. Frontmatter

2. Advances in Transportation Infrastructure

   1. Frontmatter

   2. Chapter 1. Data-Driven Approach for Modeling the Mixed Traffic Conditions Using Supervised Machine Learning

      Narayana Raju, Shriniwas Arkatkar, Gaurang Joshi, Constantinos Antoniou

      Abstract

      The article describes modeling vehicular movements using supervised machine learning algorithms with trajectory data from heterogeneous non-lane-based traffic conditions. The trajectory data on the mid-block road section of around 540 m is used in the study. Supervised machine learning algorithms are employed to model the vehicular positions. A set of parameters were identified for modeling the longitudinal and lateral positions. With the set of parameters, the algorithm’s potentiality for mimicking vehicular positions is evaluated. It was identified that supervised machine learning algorithms would model the vehicles’ positions with accuracy in the range of 20–60 mean absolute percentage error. The k-NN algorithm was marginally edging past all algorithms and acted as a promising candidate for modeling vehicular positions.

   3. Chapter 2. Microscopic Traffic Simulation Approach to Evaluate Driving Parameters at Influence Zone of the Intersection

      P. Chauhan Boski, J. Joshi Gaurang, Parida Purnima

      Abstract

      In recent decades, rapid urbanization has resulted in an increase in vehicle population, causing traffic congestion, longer travel times and lower average vehicle speeds. Intersections are important parts of the road network because they cause traffic congestion and higher speed fluctuations. To understand driving characteristics related to speed variation at the intersection, the driving cycle is an important concept used for many years. The study focuses on the analysis of driving cycle parameters for an urban intersection. The major driving parameters evaluated for demonstrating the speed characteristics of vehicles are acceleration, deceleration, idle and cruise states at the influence zone of the intersection. The result shows that more than 90% of the time is spent on acceleration and deceleration states, whereas approximately 5% of the time is spent on idle state depending upon the signal operation. To achieve microscopic speed analysis, an influence zone is created in VISSIM to mimic the exact traffic scenario.

   4. Chapter 3. Calibrating and Validation of Microsimulation Model for Indian Heterogeneous Traffic Flow—A Case Study

      Harsh Mer, A. Mohan Rao, Rena N. Shukla

      Abstract

      Microsimulation modelling approach and its application in the field of transportation engineering is widely used by traffic modeller across the world over the past few years, the major advantage of simulation in traffic facilities is that it can be evaluated and conceptualized before implementing in the real world. Transport modeller can enjoy this advantage only if the calibration of the simulation software’s is carried out using a scientific methodology and validation with the field conditions and real-world data. The paper presents a methodology for VISSIM microscopic model development and calibrating and validating by selecting an interurban corridor. This study will discuss the methodology to identify sensitive parameters out of all driving behaviour parameters and how to calibrate sensitive parameters using state-of-the-art techniques. Finally, after validating the model, it is reported, the methodology proposed in this study can be used for any such interurban corridors which will save time and money.

   5. Chapter 4. Driver’s Risk Compelling Behavior for Crossing Conflict Area at Three-Legged Uncontrolled Intersection

      Khushbu Bhatt, Jiten Shah

      Abstract

      Accidents on the junction of the rural highway have a high percentage compared to straight aligned roads. In this paper, the three-legged intersection on the highway has been analyzed based on classified traffic volume, gap acceptance parameter occupancy time, and road geometric features. The data set for two similar sections of state highway is considered. The value of the critical gap is estimated to understand the driver’s aggressiveness for the different vehicle types and geometric characteristics. The chances of accidents for heavy vehicles are less as compared to two-wheelers and four-wheelers as the critical gap and occupancy time for large vehicles are more. However, the speed of heavy vehicles like LCV, bus-truck decreases on turning movement, which reduces the severity of the accident. Nevertheless, the accident rate at the junction is higher due to other vehicle types as the driver tends to cross the conflict area as a priority. The driver’s aggressiveness and tendency to accept a small gap at the conflicting stream results in crashes. Therefore, at the right turning movements (as the left turn is free in developing countries) of vehicles from the major and minor road are considered and concluded that at T-intersection of highways surrogate safety measure is required based on standard guidelines which need to be focused.

   6. Chapter 5. Analysis of Driver Behaviour in Dilemma Zone at Signalized Intersection Under Heterogeneous Traffic

      Ayushi V. Shah, Pinakin N. Patel, L. B. Zala, A. A. Amin

      Abstract

      Road accidents and congested roads are very common in the cities of highly populated developing countries like India. The goal of this project was to analyse and model a dilemma region that support better intersection efficiency and minimize right-angle crashes and rear-end collisions, these two main types of crashes are often affected by driver decisions whenever they are caught in their respective dilemma regions, where they often either choose to stop or go through the intersection. Drivers’ dilemma zones vary depending on the vehicles arriving speeds, travel time, distance to a stop line, perception reaction times, and vehicle deceleration rate, all of which are variables that can affect the dilemma zone. A binary logistic model has been developed. 15% of the derived data was used to verify the generated model, which indicates that the model's accuracy rate is 70.9 percent.

   7. Chapter 6. Evaluation of Road Side Friction and Its Effect on Reduction of Capacity of Urban Arterial Roads of Some Selected Towns

      Bhavya S. Patel, H. R. Varia

      Abstract

      Capacity is a fundamental concept in traffic engineering. Various studies were conducted on this problem in some developing nations and found that due to the increase in the number of cities, there is often too much activity on these roads, which affects the way they operate. This disruption of the smooth flow of traffic is known as “side friction”. In this study, several growing towns of the Indian state of Gujarat are selected and traffic behaviors were studied on selected arterial. In this regard, a classified traffic volume count survey, the spot-speed study is conducted on the selected arterial. Flow, Speed, and Density on the selected arterial are analyzed with and without roadside frictions conditions. Variations in capacity and different parameters of the arterial are determined with the help of speed-flow curves and speed-density curves. The capacity determined when side friction events were present is 13% to 22% less compared to without side friction condition. This study may be helpful to improve the existing traffic conditions in developing towns.

   8. Chapter 7. Public Transport User’s Satisfaction Level in India

      Sreechitra, Chintaman Bari, Yogeshwar V. Navandar, Ashish Dhamaniya

      Abstract

      The most critical problems faced by public transportation systems in India are the difficulties that arise from the low per capita income, overcrowding, traffic congestion, accidents, inefficiency, lack of planning, and lack of coordination. So, the present study is carried out to evaluate the people's satisfaction level with the current public transportation systems and the modification required for improving them. The online survey using the Google Forms platform was conducted from various Indian cities. The result shows that people are not willing to use public transportation systems because of the lack of door-to-door connectivity, unreliability, discomfort, and travel inconvenience. It is confirmed from the study that with more convenient facilities such as maps, timetables, etc., if available for public transportation systems, people always prefer public transport. The findings of this study give planning and policy inputs for improving the public transport systems.

   9. Chapter 8. Real-Time Bus Prediction System in City Transport

      Kishan Aghera, Jinesh Majithia, Nakul Dave

      Abstract

      Public bus service has a significant influence on the nation's economy. Planning, monitoring, and tracking the timetable of public bus transit is one of the most serious challenges that any public transportation sector faces. Additionally, in the transportation industry, time and patience are crucial. Furthermore, many of those who take public transit has lost time waiting at bus stations. This passenger annoyance is frequently prevented by using a system that provides real-time information about the situation and, as a result, a forecast of when the buses will arrive. Offering real-time monitoring and time of arrival prediction services to bus users and transportation authorities in cities is a frequent benefit. To solve this problem, we present a system that utilizes cloud technology, internet utility module, and hardware to connect all the components.

   10. Chapter 9. Customers’ Perception Toward Taxi Management in Kathmandu Valley

       Manish Oli, Niranjan Devkota, Udaya Raj Paudel, Sushanta Mahapatra, Surendra Mahato, Seeprata Parajuli

       Abstract

       This study aims to analyze the consumer perception toward the taxi management in Kathmandu valley, Nepal. Using explanatory research design, 404 taxi users were interviewed as respondents with the help of structured questionnaire. The relationship between selected variables in the study was examined using structural equation modeling (SEM). Within SEL techniques—descriptive statistics, EFA, CFA, Measurement model, Path analysis and SOBEL test have been carried out in this study. This paper found that the main problems in the use of the taxi are unfair taxi price, behavior of the taxi driver, condition of the taxi and customer mainly face the problem during the night time and taxi are mostly used for the official purpose. Taxi users are moderately satisfied from the taxi service. As per taxi users, the main responsible ones for the taxi management are Government and Taxi Samiti. Aggressive promotion of the use of online taxi app (Pathao) and fixed taxi fare are the major recommendations.

   11. Chapter 10. Road Crash Severity Ranking by Applying a Multi-criteria Decision-Making Tool: Analytical Hierarchy Process

       Priyank Trivedi, Jiten Shah

       Abstract

       Most of the road crashes are shared only by lower to middle-income economies around the globe. So, the cash severity ranking of all Indian states becomes very important to analyze the situation closely. The present paper proposes the severity ranking of Indian states having the highest crash. The proposed severity ranking is derived based on one of the widely accepted Multi-criteria analysis tools: Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP). By integrating the classified injury and total accidents, India is among the most adversely affected economies due to higher road crash burdens. The present Indian road crash scenario indicates the immediate need for improvement in the current road safety practices to evaluate the severity. The state-wise prioritization of road safety efforts can be done with the help of the presented severity ranking.

   12. Chapter 11. Digital Eye for Visually Impaired—DEVI

       Shivangi Gurjar, Venisha Chauhan, Mansi Suthar, Dhwani Desai, Himali Luhar, Vishwa Patel, Avani Dave, Nakul Dave

       Abstract

       Visually impaired people often face difficulties in navigation due to ever so increasing crowds. As a result of limited access to activities in the real world, they face barriers even in simple tasks. Digital Vision presents a suitable and comfortable wearable device for visually impaired people to traverse on an everyday basis. This device provides secure and pleasant navigation using voice commands. Here, we have built a prototype portable device focusing on the problems described by visually impaired people. The device is a perfect demonstration of trending technologies like IoT, Deep Learning, and Machine learning. The Digital Eye for the visually impaired has a plausible design that makes it easy to use as it discovers nearby objects and obstacles, providing a scalable solution for exploration.

   13. Chapter 12. A Review on Strategic Pavement Maintenance with Machine Learning Techniques

       Jaykumar Soni, Rajesh Gujar, Dhruvi Shah, Payal Parmar

       Abstract

       Effective road condition evaluation is necessary to plan the maintenance program about time, technique, and economics. Keeping track of pavement's exterior and interior conditions is a serious issue as well-kept-up pavement plays a significant role in the nation's economy. The pavement potholes and cracks are fundamental indications of deficiencies and are mostly identified with full or partial manual hand help. Manual processes are ineffectual for both data collection and processing and are dominated by experts' experience. Machine learning is a quickly boosting technology and opens windows of opportunities for the utmost sustainability growth. This paper focuses on machine learning techniques used for pavement deficiency detection as Support Vector Machine, K-Nearest Neighbors, Fully Convolutional Network, Deep Convolution Neural Network, Back Propagation, Minimal Path Detection, and Artificial Neural Network. Comparative analyses are performed to provide future directions for developing novel methods to help authorities maintain the transportation system at sustainable levels.

3. Advances in Electrical Transportation Infrastructure

   1. Frontmatter

   2. Chapter 13. Intelligent Vehicle Module Using Image Processing

      Varsha Kshirsagar Deshpande, Sheel Shah, Raghavendra Bhalerao

      Abstract

      An intelligent transportation system is a beneficial investment to avoid accidents and traffic-related issues. Technological investment in this area brings social and economic benefits. The proposed work includes two parts, in the first part, automation of the insecure automatic navigation involving overtaking of the vehicle is focused. VLC (Visible Light Communication) and wireless communication are used for transmission. By modulating vehicle taillights, here data is transmitted by blinking light, LED, or tail lamp of the vehicle and act as a transmitter, dashboard camera as a receiver. Thus, this data can be used to assist drivers at the highway to avoid accidents due to back-dash. The Wireless communication approach is used for vehicle to vehicle communication, the module is utilized for recognizing any preceding vehicle which will initiate the process of automatic overtaking. In the second part, a structured approach for the Automatic Number Plate Recognition method is designed with less processing time for multifaceted images. The Sobel edge detection method is used for edge detection. A fast and efficient method for plate localization and optical character recognition is proposed. Pattern matching is used to recognize characters. Finally, based on the size of the numbers on the number plate in pixels distance between vehicles, which is one of the important micro-parameter, is calculated and compared with real distance with satisfying accuracy.

   3. Chapter 14. Opportunistic Sensing-Based Route Demand Assessment and Feeder Bus Scheduling

      Pruthvish Rajput, Manish Chaturvedi, Vivek Patel

      Abstract

      Bus route scheduling and provisioning is the important aspect of the transportation system. The optimum bus provisioning offloads the crowd from the buses of the existing routes. It also attracts prospective commuters to switch to public transportation. The proposed system computes the route demand and feeder bus routes using the opportunistic sensing-based approach. It records the commuters’ queries and state—standing or sitting during the course of their journey by opportunistically using the data of commuters’ smartphone. Further, the proposed system computes the crowdedness level inside the bus and trip demand at various bus stops using the crowdsourced commuters’ record. Moreover, it also computes the chain of crowded segments for various routes based on the crowdedness level and trip demand aggregated over the time of multiple days. Subsequently, the proposed system applies the activity selection-based feeder bus scheduling algorithm for the crowded segment of various routes. We have validated the proposed approach using the simulation model for 10 bus routes of the bus rapid transit system (BRTS) of Ahmedabad city. The inclusion of the feeder buses reduces the number of crowded segments of the existing routes by 75.10%.

   4. Chapter 15. Automatic Extraction of Road Network from Satellite Images of Urban Areas Using Convolution Neural Network

      Aman Nohwal, Tushar Jangid, Narayan Panigrahi

      Abstract

      Automatic extraction of road network from satellite image has many challenges and applications. This method also brings in the image that has skewness and of urban areas of having, shadow and occlusion due building and manmade structures. This paper described a method for road network extraction from the satellite image of urban area using CNN. The result of the process is promising with high true positive in the presence of occlusion and skewness. This method also brings in high degree of automation of road network extraction from satellite-image.

   5. Chapter 16. Design and Development of Portable UAV Ground Control and Communication Station Integrated with Antenna Tracking Mechanism

      Raja Munusamy, Jiwan Kumre, Sudhir Chaturvedi, Din Bandhu

      Abstract

      The Ground Control and Communication Station (GCCS) has a focal part in Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs). The GCCS is the center point for the knowledge, observation, and surveillance information produced by the UAV's payload. The mission and attributes of the UAV are normally not quite the same as the monitoring on the airplane, thus the plan of the control station is separated. The information and transmission must be precise and accurate. GCS reduces the workload of the operator. Depending on the type of antenna used, interfacing antennas and a tracking mechanism with GCS will increase the range of communication. It is important to design an integrated system, which will be performing all the functions on a single platform. There are various challenges with UAVs such as operational efficiency, onboard data processing, and integrated operations, precision handling, which needs to overcome the communication of various systems. Several methods have been proposed to combat this. Perhaps the most popular of these is the simplest, designing portable ground control station integrated with an antenna tracking mechanism. The proposed methods such as designing flight simulator software, GCS software is low cost operation, and economic considerations.

   6. Chapter 17. Performance Assessment of Distribution Network with Electric Vehicle Penetration

      Riddhi Thorat, Praghnesh Bhatt

      Abstract

      The adoption rate of electric vehicles (EVs) has been increased in recent times, as they are more environment friendly over the conventional internal combustion-based vehicles. Hence, upcoming years will foresee larger penetration of EVs in the distribution network (DN) which will lead to new challenges for distribution network operators (DNOs). Charging requirements for EVs depending upon travel behavior, significantly change the load pattern in DN. This paper presents different probability distribution functions (PDFs) to predict the uncertain travel behavior of EVs. The Monte Carlo simulation is used to simulate EV load demand considering important attributes of traveling patterns. The estimated load demand of EVs over different time durations of a day has been considered at different nodes of the standard 33-nodes radial distribution network. Time series power flow has been carried out to assess the impact of EVs integration on the performance of DN. Significant drops in voltage profile at all nodes and an increase in losses in DN are observed after the EV integration which guides the distribution network operator to take corrective actions.

   7. Chapter 18. Electric Vehicle Motor Tests and Standards in India: A Review

      L. Rajesh Reddy, Adarsh Sharma, Pravin Magdam, Krupa Shah

      Abstract

      The electric motor is a key component in an electric vehicle (EV) that governs the performance of EV directly. Therefore, ensuring its efficient and flawless functioning is an imperative task. This can be achieved by testing the motor thoroughly as per standards. In India, there exist very few test agencies that provide third-party certification. This article aims at providing a review on motor tests and existing standards to encourage the development of more and more third-party certification laboratories and to guide the individuals seeking to analyze the performance of EV motors as per standards. Further, guidelines on the available test equipment are also provided to create a one-stop solution for the researcher/test agencies to evaluate the performance of the EV motors.

   8. Chapter 19. Impact of Geomagnetically Induced Current on the Power System and Its Components

      Ajaj F. Shaikh, Ketan P. Badgujar

      Abstract

      Earth's magnetic field is disturbed due to solar storms which generate quasi-DC magnetically induced currents which have a detrimental effect on the power system. It is a space weather-driven phenomenon and inevitable in nature. Although to understand the process of Geomagnetically Induced Current (GIC) from start to end one needs to understand a little bit of solar physics, space weather, geophysics and power engineering fields which is reflected in this work. It describes the basics of modelling Geomagnetic Disturbance (GMD) in the power system, its background on power system components and also shows the GMD simulation using a uniform electric field. It also talks about the response of the power grid in the presence of GIC in context with reliability and future scope. The recommendation to the planning coordinators based on findings from the work will enhance the resiliency of the power system.

   9. Chapter 20. A Preliminary Study on PLL-Based Frequency Extraction of an Unbalanced Voltage Signal

      Parth Bhavsar, Joshi Priyank, K. Manjunath

      Abstract

      The objective of this work is to study the performance of Phase-Locked Loop (PLL)-based frequency extraction method. Initially, the frequency of an unbalanced voltage signal is estimated using an available Phase-Locked Loop (PLL)-based approach for different study cases. In specific, the extent of magnitude and phase unbalance on the performance of traditional PLL is evaluated. An attempt is made to enhance the performance of the traditional PLL with the incorporation of compensating component. In other words, a compensator is designed to enhance the response associated with conventional topology with the consideration of deviations in voltage magnitude and phase shifts. The results pertaining to traditional and modified PLL topologies are presented to better understand the impact of voltage unbalance on frequency measurement.

   10. Chapter 21. Study and Review of Various Techniques on Searching Optimal Route for Online Ordering System

       Lad Deep, Shah Tanmay

       Abstract

       The package delivery time is the most important and crucial factor which is directly proportional to customer satisfaction in any e-commerce-based application. In this paper, we have studied various methods used by e-commerce companies to deliver the package to customers in an optimal way and the various parameters involved in it. This technique provides the delivery boy with the best route to deliver in a short time and with less effort. After studying all the methods, we have proposed a method for our application that offers the best solution for tiffin delivery considering the parameters of our app. We have chosen the bicycle as transportation means so that the petrol expense, traffic, and wideness of road do not matter much for calculating route cost. We gave much weight to the road condition and the shortest route which covers all the delivery points. The main objective is to reduce delivery time and minimize the need for vehicles.

   11. Chapter 22. Identification of Factors Affecting Coal Freight Market

       Totakura Bangar Raju, Pradeep Singh, Binod Singh, Pravin Jadhav

       Abstract

       This research article is to elaborate and synthesize the factors affecting the freight rates of coal business between Indonesia, the second-largest exporter of coal globally, and India, the second-largest importer of coal in the world. Fluctuating freights rates are the major issue for ship-owner and charterers. Freight rates depend on various factors like bunker price, port charges, seasonality, etc. It is complicated to get the most crucial factor that will affect the freight rate as per the ship-owner and charterer's point of view. So, the purpose of this research article is to find out these factors which are affecting freight rates of coal between India and Indonesia for Supra-max vessels. Exploratory research design is deployed, and the Principal Component Analysis method is applied. With the help of the technique, five factors were found to be critical. The implication of this research article will help to maximize the profit of ship-owners and charterers as per some modifications on their chartering strategies.

   12. Chapter 23. Government Policies and Foreign Direct Investment Inflows: Evidence from Infrastructure Sector in India

       Muhammadriyaj Faniband, Prajakta Arote, Pravin Jadhav

       Abstract

       This paper critically evaluates the impact of policies implemented by the Government of India on Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) in infrastructure sectors in India. This paper considers annual FDI inflow data from 2006 to 2019 for seven areas of infrastructure sectors, namely telecommunication, construction, petroleum and natural gas, port, air transport, sea transport, and railways. Recent trends in FDI inflows in the infrastructure sector depict that FDI is attracted mainly by telecommunications and construction sectors while sectors like the port, energy, air terminal expansion, and transportations are unable to attract FDI inflows. Therefore, there is a need to create sectoral policy reforms by the Indian government to allure higher FDI inflows in these sectors. The Reserve Bank of India should implement monetary policy effectively to control the inflation rate and exchange rate. Similarly, the government should make necessary changes in its fiscal policies to decrease the tax rate in India.

4. Backmatter