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2024 | OriginalPaper | Chapter

6. Interaktionen

Author : Ulrich Sommer

Published in: Süßwasser- und Meeresökologie

Publisher: Springer Nature Switzerland

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Zusammenfassung

Populationen leben nicht allein in ihrer unbelebten Umgebung. Sie leben zusammen mit anderen Populationen. Daher werden Populationen zu Teilen der Umwelt füreinander. Mit anderen Worten, sie interagieren miteinander. In diesem Kapitel konzentrieren wir uns auf paarweise Interaktionen oder Interaktionen mit wenigen Partnern, während das gesamte Netzwerk von Interaktionen innerhalb eines Lebensraums das Thema des folgenden Kapitels sein wird (Kap. 7).
Interaktionen zwischen Populationen können Vor- und Nachteile für die beteiligten Populationen haben. Die Klassifizierung von Interaktionen basiert auf der Verteilung von positiven und negativen Effekten. Konkurrenz ist eine beidseitig negative Interaktion, bei der beide Seiten für einander ein Nachteil sind. Räuber-Beute-Beziehungen sind einseitig positiv und einseitig negativ. Der Räuber profitiert von der Anwesenheit der Beute, während die Beute Verluste durch den Räuber erleidet.
Positive Interaktion wird unter dem Begriff Facilitation zusammengefasst, wenn mindestens ein Partner profitiert und kein Partner geschädigt wird. Kommensalismus ist eine einseitig positive Interaktion, bei der ein Partner den anderen begünstigt, ohne Gegenleistungen oder Schäden zu erhalten. Mutualismus ist eine beidseitig positive Interaktion, bei der beide Partner voneinander profitieren.

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Appendix
Available only for authorised users
Glossary
allelopathy (Allelopathie)
Schädigung konkurrierender Arten durch Freisetzung chemischer Substanzen
alternative stable states (alternative stabile Zustände)
System mit mehreren Attraktoren, die durch interne Mechanismen stabilisiert werden
antibiosis (Antibiose)
→Allelopathie unter Mikroorganismen
attractor (Attraktor)
Kombination von Zustandsvariablen (Punkt im Phasenraum), auf die Zustandsvariablen konvergieren
biotic reefs (biotische Riffe)
felsenartige Strukturen, die von Organismen gebaut wurden
bioturbation (bioturbation)
Zerstörung von vertikalen chemischen Gradienten im Sediment durch grabende und sedimentfressende Tiere
camouflage (Tarnung)
Farbgebung, die Unterscheidung zwischen Organismen und Hintergrund schwierig macht
carnivory (Carnivorie)
sich von tierischem Material ernähren
chaos (Chaos)
unregelmäßige Schwankungen einer Zustandsvariable mit extremer Empfindlichkeit gegenüber Startbedingungen
character displacement (Merkmalsverschiebung)
divergente Evolution von Wettbewerbern, um den Wettbewerb zu minimieren
clear-water phase (Klarwasserstadium)
Minimum der Biomasse von Phytoplankton nach der Frühjahrsblüte
competition (Konkurrenz)
zweiseitige negative Interaktion zwischen Organismen, die eine Ressource teilen
competitive exclusion (kompetitive Exklusion)
Ausschluss eines minderwertigen Wettbewerbers
crayfish plague (Krebspest)
eine parasitäre Krankheit, die den europäischen Flusskrebs Astacus astacus fast ausgelöscht hat
deep-water corals (Tiefwasserkorallen)
Korallen, die in Tiefen wachsen, in denen die Photosynthese von Endosymbionten unmöglich ist
defense (Abwehr, Verteidigung)
Eigenschaften oder Verhaltensmuster, die darauf abzielen, vor Raubtieren oder Epibionten zu schützen
diffuse competition (diffuse Konkurrenz)
Konkurrenz zwischen Populationen, die im Raum gemischt sind, wo alle Individuen miteinander konkurrieren
directional competition (gerichtete Konkurrenz)
Konkurrenz, bei dem nur ein Konkurrent Auswirkungen auf den anderen haben kann, nicht umgekehrt
disturbance (Störung)
episodische Faktoren, die zur Zerstörung von Biomasse führen
ecosystem engineering (Ökosystem-Engineering)
Modifikation der physischen Struktur der Umwelt durch Organismen
ectoparasite (Ektoparasit)
Parasit, der außerhalb des Körpers eines Wirts lebt
endoparasite (Endoparasit)
Parasit, der im Körper eines Wirts lebt
epibiosis (Epibiose)
auf anderen Organismen leben
exclusion time (Exklusionszeit)
Zeit, die benötigt wird, bis ein unterlegener Wettbewerber ausgeschlossen ist
exploitative competition (Ressourcenkonkurrenz)
negativer Effekt auf Wettbewerber durch den Verbrauch von geteilten Ressourcen
facilitation (Facilitation)
Modifikation der Umwelt zum Vorteil anderer Organismen
grazing (Grazing)
Fraß von Pflanzen oder Algen
herbivory (Herbivorie)
sich von Pflanzen oder Algen ernährend
holobiont (holobiont)
ökologische und evolutionäre Einheit bestehend aus einem Wirt und seinen Symbionten
interference competition (interferenz-Konkurrenz)
Verursachung direkten Schadens an Konkurrenten vor der Ausbeutung gemeinsamer Ressourcen
intermediate disturbance hypothesis (Hypothese der mittleren Störung)
eine Hypothese, die behauptet, dass die Anzahl der bestehenden Arten bei mittleren Frequenzen und Intensitäten von Störungen maximal ist
interspecific aggression (interspezifische Aggression)
Aggression gegen Individuen konkurrierender Arten
kairomone (Kairomon)
Warnsubstanz, die Abwehrmerkmale oder -verhalten hervorruft
Keddy’s competition theory (Keddys Konkurrenztheorie)
eine Konkurrenztheorie, die auf einem Kompromiss zwischen Wettbewerbsstärke und Stress- oder Störungstoleranz basiert
Lotka–Volterra model (Lotka-Volterra Modell)
Modell zur Vorhersage der Phasenschieberoszillation von Raubtier- und Beutebeständen
mutualism (Mutualismus)
kooperative Interaktion zwischen Organismen, bei der beide Partner sich gegenseitig einen Vorteil verschaffen
neighborhood competition (Nachbarschafts-Konkurrenz)
Konkurrenz zwischen benachbarten Individuen
neutrality (Neutralität)
Ähnlichkeit der Konkurrenzstärke zwischen Wettbewerbern führt zu (fast) unendlichen Ausschlusszeiten
overgrowth (Überwachsen)
eine Form der Interferenzkonkurrenz zwischen sesshaften Organismen, die versuchen, sich gegenseitig zu überwachsen
paradox of the plankton (Paradoxon des Planktons)
scheinbarer Widerspruch zwischen der geringen Anzahl limitierender Ressourcen und der hohen Artenvielfalt des Phytoplanktons
parasite (Parasit)
Organismus, der sich von (normalerweise kleinen) Teilen von Wirtsorganismen ernährt
predator (Räuber)
Organismus, der sich von anderen Organismen ernährt
prey (Beute)
Organismen, die als Nahrung für andere Organismen dienen
resource competition (Ressourcen-Konkurrenz)
negativer Effekt auf Wettbewerber durch den Verbrauch von geteilten Ressourcen
resource ratio hypothesis (Hypothese des Ressourcenverhältnisses)
Hypothese, die behauptet, dass das Verhältnis der begrenzenden Ressourcen das Ergebnis des Ressourcenwettbewerbs bestimmt
sea urchin barren (Seeigel-Brache)
kahler Fels im Sublitoral, verursacht durch das Grasen von Seeigeln an Makrophyten
stress (Stress)
jeder chronische Faktor, der das Wachstum auf ein niedrigeres als optimales Niveau drückt
symbiosis (Symbiose)
in enger räumlicher Verbindung leben
Tilman’s competition theory (Tilmans Konkurrenztheorie)
eine Konkurrenztheorie, die auf der Annahme von Kompromissen zwischen Wettbewerbsstärken für verschiedene Ressourcen basiert und auf der Ableitung von Vorhersagen aus den Fähigkeiten zur Ressourcennutzung der konkurrierenden Arten
wasting disease (Wasting Disease)
parasitärer Infektion, die in den 1930er Jahren zu einem großflächigen Absterben von Seegräsern führte
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Metadata
Title
Interaktionen
Author
Ulrich Sommer
Copyright Year
2024
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-64723-9_6

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