Skip to main content
Top

2018 | OriginalPaper | Chapter

7. International Digital Forensic Investigation at the ICC

Activate our intelligent search to find suitable subject content or patents.

search-config
loading …

Abstract

The International Criminal Court (“ICC” or “the Court”) investigates and tries individuals charged with crimes of concern to the international community: genocide, war crimes and crimes against humanity. With regard to digital forensic investigations, the ICC has been confronted with various challenges especially derived from the nature of the crimes it handles and the fact that its procedure is distinct from national criminal procedure. This paper provides an introduction to the activities and challenges of digital forensics in international criminal investigations, and draws attention to requirements for more international cooperation, awareness improvement, standard establishment and the need for a joint effort at solving technical issues.

Dont have a licence yet? Then find out more about our products and how to get one now:

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

  • über 102.000 Bücher
  • über 537 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

  • Automobil + Motoren
  • Bauwesen + Immobilien
  • Business IT + Informatik
  • Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
  • Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
  • Finance + Banking
  • Management + Führung
  • Marketing + Vertrieb
  • Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe
  • Versicherung + Risiko

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Springer Professional "Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

  • über 67.000 Bücher
  • über 390 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

  • Automobil + Motoren
  • Bauwesen + Immobilien
  • Business IT + Informatik
  • Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
  • Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
  • Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe




 

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

  • über 67.000 Bücher
  • über 340 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

  • Bauwesen + Immobilien
  • Business IT + Informatik
  • Finance + Banking
  • Management + Führung
  • Marketing + Vertrieb
  • Versicherung + Risiko




Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Footnotes
1
Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court, U.N. Doc. A/CONF.183/9, 2187 U.N.T.S. 90 (17 July 1998).
 
2
Ibid., Article 54.
 
3
Ibid., Article 21 paras. 1–2.
 
4
The Statute, supra note 1, Article 54 para. 3.
 
5
Ibid., Article 54 para. 2.
 
6
Ibid., Article 99 para. 4.
 
7
Ibid., Article 87 para. 1(a).
 
8
Ibid., Article 87 para. 5 states (a) The Court may invite any State not party to this Statue to provide assistance under this Part based on an ad hoc arrangement, an agreement with such State or any other appropriate basis; (b) Where a State not party to this Statute, which has entered into an ad hoc arrangement or an agreement with the Court, fails to cooperate with requests pursuant to any such arrangement or agreement, the Court may so inform the Assembly of State Parties or, where the Security Council referred the matter to the Court, the Security Council.
 
9
Ibid., Article 57 para. 3(d).
 
10
Ibid., Article 56 para. 1(a).
 
11
The Statute, supra note 1, Article 93(1) provides the forms of cooperation. (a) The identification and whereabouts of persons or the location of items; (b) The taking of evidence, including testimony under oath, and the production of evidence, including expert opinions and reports necessary to the Court; (c) The questioning of any person being investigated or prosecuted; (d) The service of documents, including judicial documents; (e) Facilitating the voluntary appearance of persons as witnesses or experts before the Court; (f) The temporary transfer of persons; (g) The examination of places or sites, including the exhumation and examination of grave sites; (h) The execution of searches and seizures; (i) The provision of records and documents, including official records and documents; (j) The protection of victims and witnesses and the preservation of evidence; (k) The identification, tracing and freezing or seizure of proceeds, property and assets and instrumentalities of crimes for eventual forfeiture, without prejudice to the rights of bona fide third parties; and (l) Any other type of assistance that is not prohibited by the law of the requested State, with a view to facilitating the investigation and prosecution of crimes within the jurisdiction of the Court.
 
12
Ibid., Article 54 para. 1(a).
 
13
Prosecutor v. Abdallah Banda Abakaer Nourain and Saleh Mohammed Jerbo Jamus, ICC-02/05-03/09-501, 28 August 2013, para. 42.
 
14
Prosecutor v. Germain Katanga and Mathieu Ngudjolo Chui, ICC-01/04-01/07-2388, 14 September 2010, para. 36.
 
15
See International Criminal Court (2004), Regulation 26, para. 1.
 
16
Ibid., para. 4.
 
17
International Criminal Court (2015) Unified Technical protocol (“Ecourt Protocol”) for the provision of evidence, witness and victims information in electronic form. ICC-01/12-01/15-11- 25-Anx, para. 1.
 
18
See Microsoft Corp. v. United States, 14-2985-cv (2nd Cir. 2016). The view of Second Circuit was diametrically opposed to United States District Court in the matter of a warrant to search a certain Mail account controlled and maintained by Microsoft servers outside the United States.
 
19
CBPR (Cross Border Privacy Rules, http://​www.​cbprs.​org/​GeneralPages/​About.​aspx ), a voluntary accountability-based system to facilitate privacy-respecting data flows among APEC economies, was endorsed by APEC Leaders in 2011; EU GDPR (General Data Protection Regulation, http://​www.​eugdpr.​org/​eugdpr.​org.​html), designed to harmonize data privacy laws and reshape the way organizations across the EU approach data, will take effect on 25 May 2018 replacing the Data Protection Directive 95/46/EU (http://​ec.​europa.​eu/​justice/​policies/​privacy/​docs/​95-46-ce/​dir1995-46_​part1_​en.​pdf); Russia Federal Law No. 242-FZ, which regulates data operators to process and store Russian citizens’ personal data using databases located within the territory of Russia, was enacted on 31 December 2014; China Cybersecurity Law (http://​www.​npc.​gov.​cn/​npc/​xinwen/​2016-11/​07/​content_​2001605.​htm), which contains requirements of comprehensive privacy and security for the cyberspace, will come into force on 1 June 2017.
 
20
The Statute, Article 99 provides that the Court can specify the procedure or to send specific persons to be present at and assist in the execution of the request for cooperation.
 
21
See supra note 18.
 
22
Prosecutor v. Jean-Pierre Bemba Combo, ICC-01/05-01/08-2981, 23 June 2016, paras. 56, 64.
 
23
The Rome Statute, supra note 1, Article 69 para. 4, prescribes that “The Court may rule on the relevance or admissibility of any evidence, taking into account, inter alia, the probative value of the evidence and any prejudice that such evidence may cause to a fair trial or to a fair evaluation of the testimony of a witness, in accordance with the Rules of Procedure and Evidence”.
 
24
Prosecutor v. Jean-Pierre Bemba Combo, ICC-01/05-01/08-2981, 23 June 2016, paras. 15.
 
25
For instance, INTERPOL provides international trainings for examiners, investigators and other first responders to ensure they possess the latest knowledge of cybercrime trends, and the use of digital forensic tools and techniques.
 
Literature
go back to reference Case: Microsoft Corp. v. United States, 14-2985-cv (2nd Cir. 2016) Case: Microsoft Corp. v. United States, 14-2985-cv (2nd Cir. 2016)
go back to reference Case: Prosecutor v. Abdallah Banda Abakaer Nourain and Sale Mohammed Jerbo Jamus, ICC-02/05-03/09-501 Case: Prosecutor v. Abdallah Banda Abakaer Nourain and Sale Mohammed Jerbo Jamus, ICC-02/05-03/09-501
go back to reference Case: Prosecutor v. Germain Katanga and Mathieu Ngudjolo Chui, ICC-01/04-01/07-2388 Case: Prosecutor v. Germain Katanga and Mathieu Ngudjolo Chui, ICC-01/04-01/07-2388
go back to reference Case: Prosecutor v. Jean-Pierre Bemba Combo, ICC-01/05-01/08-2981 Case: Prosecutor v. Jean-Pierre Bemba Combo, ICC-01/05-01/08-2981
go back to reference Casey E, Back G, Barnum S (2015) Leveraging CybOXTM to standardize representation and exchange of digital forensic information. Digit Investig 12:S102–S110CrossRef Casey E, Back G, Barnum S (2015) Leveraging CybOXTM to standardize representation and exchange of digital forensic information. Digit Investig 12:S102–S110CrossRef
go back to reference Fife RE (1999) PENALTIES. In: Lee RS (ed) The international criminal court: the making of the Rome statute, issues, negotiations, results. Kluwer Law International, The Hague, pp 319–345 Fife RE (1999) PENALTIES. In: Lee RS (ed) The international criminal court: the making of the Rome statute, issues, negotiations, results. Kluwer Law International, The Hague, pp 319–345
go back to reference Frieden JD, Murray LM (2011) The admissibility of electronic evidence under the federal rules of evidence. Richmond J Law Technol 17:5–16 Frieden JD, Murray LM (2011) The admissibility of electronic evidence under the federal rules of evidence. Richmond J Law Technol 17:5–16
go back to reference Garfinkel S (2012) Digital forensics XML and the DFXML toolset. Digit Investig 8(3):161–174CrossRef Garfinkel S (2012) Digital forensics XML and the DFXML toolset. Digit Investig 8(3):161–174CrossRef
go back to reference Garfinkel S, Malan D, Dubec KA, Stevens C, Pham C (2006) Advanced forensic format: an open extensible format for disk imaging. In: IFIP international conference on digital forensics. Springer, New York, pp 13–27 Garfinkel S, Malan D, Dubec KA, Stevens C, Pham C (2006) Advanced forensic format: an open extensible format for disk imaging. In: IFIP international conference on digital forensics. Springer, New York, pp 13–27
go back to reference Givens JS (2003) The admissibility of electronic evidence at trial: courtroom admissibility standards. Cumberland Law Rev 34:95 Givens JS (2003) The admissibility of electronic evidence at trial: courtroom admissibility standards. Cumberland Law Rev 34:95
go back to reference Goode S (2009) The admissibility of electronic evidence. Rev Litig 29:1 Goode S (2009) The admissibility of electronic evidence. Rev Litig 29:1
go back to reference Grimm PW, Bergstrom LY, O’Toole-Loureiro MM (2012) Authentication of social media evidence. Am J Trial Advocacy 36:433 Grimm PW, Bergstrom LY, O’Toole-Loureiro MM (2012) Authentication of social media evidence. Am J Trial Advocacy 36:433
go back to reference Guariglia F (1999) Investigation and prosecution. In: Lee SK (ed) The international criminal court: the making of the Rome statute, issues, negotiations, results. Kluwer Law International, The Hague, pp 227–238 Guariglia F (1999) Investigation and prosecution. In: Lee SK (ed) The international criminal court: the making of the Rome statute, issues, negotiations, results. Kluwer Law International, The Hague, pp 227–238
go back to reference Jablon A (1996) God mail: authentication and admissibility of electronic mail in federal courts. Am Crim Law Rev 34:1387 Jablon A (1996) God mail: authentication and admissibility of electronic mail in federal courts. Am Crim Law Rev 34:1387
go back to reference Kerremans K, Desmeytere I, Temmerman R, Wille P (2005) Application-oriented terminography in financial forensics. In: Ibekwe-SanJuan F, Condamines A, Teresa Cabré Castellví M (eds) Application-driven terminology engineering. John Benjamins, Amsterdam, 2005, pp 83–106 Kerremans K, Desmeytere I, Temmerman R, Wille P (2005) Application-oriented terminography in financial forensics. In: Ibekwe-SanJuan F, Condamines A, Teresa Cabré Castellví M (eds) Application-driven terminology engineering. John Benjamins, Amsterdam, 2005, pp 83–106
go back to reference Kurzban SA (1994) Authentication of computer-generated evidence in the United States Federal courts. Idea 35:437 Kurzban SA (1994) Authentication of computer-generated evidence in the United States Federal courts. Idea 35:437
go back to reference Levine BN, Liberatore M (2009) DEX: digital evidence provenance supporting reproducibility and comparison. Digit Investig 6:S48–S56CrossRef Levine BN, Liberatore M (2009) DEX: digital evidence provenance supporting reproducibility and comparison. Digit Investig 6:S48–S56CrossRef
go back to reference Maxwell W, Wolf C (2012) A global reality: governmental access to data in the cloud, White paper, Hogan Lovells, London, p 18 Maxwell W, Wolf C (2012) A global reality: governmental access to data in the cloud, White paper, Hogan Lovells, London, p 18
go back to reference Richard GG, Roussev V, Marziale L (2007) Forensic discovery auditing of digital evidence containers. Digit Investig 4(2):88–97CrossRef Richard GG, Roussev V, Marziale L (2007) Forensic discovery auditing of digital evidence containers. Digit Investig 4(2):88–97CrossRef
go back to reference Wolf C, Cohen B (2014) Pan-American governmental access to data in the cloud. Hogan Lovells, London Wolf C, Cohen B (2014) Pan-American governmental access to data in the cloud. Hogan Lovells, London
go back to reference Woods K, Lee CA, Garfinkel S (2011) Extending digital repository architectures to support disk image preservation and access. In: Proceedings of the 11th annual international ACM/IEEE joint conference on digital libraries. ACM, New York, pp 57–66CrossRef Woods K, Lee CA, Garfinkel S (2011) Extending digital repository architectures to support disk image preservation and access. In: Proceedings of the 11th annual international ACM/IEEE joint conference on digital libraries. ACM, New York, pp 57–66CrossRef
Metadata
Title
International Digital Forensic Investigation at the ICC
Author
Ilyoung Hong
Copyright Year
2018
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-74872-6_7