Skip to main content
Top
Published in:
Cover of the book

2019 | OriginalPaper | Chapter

1. Introduction: The BRICS Global Order Between Transition and Coexistence

Activate our intelligent search to find suitable subject content or patents.

search-config
loading …

Abstract

This introductory chapter discusses the role of BRICS in the changing global order. BRICS is primarily understood as a foreign policy grouping with an ambitious reform agenda on global order issues with the aim to seek a more equitable recognition considering recent changes in the global power balance. BRICS favor a multi-polar order based on a conservative conceptualization of state sovereign emphasizing non-interference and uncompromised sovereignty. It is argued that how BRICS respond to armed conflict is constitutive for how the global security order is forming especially as institutional reforms in global governance institutions have been minimal until today. The chapter systematically explores summit declarations with regard to peace and security and presents an analysis of individual foreign policy positions and power capabilities of BRICS countries. It is providing the necessary background information for the following conceptual chapter. The two guiding research questions are: How do BRICS countries respond to large-scale armed conflict and how can we explain the choice for a particular response type?

Dont have a licence yet? Then find out more about our products and how to get one now:

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

  • über 102.000 Bücher
  • über 537 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

  • Automobil + Motoren
  • Bauwesen + Immobilien
  • Business IT + Informatik
  • Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
  • Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
  • Finance + Banking
  • Management + Führung
  • Marketing + Vertrieb
  • Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe
  • Versicherung + Risiko

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

  • über 67.000 Bücher
  • über 340 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

  • Bauwesen + Immobilien
  • Business IT + Informatik
  • Finance + Banking
  • Management + Führung
  • Marketing + Vertrieb
  • Versicherung + Risiko




Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Footnotes
1
Acharya, Amitav (2017) “After Liberal Hegemony: The Advent of a Multiplex World Order” Ethics & International Affairs 31(3) 271–285.
 
2
Prys-Hansen, Miriam and Nolte, Detlef (2016) “BRICS und IBSA: Die Clubs der aufsteigenden Mächte verlieren an Glanz” GIGA Focus 5, October 2016, p. 6.
 
3
Hurrell, Andrew (2006) “Hegemony, liberalism and global order: what space for would-be great powers?” International Affairs 82(1), p. 6.
 
4
For a bargaining approach see: Narlikar, Amrita (2013) “Introduction Negotiating the rise of new powers”, International Affairs 89(3), 561–576. A broader taxonomy is delivered by Destradi, Sandra (2010) “Regional powers and their strategies: empire, hegemony, and leadership” Review of International Studies 36, 903–930 or Prys, Miriam (2010) “Hegemony, domination, detachment: differences in regional powerhood.” International Studies Review 12:479–504.
 
5
Regarding convergence a number of studies have explored BRICS voting within the UN; among them are: Ferdinand, Peter (2014) “Rising powers at the UN: an analysis of the voting behaviour of brics in the General Assembly”, Third World Quarterly, 35(3), 376–391. Montenegro, Renan and Mesquita, Rafael (2017) “Leaders or Loners? How Do the BRICS Countries and their Regions Vote in the UN General Assembly” Brazilian Political Science Review 11 (2) 1–32.
 
6
Lipton, Merle (2017) “Are the BRICS reformers, revolutionaries, or counter-revolutionaries?” South African Journal of International Affairs, 24(1), 41–59.
 
7
Events for South Africa’s 2018 BRICS Chairship, http://​www.​brics2018.​org.​za/​sites/​default/​files/​Documents/​Calendar.​pdf accessed 3 May 2018.
 
8
Krasner, Stephen (1983) International Regimes. Ithaca, London: Cornell University Press, p. 2.
 
9
Shepsle, Kenneth (2006) “Rational Choice Institutionalism” in Rhodes, R.A.W. et al. (eds) The Oxford Handbook of Political Institutions. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 23–38.
 
10
Pant, Harsh (2013) “The BRICS Fallacy”, The Washington Quarterly, 36(3), 91–105.
 
11
Gvosdev, Nikolas (2012) “The Realist Prism: What the US can learn from the BRICS.” World Politics Review, June 22. Accessed 7 May 2018 https://​www.​worldpoliticsrev​iew.​com/​articles/​12087/​the-realist-prism-what-the-u-s-can-learn-from-the-brics
 
12
Pham, Quynh and Shilliam, Robbie (eds) Meanings of Bandung, Postcolonial Orders and Decolonial Visions. London, New York: Rowman & Littlefield.
 
13
Vieira, Marco (2012) Rising States and Distributive Justice: Reforming International Order in the Twenty-First Century, Global Society, 26(3), p. 323.
 
14
Thakur, Ramesh (2014) “How representative are BRICS?”, Third World Quarterly 35(10), p. 1814.
 
15
Nel, Philip (2010) “Redistribution and recognition: what emerging regional powers want” Review of International Studies 36, p. 963.
 
16
Ibid., p. 968.
 
17
Hurrell, Andrew (2018) “Beyond the BRICS: Power, Pluralism, and the Future of Global Order” Ethics and International Affairs 32 (1), p. 93. See also Stuenkel, Oliver (2015) Post-Western World How Emerging Powers are Remaking Global Order. Cambridge and Malden: Polity.
 
18
Viswanathan, H.H.S (2015) “Building a Fair World Order” in Tolaraya, Gregory (ed) VII BRICS Academic Forum. National Committee on BRICS Research, Moscow, pp. 23–24.
 
19
De Coning, Cedric, Mandrup, Thomas, Odgaard, Liselotte (eds) (2015) The BRICS and Coexistence: An Alternative Vision of World Order. London and New York: Routledge, Taylor & Francis, p. 3.
 
20
De Coning (2015) “BRICS and coexistence” in De Coning, Cedric, Mandrup, Thomas, Odgaard, Liselotte (eds) (2015) The BRICS and Coexistence: An Alternative Vision of World Order. London and New York: Routledge, Taylor & Francis, p. 47.
 
21
De Coning, Cedric, Mandrup, Thomas and Odgaard, Liselotte (2018), p. 18.
 
22
BRICS Goa Declaration 2012, para. 58.
 
23
BRICS Sanya Declaration 2011, para. 5–6.
 
24
Ibid., para. 9.
 
25
BRICS Delhi Declaration 2012, para. 21.
 
26
BRICS eThekwini Declaration 2013, para. 24–31.
 
27
BRICS Fortaleza Declaration, 2014, para. 3.
 
28
Ibid., para. 26.
 
29
Ibid., para. 27.
 
30
Ibid., para. 27.
 
31
Ibid., para. 30.
 
32
Ibid., para 36.
 
33
Ibid., para 37.
 
34
Ibid., para 37.
 
35
BRICS Ufa Declaration 2015, para. 1.
 
36
Ibid., para 43.
 
37
Ibid., para. 36.
 
38
BRICS Goa Declaration 2016, para. 13.
 
39
Ibid., para. 59.
 
40
BRICS Xiamen Declaration 2017, para. 36.
 
41
Ibid., para. 48.
 
42
BRICS Johannesburg Declaration 2018, para. 5–7.
 
43
Ibid., para. 47.
 
44
Ibid., para. 49.
 
45
Ibid., para. 48.
 
46
Ibid., para. 52.
 
47
BRICS Academic Forum, Envisioning Inclusive Development Through a Socially Responsive Economy 28–31 May 2018, Johannesburg, Recommendations to the 10th BRICS Leaders’ Summit, Johannesburg, 2018, para. 19.
 
48
Breslin, Shaun (2013) “China and the global order: signalling threat or friendship?” International Affairs 89(3), p. 628.
 
49
Brosig, Malte (2015) Cooperative Peacekeeping in Africa Exploring Regime Complexity. London, New York: Routledge. See also Klingebiel, Stephan (2016) “Global Problem-Solving Approaches: The Crucial Role of China and the Group of Rising Powers” Rising Powers Quarterly 1(1) 33–41. Patrick, Stewart (2014) “The Unruled World: The Case for Good Enough Global Governance” Foreign Affairs January/February 2014.
 
50
Singh, Kalpana (2016) “Intra-Brics Trade intensities: An Analytical study” Journal Of Humanities And Social Science 21(6), p. 107.
 
51
Troitskiy, Mikhail (2015) “BRICS Approaches to Security Multilateralism” ASPJ Africa & Francophonie, p. 77.
 
52
Tian, Nan, Fleurant, Aude Wezeman, Pieter and Wezeman, Siemon (2017) Trends in World Military Expenditure, 2016. SIPRI Fact Sheet April 2017. Accessed 26 Sep. 2017 https://​www.​sipri.​org/​sites/​default/​files/​Trends-world-military-expenditure-2016.​pdf
 
53
Kahler, Miles (2013) “Rising powers and global governance: Negotiating change in a resilient status quo”, International Affairs 89(3), 711–729.
 
54
Kenkel, Kai Michael (2016) “Die Talfahrt einer aufstrebenden Macht: Brasiliens Krise und globale Präsenz” GIGA Focus | Lateinamerika | Nummer 2 | Juli 2016.
 
55
Degaut, Macros (2017) “Brazil’s Military Modernization: Is a New Strategic Culture Emerging?” Rising Powers Quarterly, 2 (1), 271–297.
 
56
Destradi, Sandra (2017) “Reluctance in international politics: A conceptualization” European Journal of International Relations, 23(2), 315–340.
 
57
The Constitution of Brazil. Accessed 25 Sep. 2017. http://​www.​v-brazil.​com/​government/​laws/​titleI.​html
 
58
Kenkel, Kai Michael (2012) “Brazil and R2P: Does Taking Responsibility Mean Using Force?” Global Responsibility to Protect 4, p. 14.
 
59
Former Defense Minister Jobim cited from Degaut, Macros (2017) “Brazil’s Military Modernization: Is a New Strategic Culture Emerging?” Rising Powers Quarterly, 2 (1), p. 275.
 
60
Ibid., p. 276.
 
61
Ibid., p. 291.
 
62
Kenkel 2012, p. 28.
 
63
Stuenkel, Oliver (2019) “Bolsonaro’s 5 Key Foreign Policy Challenges in 2019” Americas Quarterly, 16 January 2019. https://​www.​americasquarterl​y.​org/​content/​bolsonaros-5-key-foreign-policy-challenges-2019 accessed 22 Jan. 2019.
 
64
Cheng, Joseph (2015) “China’s Approach to BRICS,” Journal of Contemporary China, 24:92, p. 358.
 
65
Breslin, p. 623.
 
66
Sinkkonen, Elina (2018) “China-Russia Security Cooperation Geopolitical Signalling with Limits” FIIA Briefing Paper 231, p. 7.
 
67
Liu, Tiewa and Zhang. Haibin (2014) “Debates in China about the responsibility to protect as a developing international norm: a general assessment,” Conflict, Security & Development, 14:4, 403–427.
 
68
Hodzi, Obert (2019) The End of China’s Non-Intervention Policy in Africa. Cham: Palgrave Macmillan.
 
69
White Paper: China’s Peaceful Development Road (2011) State Council Information Office of China.
 
70
UN DPKO website http://​www.​un.​org/​en/​peacekeeping/​ accessed 27 Sep. 2017.
 
71
In August 2017 it even deployed 2654 troops. https://​peacekeeping.​un.​org/​en/​troop-and-police-contributors accessed 27 May 2019.
 
72
Reuters: China formally opens first overseas military base in Djibouti. 1 Aug. 2017. https://​www.​reuters.​com/​article/​us-china-djibouti/​china-formally-opens-first-overseas-military-base-in-djibouti-idUSKBN1AH3E3 Accessed 27 Sep. 2017.
 
73
Patey, Luke (2014). The New Kings of Crude. China, India, and the Global Struggle for Oil in Sudan and South Sudan. London: C. Hurst & Co.
 
74
Breslin, p. 633.
 
75
World Bank, “Belt and Road Initiative” Brief 29 March 2018. https://​www.​worldbank.​org/​en/​topic/​regional-integration/​brief/​belt-and-road-initiative accessed 1 Oct. 2018.
 
76
Xuejun, Wang (2018) “Developmental Peace: Understanding China’s Africa Policy in Peace and Security” in Alden, Chris et al. (eds) China and Africa Building Peace and Security Cooperation on the Continent. Cham: Palgrave Macmillan, 67–82.
 
77
Narlika, Amrita (2013) “India rising: responsible to whom?” International Affairs 89(3) p. 605.
 
78
Mohan, Raja (2010) “Rising India: Partner in Shaping the Global Common?” The Washington Quarterly 33(3), p. 137.
 
79
Ibid., pp. 141–142.
 
80
Dasguptal, S 2016, “India, China agree on terrorism issue amid Azhar controversy”, The Times of India. Accessed 28 May 2018, from http://​timesofindia.​indiatimes.​com/​india/​India-China-agree-on-terrorism-issue-amid-Azhar-controversy/​articleshow/​54550860.​cms
 
81
Destradi, Sandra (2017) “India’s Reluctant Approach to R2P: Lessons from Perilous Interventions” Global Responsibility to Protect 9(2) p. 233.
 
82
Puri, Hardeep (2016) Perilous Interventions: The Security Council and the Politics of Chaos. Uttar Pradesh, London, Toronto, Scarborough, Sydney, New York: Harper Collins Publishers.
 
83
Hall, Ian (2015) “Is a ‘Modi doctrine’ emerging in Indian foreign policy?” Australian Journal of International Affairs 69(3) p. 250.
 
84
Hall, Ian (2016) “Multialignment and Indian Foreign Policy under Narendra Modi”, The Round Table, 105(3) 271–286.
 
85
Sridharan, Eswaran (2015) “Rising or Constrained Power?” in Malone, David et al. (eds) The Oxford Handbook of Indian Foreign Policy. New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 699–712.
 
87
Destradi, Sandra (2017) “Reluctance in international politics: A conceptualization” European Journal of International Relations 23(2), p. 329.
 
88
Nikonov, Vyacheslav (2013) “BRICS: analysing the security dimension.” BRICS Information Centre. Accessed 29 Sep. 2017 http://​www.​brics.​utoronto.​ca/​newsdesk/​durban/​nikonov.​html
 
89
Eitelhuber, Nobert (2009) “The Russian Bear: Russian Strategic Culture and What it Implies for the West” The Quarterly Journal, 9(1)10–12.
 
90
Putin’s Prepared Remarks at 43rd Munich Conference on Security Policy. 12 February 2007. Accessed 29 Sep. 2017 http://​www.​washingtonpost.​com/​wp-dyn/​content/​article/​2007/​02/​12/​AR2007021200555.​html
 
91
Rosefielde (2017) The Kremlin Strikes Back, Russia and the West after Crimea’s Annexation. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 129–165.
 
92
Concept of participation of the Russian Federation in BRICS, Moscow 2013.
 
93
Ibid., para. 8b.
 
94
Ibid., para. 14a.
 
95
Ibid., Para. 16a.
 
96
Tsygankov, Andrei (2016) Russia’s Foreign Policy Change and Continuity in National Identity. Lanham, Boulder, New York, London: Rowman & Littlefield, 4th edition, 233–260.
 
97
Klein, Margarete (2018) “Russlands Militärpolitik im postsowjetischen Raum, Ziele, Instrumente und Perspektiven” SWP Studie 19, September 2018, p. 13.
 
98
Alden, Chris and Schoeman, Maxi (2013) “South Africa in the company of giants: the search for leadership in a transforming global order,” International Affairs 89(1), p. 115.
 
99
Curtis, Devon (2018) “South Africa’s Peacemaking Efforts in Africa: Ideas, Interests and Influence” in Adebajo, Adekeye and Virk, Kudrat (eds) Foreign Policy in Post-Apartheid South Africa. London, New York: I.B. Tauris & Co. Ltd., 69–92.
 
100
Thabo Mbeki, The African Renaissance, South Africa and the World. United Nations University 9 April 1998. Accessed 2 Oct. 2017 http://​archive.​unu.​edu/​unupress/​mbeki.​html
 
101
Maite Nkoana-Mashabane, foreign minister, cited from Alden and Schoeman (2013), p. 116.
 
102
Building a Better World: The Diplomacy of Ubuntu White Paper on South Africa’s Foreign Policy. Pretoria 13 May 2011.
 
103
Ibid., p. 24.
 
104
The Common African Position on the Proposed Reform of the United Nations. Executive Council 7th Extraordinary Session 7–8 March 2005, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. P. 9.
 
105
Ibid., p. 6.
 
106
White Paper on South Africa’s Foreign Policy, pp. 15–16.
 
107
Brosig, Malte and Zähringer, Natalie (2015) “Norm Evolution a Matter of Conformity and Contestedness: South Africa and the Responsibility to Protect” Global Responsibility to Protect 7(3) 352–378.
 
109
BBC News, “Zuma corruption claims: South Africa state capture inquiry opens” 20 August 2018. https://​www.​bbc.​com/​news/​world-africa-45245121 accessed 22 January 2019.
 
110
SA News “Heads of Mission urged to lead investment drive” 23 Oct. 2018. https://​www.​sanews.​gov.​za/​south-africa/​heads-mission-urged-lead-investment-drive accessed 22 Jan 2019.
 
Metadata
Title
Introduction: The BRICS Global Order Between Transition and Coexistence
Author
Malte Brosig
Copyright Year
2019
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-18537-4_1