1. Introduction

“Interest in investing in this final frontier is on the rise and is really just beginning. The geographic location and the fact that it is a parliamentary democracy make it a very attractive destination”—indeed, as described by a Nasdaq article entitled “Emerging Markets: Mongolia, Truly the Final Frontier” from July 2015, the economic and socio-economic conditions for investing in Mongolia are promising. Mongolia is extremely rich in mineral resources, whereas sales benefit from the country’s proximity to the resource-hungry Chinese economy and two highly industrialised nations, Japan and South Korea. The German Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs and Energy believes that Mongolia, which is almost four times the size of California and the world’s second biggest landlocked State, belongs to the 10 resource-richest countries in the world. Particularly important are pit coal and lignite, gold, copper, silver and iron, oil, uranium, wolfram, molybdenum, other rare earths, and phosphates. Geological studies on large untapped reserves of rare earths, as a commodity for which China currently has a de facto national exploitation and distribution monopoly, have attracted international interest. The level of education of the country’s relatively young population is very high. Mongolia maintains excellent relations with Western States and belongs to the freest societies in Southeast and East Asia. The country follows a strategy of political neutrality and seeks to fulfil an intermediary role with regard to remaining political challenges in the region.