Skip to main content
Top
Published in:
Cover of the book

2020 | OriginalPaper | Chapter

1. Introduction

Activate our intelligent search to find suitable subject content or patents.

search-config
loading …

Abstract

This chapter presents the main research directions identified in the literature to be of great interest in the hybrid power systems (HPSs). The tracking control of the maximum power point (MPP) and maximum efficiency point (MEP) must be implemented to harvest the available energy from renewable energy sources (RES) and efficiently operate the proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) system, respectively. Because the PEMFC system based on the power-following control will power with delay the smooth part of the needed power on the DC bus, the energy storage systems (ESS) based on the batteries must be hybridized with power storage devices to sustain the power variability on the DC bus due to a variable RES power and dynamic load demand. Besides the power-following control to ensure the charge-sustained mode for the battery, the optimization strategies must be implemented for the PEMFC system to improve the fuel economy, especially for the FC vehicles. In fact, these directions will be detailed in the chapters of this book based on the research results presented recently in the literature.

Dont have a licence yet? Then find out more about our products and how to get one now:

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

  • über 102.000 Bücher
  • über 537 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

  • Automobil + Motoren
  • Bauwesen + Immobilien
  • Business IT + Informatik
  • Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
  • Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
  • Finance + Banking
  • Management + Führung
  • Marketing + Vertrieb
  • Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe
  • Versicherung + Risiko

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Springer Professional "Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

  • über 67.000 Bücher
  • über 390 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

  • Automobil + Motoren
  • Bauwesen + Immobilien
  • Business IT + Informatik
  • Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
  • Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
  • Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe




 

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

  • über 67.000 Bücher
  • über 340 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

  • Bauwesen + Immobilien
  • Business IT + Informatik
  • Finance + Banking
  • Management + Führung
  • Marketing + Vertrieb
  • Versicherung + Risiko




Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Literature
2.
go back to reference Gielen D, Boshell F, Saygin D, Bazilian MD, Wagner N, Gorini R (2019) The role of renewable energy in the global energy transformation. Energy Strateg Rev 24:38–50CrossRef Gielen D, Boshell F, Saygin D, Bazilian MD, Wagner N, Gorini R (2019) The role of renewable energy in the global energy transformation. Energy Strateg Rev 24:38–50CrossRef
4.
go back to reference Hesselink LXW, Chappin EJL (2019) Adoption of energy efficient technologies by households—barriers, policies and agent-based modelling studies. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 99:29–41CrossRef Hesselink LXW, Chappin EJL (2019) Adoption of energy efficient technologies by households—barriers, policies and agent-based modelling studies. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 99:29–41CrossRef
9.
go back to reference Larminie J, Dicks A (2000) Fuel cell system explained. John Wiley & Sons, Chichester Larminie J, Dicks A (2000) Fuel cell system explained. John Wiley & Sons, Chichester
10.
go back to reference Vielstich W, Gasteiger H, Lamm A (2003) Handbook of fuel cells-fundamentals, technology, applications. Wiley, New York Vielstich W, Gasteiger H, Lamm A (2003) Handbook of fuel cells-fundamentals, technology, applications. Wiley, New York
13.
go back to reference Gou B, Na WK, Diong B (2010) Fuel cells: modeling, control, and applications. CRC Press, Boca Raton, p 6 Gou B, Na WK, Diong B (2010) Fuel cells: modeling, control, and applications. CRC Press, Boca Raton, p 6
14.
go back to reference Pukrushpan JT, Stefanopoulou AG, Peng H (2004) Control of fuel cell power systems: principles, modeling, analysis, and feedback design. Springer Verlag, LondonMATHCrossRef Pukrushpan JT, Stefanopoulou AG, Peng H (2004) Control of fuel cell power systems: principles, modeling, analysis, and feedback design. Springer Verlag, LondonMATHCrossRef
15.
go back to reference Lior N (2010) Sustainable energy development: the present (2009) situation and possible paths to the future. Energy 35:3976–3994CrossRef Lior N (2010) Sustainable energy development: the present (2009) situation and possible paths to the future. Energy 35:3976–3994CrossRef
18.
go back to reference Bizon N, Mazare AG, Ionescu LM, Thounthong P, Kurt E, Oproescu O, Serban G, Lita I (2019) Better fuel economy by optimizing airflow of the fuel cell hybrid power systems using the load-following control based on the fuel flow. Energies 12(14):2792–2810. https://doi.org/10.3390/en12142792CrossRef Bizon N, Mazare AG, Ionescu LM, Thounthong P, Kurt E, Oproescu O, Serban G, Lita I (2019) Better fuel economy by optimizing airflow of the fuel cell hybrid power systems using the load-following control based on the fuel flow. Energies 12(14):2792–2810. https://​doi.​org/​10.​3390/​en12142792CrossRef
23.
go back to reference Nikolova S, Causevski A, Al-Salaymeh A (2013) Optimal operation of conventional power plants in power system with integrated renewable energy sources. Energy Convers Manage 65:697–703CrossRef Nikolova S, Causevski A, Al-Salaymeh A (2013) Optimal operation of conventional power plants in power system with integrated renewable energy sources. Energy Convers Manage 65:697–703CrossRef
24.
go back to reference Tascikaraoglu A, Boynuegri AR, Uzunoglu M (2014) A demand side management strategy based on forecasting of residential renewable sources: a smart home system in Turkey. Energ Build 80:309–320CrossRef Tascikaraoglu A, Boynuegri AR, Uzunoglu M (2014) A demand side management strategy based on forecasting of residential renewable sources: a smart home system in Turkey. Energ Build 80:309–320CrossRef
25.
go back to reference Tascikaraoglu A, Erdinc O, Uzunoglu M, Karakas A (2014) An adaptive load dispatching and forecasting strategy for a virtual power plant including renewable energy conversion units. Appl Energ 119:445–453CrossRef Tascikaraoglu A, Erdinc O, Uzunoglu M, Karakas A (2014) An adaptive load dispatching and forecasting strategy for a virtual power plant including renewable energy conversion units. Appl Energ 119:445–453CrossRef
26.
go back to reference Ahmed NA, Miyatake M, Al-Othman AK (2008) Power fluctuations suppression of stand-alone hybrid generation combining solar photovoltaic/wind turbine and fuel cell systems. Energy Convers Manage 49:2711–2719CrossRef Ahmed NA, Miyatake M, Al-Othman AK (2008) Power fluctuations suppression of stand-alone hybrid generation combining solar photovoltaic/wind turbine and fuel cell systems. Energy Convers Manage 49:2711–2719CrossRef
27.
go back to reference García-Trivino P et al (2014) Long-term optimization based on PSO of a grid-connected renewable energy/battery/hydrogen hybrid system. Int J Hydrogen Energ 9(21):10805–10816CrossRef García-Trivino P et al (2014) Long-term optimization based on PSO of a grid-connected renewable energy/battery/hydrogen hybrid system. Int J Hydrogen Energ 9(21):10805–10816CrossRef
29.
go back to reference Wang Y, Sun Z, Chen Z (2019) Rule-based energy management strategy of a lithium-ion battery, supercapacitor and PEM fuel cell system. Energy Procedia 158:2555–2560CrossRef Wang Y, Sun Z, Chen Z (2019) Rule-based energy management strategy of a lithium-ion battery, supercapacitor and PEM fuel cell system. Energy Procedia 158:2555–2560CrossRef
30.
go back to reference Das V, Padmanaban S, Venkitusamy K, Selvamuthukumaran R, Siano P (2017) Recent advances and challenges of fuel cell based power system architectures and control—a review. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 73:10–18CrossRef Das V, Padmanaban S, Venkitusamy K, Selvamuthukumaran R, Siano P (2017) Recent advances and challenges of fuel cell based power system architectures and control—a review. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 73:10–18CrossRef
31.
go back to reference Ettihir K, Boulon L, Agbossou K (2016) Optimization-based energy management strategy for a fuel cell/battery hybrid power system. Appl Energ 163:142–153CrossRef Ettihir K, Boulon L, Agbossou K (2016) Optimization-based energy management strategy for a fuel cell/battery hybrid power system. Appl Energ 163:142–153CrossRef
35.
go back to reference Bizon N (2017) Searching of the extreme points on photovoltaic patterns using a new asymptotic perturbed extremum seeking control scheme. Energ Convers Manage 144:286–302CrossRef Bizon N (2017) Searching of the extreme points on photovoltaic patterns using a new asymptotic perturbed extremum seeking control scheme. Energ Convers Manage 144:286–302CrossRef
36.
go back to reference Belhachat F, Larbes C (2019) Comprehensive review on global maximum power point tracking techniques for PV systems subjected to partial shading conditions. Sol Energy 183:476–500CrossRef Belhachat F, Larbes C (2019) Comprehensive review on global maximum power point tracking techniques for PV systems subjected to partial shading conditions. Sol Energy 183:476–500CrossRef
37.
go back to reference Eltamaly AM, Farh HMH, Othman MF (2018) A novel evaluation index for the photovoltaic maximum power point tracker techniques. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 174:940–956 Eltamaly AM, Farh HMH, Othman MF (2018) A novel evaluation index for the photovoltaic maximum power point tracker techniques. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 174:940–956
38.
go back to reference Rezka H, Fathy H, Abdelaziz AY (2017) A comparison of different global MPPT techniques based on meta-heuristic algorithms for photovoltaic system subjected to partial shading conditions. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 74:377–386CrossRef Rezka H, Fathy H, Abdelaziz AY (2017) A comparison of different global MPPT techniques based on meta-heuristic algorithms for photovoltaic system subjected to partial shading conditions. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 74:377–386CrossRef
39.
go back to reference Jiang LL, Srivatsan R, Maskell DL (2018) Computational intelligence techniques for maximum power point tracking in PV systems: a review 85:14–45 Jiang LL, Srivatsan R, Maskell DL (2018) Computational intelligence techniques for maximum power point tracking in PV systems: a review 85:14–45
40.
go back to reference Belhachat F, Larbes C (2018) A review of global maximum power point tracking techniques of photovoltaic system under partial shading conditions. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 92:513–553CrossRef Belhachat F, Larbes C (2018) A review of global maximum power point tracking techniques of photovoltaic system under partial shading conditions. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 92:513–553CrossRef
41.
go back to reference Danandeh MA, Mousavi GSM (2018) Comparative and comprehensive review of maximum power point tracking methods for PV cells. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 82:2743–2767CrossRef Danandeh MA, Mousavi GSM (2018) Comparative and comprehensive review of maximum power point tracking methods for PV cells. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 82:2743–2767CrossRef
42.
go back to reference Batarseh MG, Za’ter ME (2018) Hybrid maximum power point tracking techniques: a comparative survey, suggested classification and uninvestigated combinations. Sol Energy 169:535–555CrossRef Batarseh MG, Za’ter ME (2018) Hybrid maximum power point tracking techniques: a comparative survey, suggested classification and uninvestigated combinations. Sol Energy 169:535–555CrossRef
43.
go back to reference Ahmad R, Murtaza AF, Sher AH (2019) Power tracking techniques for efficient operation of photovoltaic array in solar applications—a review. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 101:82–102CrossRef Ahmad R, Murtaza AF, Sher AH (2019) Power tracking techniques for efficient operation of photovoltaic array in solar applications—a review. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 101:82–102CrossRef
44.
go back to reference Bizon N (2018) Optimal operation of fuel cell/wind turbine hybrid power system under turbulent wind and variable load. Appl Energ 212:196–209CrossRef Bizon N (2018) Optimal operation of fuel cell/wind turbine hybrid power system under turbulent wind and variable load. Appl Energ 212:196–209CrossRef
45.
go back to reference Bizon N (2018) Real-time optimization strategy for fuel cell hybrid power sources with load-following control of the fuel or air flow. Energ Convers Manage 157:13–27CrossRef Bizon N (2018) Real-time optimization strategy for fuel cell hybrid power sources with load-following control of the fuel or air flow. Energ Convers Manage 157:13–27CrossRef
46.
go back to reference Bizon N (2014) Load-following mode control of a standalone renewable/fuel cell hybrid power source. Energ Convers Manage 77:763–772CrossRef Bizon N (2014) Load-following mode control of a standalone renewable/fuel cell hybrid power source. Energ Convers Manage 77:763–772CrossRef
47.
go back to reference Bizon N (2019) Real-time optimization strategies of FC hybrid power systems based on load-following control: a new strategy, and a comparative study of topologies and fuel economy obtained. Appl Energ 241C:444–460 Bizon N (2019) Real-time optimization strategies of FC hybrid power systems based on load-following control: a new strategy, and a comparative study of topologies and fuel economy obtained. Appl Energ 241C:444–460
48.
go back to reference Daud WRW, Rosli RE, Majlan EH, Hamid SAA, Mohamed R, Husaini T (2017) PEM fuel cell system control: a review. Renew Energ 113:620–638CrossRef Daud WRW, Rosli RE, Majlan EH, Hamid SAA, Mohamed R, Husaini T (2017) PEM fuel cell system control: a review. Renew Energ 113:620–638CrossRef
50.
go back to reference Nejad HC, Farshad M, Gholamalizadeh E, Askarian B, Akbarimajd A (2019) A novel intelligent-based method to control the output voltage of proton exchange membrane fuel cell. Energ Convers Manage 185:455–464CrossRef Nejad HC, Farshad M, Gholamalizadeh E, Askarian B, Akbarimajd A (2019) A novel intelligent-based method to control the output voltage of proton exchange membrane fuel cell. Energ Convers Manage 185:455–464CrossRef
51.
go back to reference Ziogou C, Papadopoulou S, Pistikopoulos E et al (2017) Model-based predictive control of integrated fuel cell systems—from design to implementation. Adv Energy Syst Eng: 387–430 Ziogou C, Papadopoulou S, Pistikopoulos E et al (2017) Model-based predictive control of integrated fuel cell systems—from design to implementation. Adv Energy Syst Eng: 387–430
52.
go back to reference Bizon N, Thounthong P (2018) Fuel economy using the global optimization of the fuel cell hybrid power systems. Energ Convers Manage 173:665–678CrossRef Bizon N, Thounthong P (2018) Fuel economy using the global optimization of the fuel cell hybrid power systems. Energ Convers Manage 173:665–678CrossRef
53.
go back to reference Ahmadi S, Bathaee SMT, Hosseinpour AH (2018) Improving fuel economy and performance of a fuel-cell hybrid electric vehicle (fuel-cell, battery, and ultra-capacitor) using optimized energy management strategy. Energy Convers Manage 160:74–84CrossRef Ahmadi S, Bathaee SMT, Hosseinpour AH (2018) Improving fuel economy and performance of a fuel-cell hybrid electric vehicle (fuel-cell, battery, and ultra-capacitor) using optimized energy management strategy. Energy Convers Manage 160:74–84CrossRef
55.
go back to reference Sulaiman N, Hannan MA, Mohamed A, Ker PJ, Majlan EJ, Daud WRW (2018) Optimization of energy management system for fuel-cell hybrid electric vehicles: Issues and recommendations. Appl Energ 228:2061–2079CrossRef Sulaiman N, Hannan MA, Mohamed A, Ker PJ, Majlan EJ, Daud WRW (2018) Optimization of energy management system for fuel-cell hybrid electric vehicles: Issues and recommendations. Appl Energ 228:2061–2079CrossRef
56.
go back to reference Fernández RÁ, Caraballo SC, Cilleruelo FB, Lozano JA (2018) Fuel optimization strategy for hydrogen fuel cell range extender vehicles applying genetic algorithms. Renew Sustain Energ Rev 81(1):655–668CrossRef Fernández RÁ, Caraballo SC, Cilleruelo FB, Lozano JA (2018) Fuel optimization strategy for hydrogen fuel cell range extender vehicles applying genetic algorithms. Renew Sustain Energ Rev 81(1):655–668CrossRef
57.
go back to reference Yuan J, Yang L, Chen Q (2018) Intelligent energy management strategy based on hierarchical approximate global optimization for plug-in fuel cell hybrid electric vehicles. Int J Hydrogen Energ 43(16):8063–8078CrossRef Yuan J, Yang L, Chen Q (2018) Intelligent energy management strategy based on hierarchical approximate global optimization for plug-in fuel cell hybrid electric vehicles. Int J Hydrogen Energ 43(16):8063–8078CrossRef
58.
go back to reference Chena S, Kumar A, Wong WC, Chiu M-S, Wang X (2019) Hydrogen value chain and fuel cells within hybrid renewable energy systems: Advanced operation and control strategies. Appl Energ 233–234:321–337CrossRef Chena S, Kumar A, Wong WC, Chiu M-S, Wang X (2019) Hydrogen value chain and fuel cells within hybrid renewable energy systems: Advanced operation and control strategies. Appl Energ 233–234:321–337CrossRef
59.
go back to reference Haseli Y (2018) Maximum conversion efficiency of hydrogen fuel cells. Int J Hydrogen Energ 43(18):9015–9021CrossRef Haseli Y (2018) Maximum conversion efficiency of hydrogen fuel cells. Int J Hydrogen Energ 43(18):9015–9021CrossRef
61.
go back to reference Bizon N (2018) Effective mitigation of the load pulses by controlling the battery/SMES hybrid energy storage system. Appl Energ 229:459–473CrossRef Bizon N (2018) Effective mitigation of the load pulses by controlling the battery/SMES hybrid energy storage system. Appl Energ 229:459–473CrossRef
62.
go back to reference Arenas LF, Ponce de León C, Walsh FC (2019) Redox flow batteries for energy storage: their promise, achievements and challenges. Curr Opin Electrochem 16:117–126CrossRef Arenas LF, Ponce de León C, Walsh FC (2019) Redox flow batteries for energy storage: their promise, achievements and challenges. Curr Opin Electrochem 16:117–126CrossRef
63.
go back to reference Sajedi S, Farrell M, Basu M (2019) DC side and AC side cascaded multilevel inverter topologies: a comparative study due to variation in design features. Int J Elec Power 113:56–70CrossRef Sajedi S, Farrell M, Basu M (2019) DC side and AC side cascaded multilevel inverter topologies: a comparative study due to variation in design features. Int J Elec Power 113:56–70CrossRef
64.
go back to reference Han W, Corradini L (2019) Wide-range ZVS control technique for bidirectional dual-bridge series-resonant DC-DC converters. IEEE T Power Electr 34(10):10256–10269CrossRef Han W, Corradini L (2019) Wide-range ZVS control technique for bidirectional dual-bridge series-resonant DC-DC converters. IEEE T Power Electr 34(10):10256–10269CrossRef
65.
go back to reference Koike M, Ishizaki T, Ramdani N, Imura JI (2020) Optimal scheduling of storage batteries and power generators based on interval prediction of photovoltaics—monotonicity analysis for state of charge. Control Syst Lett 4(1):49–54CrossRef Koike M, Ishizaki T, Ramdani N, Imura JI (2020) Optimal scheduling of storage batteries and power generators based on interval prediction of photovoltaics—monotonicity analysis for state of charge. Control Syst Lett 4(1):49–54CrossRef
68.
go back to reference Valente A, Iribarren D, Dufour J (2019) End of life of fuel cells and hydrogen products: From technologies to strategies. Int J Hydrogen Energ 44(38):20965–20977CrossRef Valente A, Iribarren D, Dufour J (2019) End of life of fuel cells and hydrogen products: From technologies to strategies. Int J Hydrogen Energ 44(38):20965–20977CrossRef
69.
go back to reference Darvish Falehi A, Rafiee M (2019) Optimal control of novel fuel cell-based DVR using ANFISC-MOSSA to increase FRT capability of DFIG-wind turbine. Soft Comput 23(15):6633–6655CrossRef Darvish Falehi A, Rafiee M (2019) Optimal control of novel fuel cell-based DVR using ANFISC-MOSSA to increase FRT capability of DFIG-wind turbine. Soft Comput 23(15):6633–6655CrossRef
70.
go back to reference Restrepo C, Ramos-Paja CA, Giral R, Calvente J, Romero A (2012) Fuel cell emulator for oxygen excess ratio estimation on power electronics applications. Comp Elec Eng 38:926–937CrossRef Restrepo C, Ramos-Paja CA, Giral R, Calvente J, Romero A (2012) Fuel cell emulator for oxygen excess ratio estimation on power electronics applications. Comp Elec Eng 38:926–937CrossRef
71.
go back to reference Mousavi SMA, Piavis W, Turn S (2019) Reforming of biogas using a non-thermal, gliding-arc, plasma in reverse vortex flow and fate of hydrogen sulfide contaminants. FUEL PROCESS TECHNOL: 378–391 Mousavi SMA, Piavis W, Turn S (2019) Reforming of biogas using a non-thermal, gliding-arc, plasma in reverse vortex flow and fate of hydrogen sulfide contaminants. FUEL PROCESS TECHNOL: 378–391
72.
go back to reference Herdem MS, Sinaki MY, Farhad S, Hamdullahpur F (2019) An overview of the methanol reforming process: comparison of fuels, catalysts, reformers, and systems. Int J Energy Res 43(10):5076–5105CrossRef Herdem MS, Sinaki MY, Farhad S, Hamdullahpur F (2019) An overview of the methanol reforming process: comparison of fuels, catalysts, reformers, and systems. Int J Energy Res 43(10):5076–5105CrossRef
73.
go back to reference Sorrentino M, Cirillo V, Nappi L (2019) Development of flexible procedures for co-optimizing design and control of fuel cell hybrid vehicles. Energ Convers Manage 185:537–551CrossRef Sorrentino M, Cirillo V, Nappi L (2019) Development of flexible procedures for co-optimizing design and control of fuel cell hybrid vehicles. Energ Convers Manage 185:537–551CrossRef
74.
go back to reference Pan ZF, An L, Wen CY (2019) Recent advances in fuel cells based propulsion systems for unmanned aerial vehicles. Appl Energ 240:473–485CrossRef Pan ZF, An L, Wen CY (2019) Recent advances in fuel cells based propulsion systems for unmanned aerial vehicles. Appl Energ 240:473–485CrossRef
75.
go back to reference Yue M, Jemei S, Gouriveau R, Zerhouni N (2019) Review on health-conscious energy management strategies for fuel cell hybrid electric vehicles: degradation models and strategies. Int J Hydrogen Energy 44(13):6844–6861CrossRef Yue M, Jemei S, Gouriveau R, Zerhouni N (2019) Review on health-conscious energy management strategies for fuel cell hybrid electric vehicles: degradation models and strategies. Int J Hydrogen Energy 44(13):6844–6861CrossRef
76.
go back to reference Chen H (2019) The reactant starvation of the proton exchange membrane fuel cells for vehicular applications: a review. Energ Convers Manage 182:282–298CrossRef Chen H (2019) The reactant starvation of the proton exchange membrane fuel cells for vehicular applications: a review. Energ Convers Manage 182:282–298CrossRef
78.
go back to reference Han J, Yu S (2018) Ram air compensation analysis of fuel cell vehicle cooling system under driving modes. Appl Therm Eng 142:530–542CrossRef Han J, Yu S (2018) Ram air compensation analysis of fuel cell vehicle cooling system under driving modes. Appl Therm Eng 142:530–542CrossRef
79.
go back to reference Zhang H, Li X, Liu X, Yan J (2019) Enhancing fuel cell durability for fuel cell plug-in hybrid electric vehicles through strategic power management. Appl Energ 241:483–490CrossRef Zhang H, Li X, Liu X, Yan J (2019) Enhancing fuel cell durability for fuel cell plug-in hybrid electric vehicles through strategic power management. Appl Energ 241:483–490CrossRef
80.
go back to reference Li Q, Wang T-H, Dai C-H, Chen W-R, Ma L (2018) Power management strategy based on adaptive droop control for a fuel cell-battery-supercapacitor hybrid tramway. IEEE Trans Veh Technol 67(7):5658–5670CrossRef Li Q, Wang T-H, Dai C-H, Chen W-R, Ma L (2018) Power management strategy based on adaptive droop control for a fuel cell-battery-supercapacitor hybrid tramway. IEEE Trans Veh Technol 67(7):5658–5670CrossRef
Metadata
Title
Introduction
Author
Nicu Bizon
Copyright Year
2020
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-40241-9_1