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Published in:
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2021 | OriginalPaper | Chapter

1. Introduction

Author : Aleksandra Chiniaeva

Published in: Parliamentarization of International Governmental Organizations

Publisher: Springer International Publishing

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Abstract

The power of international organizations has significantly increased over the last 30 years. The decisions made at the international level affect third parties that are not subjected to international law. Therefore, the question arises regarding the accountability of international organizations before those who are affected by international law but not subjected to it.

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next chapter Characterization of International Parliamentary Bodies
Footnotes
1
Peters (2016), p. 56.
 
2
A definition for the term “international organizations” has been provided in many studies. For instance: I. Seidl-Hohenveldern and G. Loibl provided eight characteristics for an organization by which it can be considered as an object of international law, and, consequently, as an international organization (Seidl-Hohenveldern and Loibl 2000, p. 5). The definition and main features of an international organization are provided also by Ruffert and Walter (2015); see also Malanczuk (1997). Encyclopedias including definitions are: Schermers and Blokker (2011), and Bindschedler (1995), which provides a general comprehensive analysis of the definition. Some definition aspects are provided in Sands and Klein (2009), and in Klabbers An Introduction to International Organizations Law (2015a).
 
3
Ruffert and Walter (2015), p. 5.
 
4
Three elements are in Schermers and Blokker (2011); eight characters can be found in Seidl-Hohenveldern and Loibl (2000).
 
5
Bindschedler (1995), pp. 1289–1309.
 
6
Klabbers (2015a) “An Introduction to International Organizations Law”, p. 9; Schermers and Blokker (2011), p. 39.
 
7
Seidl-Hohenveldern and Loibl (2000), p. 5.
 
8
Ruffert and Walter (2015), p. 56.
 
9
Schermers and Blokker (2011), p. 56.
 
10
Seidl-Hohenveldern and Loibl (2000), p. 5.
 
11
Klabbers (2015a), ibid., p. 9.
 
12
Klabbers (2015b), ibid., p. 46.
 
13
Arrangements for Consultation with Non-Governmental Organizations, ECOSOC Resolution 1296 (XLIV) of 23 May 1968, para. 7.
 
14
Schermers and Blokker (2011), pp. 38–39.
 
15
Ruffert and Walter (2015), p. 5.
 
16
R. L. Bindschedler separated political and non-political organizations in accordance with the subject-matter they were concerned with. Political organizations deal with such matters as collective security, peace, and peaceful dispute resolutions; non-political organizations’ subject-matter relates to technical issues, for example telecommunications.
 
17
Lindemann (1997), pp. 892–898.
 
18
Akinrinade (2015), p. 144.
 
19
Coicaud and Heiskanen (2011), p. 53; Wheatley (2010), p. 50; Stein (2001), p. 490; Krajewski (2008).
 
20
Falk and Strauss (2000), pp. 191–219; Fox (2008).
 
21
A/RES/60, Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 16 September 2005, World Summit Outcome, para. 135.
 
22
J. Alvarez proposed three types of complaints regarding the democratic deficit: vertical, horizontal and ideological in Alvarez (2007), pp. 159–174. This typology was studied more precisely in Wheatley (2010).
 
23
P. Nanz and J. Steffek argued that “the idea of democratic legitimacy is that the citizens decide for themselves the content of the laws that organize and regulate their political association. Separating the process of rule-making from politically accountable institutions, global governance is argued to suffer a massive ‘democratic deficit.’” More precisely is in Nanz and Steffek (2017), pp. 314–335.
 
24
Stein (2001), pp. 489–534.
 
25
D. Zaum provided the following description of legitimacy and legitimation: “An institution is legitimate if its power is justified in terms of moral and other social embedded beliefs, and if those subject to its rule recognize that it should be obeyed.” According to the author, the “legitimacy encompasses the social practice of legitimation: it needs to be claimed, sustained, and recognized.” See Zaum (2013), pp. 3–25.
 
26
Wheatley (2010), p. 65; E. Stein wrote that “in organizations at higher levels of integration, a standing consultative body composed of members of national parliaments might be established to assure greater accountability.” See Stein (2001), p. 532.
 
27
Dahl (1999), pp. 19–36.
 
28
For instance, see Nanz and Steffek (2017), pp. 314–335.
 
29
de Puig (2008), p. 22.
 
30
Klabbers et al. (2009), p. 324.
 
31
Krajewski (2008).
 
32
Giegerich (2005), p. 29.
 
33
Krajewski (2008).
 
34
Giegerich (2005).
 
35
Krajewski (2008).
 
Literature
Akinrinade B (2015) Democratizing international law-making. In: Jalloh C, Elias O (eds) Shielding humanity, essays in international law in Honor of Judge Abdul G. Koroma. Brill, Nijhoff, p 144 ff
Alvarez J (2007) Introducing the themes. Victoria Univ Wellington Law Rev 38(2):159–174CrossRef
Bindschedler RL (1995) International Organizations, general aspects. In: Encyclopedia of public international law 2. North-Holland Publications, Amsterdam, p 1289 ff
de Puig LM (2008) International parliaments. Council of Europe, Strasbourg
Giegerich T (2005) “A Fork in the Road” – constitutional challenges, chances and Lacunae of UN reform. German Yearb Int Law 48:29 ff
Klabbers J (2015a) An introduction to International Organizations Law. Cambridge University Press, CambridgeCrossRef
Klabbers J (2015b) Straddling the fence: the EU and international law. In: Arnull A, Chalmers D (eds) The Oxford handbook of European Union Law. Oxford University Press, Oxford, p 52 ff
Klabbers J, Peters A, Ulfstein G (2009) The Constitutionalization of International Law. Oxford Univesity Press, OxfordCrossRef
Lindemann H-H (1997) Parliamentary assembly, International. In: Encyclopedia of Public International Law 3 (EPIL), p 892 ff
Malanczuk P (1997) Akehurst’s Modern introduction to international law. Routledge, London
Ruffert M, Walter C (2015) Institutionalised international law. C.H. Beck/Hart/Nomos, MunichCrossRef
Sands P, Klein P (2009) Bowett’s law of international institutions. Sweet & Maxwell, London
Schermers HG, Blokker NM (2011) International institutional law: unity within diversity. Brill, Nijhoff, LeidenCrossRef
Seidl-Hohenveldern I, Loibl G (2000) Das Recht der Internationalen Organisationen einschließlich der Supranationalen Gemeinschaften. Carl Heymanns Verlag KG, Köln
Stein E (2001) International integration and democracy: no love at first sight. Am J Int Law 95(3):489 ffCrossRef
Wheatley SC (2010) The democratic legitimacy of international law. Hart Publishing, Oxford
Zaum D (2013) International organizations, legitimacy, and legitimation. In: Zaum D (ed) Legitimating international organizations. Oxford University Press, Oxford, p 3 ffCrossRef
Metadata
Title
Introduction
Author
Aleksandra Chiniaeva
Copyright Year
2021
Book
Parliamentarization of International Governmental Organizations

Print ISBN: 978-3-030-71340-9

Electronic ISBN: 978-3-030-71341-6

Copyright Year: 2021

DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-71341-6_1