1. Introduction

The chapter begins by tracing the history of democratic crises, noting that concerns about democracy's future have recurred in waves since the 1930s. It then delves into the core challenges facing modern democracies: diminishing trust in institutions, the rise of populism, and the impact of technological advancements. The authors argue that these challenges are not new, but rather part of an ongoing process of democratic evolution. They emphasize the need for continuous discussion and adaptation to maintain democratic principles. The chapter is divided into three parts: trust and distrust, authoritarianism and populism, and technological challenges. Each part offers a deep dive into the historical, theoretical, and practical aspects of these challenges, providing a nuanced understanding of the complexities of modern democracy.