Skip to main content
Disciplines
Automotive Business IT + Informatics Construction + Real Estate Electrical Engineering + Electronics Energy + Sustainability Insurance + Risk Finance + Banking Management + Leadership Marketing + Sales Mechanical Engineering + Materials
Events
DE
EN
Books
Journals
Topic Page
Marketing
Start single access now
Access for companies
EXTENDED SEARCH
Log in
Top
Published in:
Cover of the book

2015 | OriginalPaper | Chapter

1. Introduction

Author : Prof. Dr. Dongdong Gu

Published in: Laser Additive Manufacturing of High-Performance Materials

Publisher: Springer Berlin Heidelberg

Log in

Activate our intelligent search to find suitable subject content or patents.

search-config
loading …

Abstract

Different from conventional materials removal method, additive manufacturing (AM) is based on a novel material incremental manufacturing philosophy. Laser-based AM implies layer-by-layer shaping and consolidation of feedstock, typically powder materials, to arbitrary configurations, using a computer controlled laser as energy resource. The current development focus of AM is to produce complex-shaped functional metallic components, including metals, alloys, and metal matrix composites (MMCs), to meet the demanding requirements from aerospace, defense, automotive, and biomedical industries. In this chapter, the development history of AM technology is briefly introduced and the nomenclature principles for naming different types of AM processes are reviewed. The general processing philosophy of AM is addressed and the typical applications of AM technology are presented.

Dont have a licence yet? Then find out more about our products and how to get one now:

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

  • über 102.000 Bücher
  • über 537 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

  • Automobil + Motoren
  • Bauwesen + Immobilien
  • Business IT + Informatik
  • Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
  • Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
  • Finance + Banking
  • Management + Führung
  • Marketing + Vertrieb
  • Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe
  • Versicherung + Risiko

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

inform now

Springer Professional "Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

  • über 67.000 Bücher
  • über 390 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

  • Automobil + Motoren
  • Bauwesen + Immobilien
  • Business IT + Informatik
  • Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
  • Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
  • Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe




 

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

inform now
next chapter Laser Additive Manufacturing (AM): Classification, Processing Philosophy, and Metallurgical Mechanisms
Footnotes
1
Due to the abundant nomenclature of different AM processes, the basic phrases (i.e., LS, LM, and LMD) are used in Chaps. 1 and 2 to denominate the three most prevailing variants of AM technology for the fabrication of metallic components.
 
Literature
1.
2.
Gibson I, Rosen DW, Stucker B (2010) Additive manufacturing technologies: rapid prototyping to direct digital manufacturing. Springer Science + Business Media, New YorkCrossRef
3.
Beaman JJ, Deckard CR (1990) Selective laser sintering with assisted powder handling. US Patent 4938816
4.
Bourell DL, Marcus HL, Barlow JW, Beaman JJ, Deckard CR (1991) Multiple material systems for selective beam sintering. US Patent 5076869
5.
Chua CK, Leong KF, Lim CS (2003) Rapid prototyping: principles and applications. World Scientific Publishing Company, SingaporeCrossRef
6.
West AP, Sambu SP, Rosen DW (2001) A process planning method for improving build performance in stereolithography. Comput Aided Des 33(1):65–79CrossRef
7.
Park J, Tari MJ, Hahn HT (2000) Characterization of the laminated object manufacturing (LOM) process. Rapid Prototyp J 6(1):36–49CrossRef
8.
Gray RW, Baird DG, Bohn JH (1998) Effects of processing conditions on short TCLP fiber reinforced FDM parts. Rapid Prototyp J 4(1):14–25CrossRef
9.
Bourell DL, Marcus HL, Barlow JW et al (1992) Selective laser sintering of metal and ceramics. Int J Powder Metallurgy 28(4):369–381
10.
Childs THC, Berzins M, Ryder GR et al (1999) Selective laser sintering of an amorphous polymer—simulations and experiments. Proc Inst Mech Eng B 213(4):333–349CrossRef
11.
Ciraud P (1973) Verfahren und vorrichtung zur herstellung beliebiger gegenstande aus beliebigem schmelzbarem material. German Patent DE 2263777
12.
Housholder R (1981) Molding process. US Patent 4247508
13.
Santos EC, Shiomi M, Osakada K et al (2006) Rapid manufacturing of metal components by laser forming. Int J Mach Tool Manuf 46(12–13):1459–1468CrossRef
14.
Deckard C (1989) Methods and apparatus for producing parts by selective laser sintering. US Patent 4863538
15.
16.
17.
Shellabear ON (2004) DMLS—development history and state of the art. In: Geiger M, Otto A (eds) Proceedings of the Fourth Laser Assisted Net Shape Engineering, LANE 2004, Erlangen, Germany, 2004
18.
19.
20.
21.
Arcella F (1988) Casting shapes. US Patent 4818562
22.
Wohlers T, Gornet T (2011) History of additive manufacturing. Wohlers Report 2011, Wohlers Associates, Inc.
23.
24.
Mazumder J, Choi J, Nagarathnam K et al (1997) The direct metal deposition of H13 tool steel for 3-D components. JOM 49:55–60CrossRef
25.
Das S, Wohlert M, Beaman JJ et al (1998) Producing metal parts with selective laser sintering/hot isostatic pressing. JOM 50(12):17–20CrossRef
26.
Mazumder J, Schifferer A, Choi J (1999) Direct materials deposition: designed macro and microstructure. Mater Res Innov 3(3):118–131CrossRef
27.
Mazumder J, Dutta D, Kikuchi N et al (2000) Closed loop direct metal deposition: art to part. Opt Laser Eng 34(4–6):397–414CrossRef
28.
Levy N, Schindel R, Kruth JP (2003) Rapid manufacturing and rapid tooling with layer manufacturing (LM) technologies, state of the art and future perspectives. CIRP Ann—Manuf Technol 52(2):589–609CrossRef
29.
King D, Tansey T (2003) Rapid tooling: selective laser sintering injection tooling. J Mater Process Technol 132(1–3):42–48CrossRef
30.
Hollander DA, von Walter M, Wirtz T, et al (2006) Structural, mechanical and in vitro characterization of individually structured Ti–6Al–4V produced by direct laser forming. Biomaterials 27(7):955–963CrossRef
31.
España FA, Balla VK, Bose S et al (2010) Design and fabrication of CoCrMo alloy based novel structures for load bearing implants using laser engineered net shaping. Mater Sci Eng C 30(1):50–57CrossRef
32.
33.
Tolochko NK, Savich VV, Laoui T et al (2002) Dental root implants produced by the combined selective laser sintering/melting of titanium powders. Proc Inst Mech Eng L 216(L4):267–270
34.
Morgan R, Sutcliffe CJ, O’Neill W (2004) Density analysis of direct metal laser re-melted 316 L stainless steel cubic primitives. J Mater Sci 39(4):1195–1205CrossRef
35.
36.
Kelbassa I, Wohlers T, Caffrey T (2012) Quo vadis, laser additive manufacturing? J Laser Appl 24(5):050101CrossRef
37.
Atwood C, Griffith M, Harwell L et al (1998) Laser engineered net shaping (LENSTM): a tool for direct fabrication of metal parts. In: Proceedings of international congress on the applications of lasers and electro-optics, Orlando, FL, USA, November, 1998
38.
Brooks J, Robino C, Headley T et al (1999) Microstructure and property optimization of LENS deposited H13 tool steel. In: 10th solid freeform fabrication symposium (SFF), The University of Texas at Austin, August 1999
39.
Lewis GK, Schlienger E (2000) Practical considerations and capabilities for laser assisted direct metal deposition. Mater Des 21(4):417–423CrossRef
40.
Pinkerton AJ, Li L (2004) The behaviour of water- and gas-atomised tool steel powders in coaxial laser freeform fabrication. Thin Solid Films 453–454:600–605CrossRef
41.
Pinkerton AJ, Li L (2005) Multiple-layer laser deposition of steel components using gas- and water-atomised powders: the differences and the mechanisms leading to them. Appl Surf Sci 247(1–4):175–181CrossRef
42.
Wang F, Mei J, Wu XH (2008) Direct laser fabrication of Ti6Al4V/TiB. J Mater Process Technol 195(1–3):321–326CrossRef
43.
Wu X (2007) A review of laser fabrication of metallic engineering components and of materials. Mater Sci Technol 23(6):631–640CrossRef
44.
Liu FC, Lin X, Yang GL et al (2011) Microstructure and residual stress of laser rapid formed Inconel 718 nickel-base superalloy. Opt Laser Technol 43(1):208–213CrossRef
45.
Lin X, Yue TM, Yang HO et al (2006) Microstructure and phase evolution in laser rapid forming of a functionally graded Ti–Rene88DT alloy. Acta Mater 54(7):1901–1915CrossRef
46.
Li J, Wang HM (2010) Microstructure and mechanical properties of rapid directionally solidified Ni-base superalloy Rene’41 by laser melting deposition manufacturing. Mater Sci Eng A 527(18–19):4823–4829CrossRef
47.
Tian XJ, Zhang SQ, Li A et al (2010) Effect of annealing temperature on the notch impact toughness of a laser melting deposited titanium alloy Ti–4Al–1.5Mn. Mater Sci Eng A 527(7–8):1821–1827CrossRef
48.
Lü L, Fuh JYH, Wong YS (2001) Laser-induced materials and processes for rapid prototyping. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Norwell
49.
50.
Dutta B, Singh V, Natu H et al (2009) Direct metal deposition. Adv Mater Process 167(3):29–31
51.
Mudge RP, Wald NR (2007) Laser engineered net shaping advances additive manufacturing and repair. Weld J 86(1):44–48
52.
Kruth JP, Levy G, Klocke F et al (2007) Consolidation phenomena in laser and powder-bed based layered manufacturing. CIRP Ann Manuf Technol 56(2):730–759CrossRef
53.
Palčič I, Balažic M, Milfelner M et al (2009) Potential of laser engineered net shaping (LENS) technology. Mater Manuf Process 24(7–8):750–753
54.
Xiong YH, Hofmeister WH, Cheng Z, et al (2009) In situ thermal imaging and three-dimensional finite element modeling of tungsten carbide–cobalt during laser deposition. Acta Mater 57(18):5419–5429CrossRef
55.
Wang L, Felicelli S (2007) Process modeling in laser deposition of multilayer SS410 steel. Trans ASME J Manuf Sci Eng 129(6):1028–1034CrossRef
56.
Chen TB, Zhang YW (2006) Analysis of melting in a subcooled two-component metal powder layer with constant heat flux. Appl Therm Eng 26(7):751–765CrossRef
57.
Simchi A, Pohl H (2004) Direct laser sintering of iron–graphite powder mixture. Mater Sci Eng A 383(2):191–200CrossRef
58.
Murali K, Chatterjee AN, Saha P et al (2003) Direct selective laser sintering of iron–graphite powder mixture. J Mater Process Technol 136(1–3):179–185CrossRef
Metadata
Title
Introduction
Author
Prof. Dr. Dongdong Gu
Copyright Year
2015
Publisher
Springer Berlin Heidelberg
Book
Laser Additive Manufacturing of High-Performance Materials

Print ISBN: 978-3-662-46088-7

Electronic ISBN: 978-3-662-46089-4

Copyright Year: 2015

DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-46089-4_1

Premium Partners

    Image Credits