Introduction

It is very clear that in any sophisticated and well-developed industrial society the proportion of service and administrative workers increases as the degree of sophistication and industrial development increases. Sturmthal [101] shows that such movements have taken place in a range of economically advanced countries. At the same time the traditional arrangements for controlling the relationship between the numbers of staff employed and the work to be done tend to weaken as organisations increase in size, and as social attitudes develop towards demanding extensive participation by employees in decisions involving changes in working patterns. This, also, is happening in most industrial nations.