1 Introduction
2 Methodology
Strong forward linkages | Limited forward linkages | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Dispersed forward linkages | Concentrated forward linkages | |||
Strong backward linkages | Dispersed backward linkages | Key sectors with widely dispersed effects in the economy | Key sectors but with forward linkages concentrated | Sectors with strong, widely dispersed backward linkages but with weak forward linkages |
Concentrated backward linkages | Key sectors but with backward linkages concentrated | Key sectors without widely dispersed linkages | Sectors with strong but concentrated backward linkages and with weak forward linkages | |
Limited backward linkages | Sectors with strong, widely dispersed forward linkages but with weak backward linkages | Sectors with strong but concentrated forward linkages and with weak backward linkages | Sectors with weak linkages |
3 Data
Sectors in the input–output (IO) table | Activity sectors in the social accounting matrix (SAM) | Commodity sectors in the SAM | Other sectors in the SAM |
---|---|---|---|
Commercial agriculture: Cereal crops | Same as in the IO | Same as in the IO |
Factors of production
Skilled labor Unskilled labor Mixed income—Commercial agriculture Mixed income—Traditional agriculture Gross operating surplus
Institutions
Urban households with wages and salaries as main source of income Urban households with business activities as main source of income Urban households with other main source of income Rural households with wages and salaries as main source of income Rural households with business activities as main source of income Rural households with other main source of income Non-profit institutions serving households Enterprises Government
Other sectors
Savings and investment Imports and exports |
Commercial agriculture: Other crops | Same as in the IO | Same as in the IO | |
Commercial agriculture: Animal products | Same as in the IO | Same as in the IO | |
Traditional agriculture | Same as in the IO | Same as in the IO | |
Fishing | Same as in the IO | Same as in the IO | |
Mining | Same as in the IO | Same as in the IO | |
Meat processing | Same as in the IO | Same as in the IO | |
Fish processing | Same as in the IO | Same as in the IO | |
Grain milling | Same as in the IO | Same as in the IO | |
Manufacture of beverages and other food processing | Same as in the IO | Same as in the IO | |
Manufacture of textiles | Same as in the IO | Same as in the IO | |
Manufacture of wood products and furniture | Same as in the IO | Same as in the IO | |
Manufacture of paper, printing and publishing | Same as in the IO | Same as in the IO | |
Manufacture of chemicals, rubber and plastic | Same as in the IO | Same as in the IO | |
Manufacture of other non-metallic mineral products | Same as in the IO | Same as in the IO | |
Manufacture of basic metals | Same as in the IO | Same as in the IO | |
Manufacture of fabricated metal products and machinery | Same as in the IO | Same as in the IO | |
Electricity | Same as in the IO | Same as in the IO | |
Water | Same as in the IO | Same as in the IO | |
Construction | Same as in the IO | Same as in the IO | |
Trade and repairs | Same as in the IO | Same as in the IO | |
Hotels and restaurants | Same as in the IO | Same as in the IO | |
Transport | Same as in the IO | Same as in the IO | |
Communication | Same as in the IO | Same as in the IO | |
Finance and insurance | Same as in the IO | Same as in the IO | |
Market real estate and business services | Same as in the IO | Same as in the IO | |
Other private social services | Same as in the IO | Same as in the IO | |
Government services | Same as in the IO | Same as in the IO | |
Own real estate (Dummy sector) | Same as in the IO | Same as in the IO | |
Foreign tourism (Dummy sector) | Same as in the IO | Same as in the IO | |
Petroleum (Dummy sector) | Petroleum | ||
Purchases abroad by residents (Dummy sector) |
4 Results and Discussion
Sector | Backward multiplier | Backward coefficient of variation | Forward multiplier | Forward coefficient of variation |
---|---|---|---|---|
Commercial agriculture: Cereal crops | 0.8706 | 1.0599 | 0.8338 | 1.0533 |
Commercial agriculture: Other crops | 0.8413 | 1.1076 | 0.7051 | 1.1900 |
Commercial agriculture: Animal products | 0.8179 | 1.0987 | 0.9441 | 0.9710 |
Traditional agriculture | 0.7441 | 1.2133 | 0.5532 | 1.4737 |
Fishing | 0.9396 | 0.9656 | 0.7928 | 1.1043 |
Mining
*
|
1.0962
|
1.0140
|
1.0899
|
0.9441
|
Meat processing | 1.2438 | 0.8098 | 0.6347 | 1.2825 |
Fish processing | 1.0532 | 0.9147 | 0.5565 | 1.4676 |
Grain milling | 1.0457 | 0.9296 | 0.6990 | 1.1997 |
Manufacture of beverages and other food processing
*
|
1.0830
|
1.0239
|
1.0467
|
0.9530
|
Manufacture of textiles | 0.8796 | 1.1908 | 0.8785 | 1.0693 |
Manufacture of wood products and furniture | 1.0380 | 0.9926 | 0.9527 | 0.9646 |
Manufacture of paper, printing and publishing
*
|
1.1542
|
1.0886
|
1.4062
|
0.7862
|
Manufacture of chemicals, rubber and plastic
*
|
1.1182
|
1.1277
|
1.9316
|
0.5722
|
Manufacture of other non-metallic mineral products | 1.1019 | 0.8611 | 0.7308 | 1.1654 |
Manufacture of basic metals | 1.2289 | 0.7660 | 0.5772 | 1.4113 |
Manufacture of fabricated metal products and machinery | 0.9789 | 0.9948 | 1.8319 | 0.4688 |
Electricity | 0.7908 | 1.3201 | 1.0075 | 0.9228 |
Water | 0.9207 | 1.2292 | 0.8213 | 1.2396 |
Construction | 1.2992 | 0.7131 | 0.6260 | 1.3023 |
Trade and repairs | 0.4572 | 0.4501 | 0.3764 | 0.2290 |
Hotels and restaurants | 1.0343 | 0.8767 | 0.8770 | 0.9950 |
Transport
*
|
1.1233
|
0.8795
|
2.0323
|
0.4306
|
Communication | 0.9554 | 1.1380 | 1.3917 | 0.6833 |
Finance and insurance
*
|
1.2883
|
0.9243
|
1.6721
|
0.6102
|
Market real estate and business services | 0.9042 | 1.1134 | 2.3884 | 0.3664 |
Other private social services | 1.0612 | 0.8628 | 0.7207 | 1.1346 |
Government services | 0.8161 | 1.1022 | 0.5804 | 1.4038 |
Sector | Backward multiplier | Backward coefficient of variation | Forward multiplier | Forward coefficient of variation |
---|---|---|---|---|
Commercial agriculture: Cereal crops | 0.5637 | 0.9876 | 0.1959 | 0.9021 |
Commercial agriculture: Other crops | 0.6553 | 0.9817 | 0.4261 | 1.2346 |
Commercial agriculture: Animal products | 0.4650 | 0.8857 | 0.3779 | 0.9498 |
Traditional agriculture
*
|
2.7414
|
1.6357
|
2.3457
|
1.6503
|
Fishing
*
|
1.2385
|
1.2699
|
1.0070
|
1.3595
|
Mining | 0.9947 | 1.1247 | 0.8695 | 1.1102 |
Meat processing | 0.6759 | 0.6670 | 0.1634 | 1.1634 |
Fish processing | 1.1219 | 0.9518 | 0.4501 | 1.6452 |
Grain milling | 0.6514 | 0.8256 | 0.3049 | 1.1881 |
Manufacture of beverages and other food processing | 0.7286 | 0.8026 | 0.4916 | 0.6165 |
Manufacture of textiles | 0.5955 | 0.9134 | 0.5331 | 0.7805 |
Manufacture of wood products and furniture | 1.0698 | 0.9306 | 0.8651 | 0.9100 |
Manufacture of paper, printing and publishing
*
|
1.3708
|
1.0902
|
1.7301
|
0.8848
|
Manufacture of chemicals, rubber and plastic | 0.8728 | 0.9269 | 1.4512 | 0.4969 |
Manufacture of other non-metallic mineral products | 1.0224 | 0.7876 | 0.4534 | 1.1775 |
Manufacture of basic metals | 1.0283 | 0.7827 | 0.3985 | 1.5769 |
Manufacture of fabricated metal products and machinery | 0.9280 | 1.0414 | 1.7488 | 0.4787 |
Electricity | 0.9304 | 1.4891 | 1.1905 | 1.0177 |
Water | 0.9276 | 1.3372 | 0.8591 | 1.2485 |
Construction | 0.8914 | 0.6208 | 0.2963 | 1.0943 |
Trade and repairs | 1.1747 | 1.3051 | 0.9902 | 1.3309 |
Hotels and restaurants | 0.7569 | 0.9159 | 0.4898 | 1.2105 |
Transport
*
|
1.1674
|
1.0728
|
2.6019
|
0.7977
|
Communication | 0.9721 | 1.2245 | 1.9467 | 0.8795 |
Finance and insurance | 0.8571 | 0.7140 | 1.9054 | 0.8630 |
Market real estate and business services | 0.5878 | 0.9368 | 2.9077 | 0.7911 |
Other private social services | 1.8576 | 1.2998 | 1.4129 | 1.4757 |
Government services
*
|
2.1877
|
1.5479
|
1.8195
|
1.6083
|
Sector | Backward multiplier | Backward coefficient of variation | Forward multiplier | Forward coefficient of variation |
---|---|---|---|---|
Commercial agriculture: Cereal crops
*
|
3.2270
|
1.4408
|
2.8142
|
1.5707
|
Commercial agriculture: Other crops
*
|
3.0944
|
1.5084
|
2.7570
|
1.6132
|
Commercial agriculture: Animal products
*
|
3.0798
|
1.4688
|
2.7692
|
1.5568
|
Traditional agriculture
*
|
3.0264
|
1.4939
|
2.5800
|
1.6718
|
Fishing | 0.6739 | 1.0451 | 0.4292 | 1.4909 |
Mining | 0.3461 | 0.7048 | 0.2437 | 0.6628 |
Meat processing | 2.0295 | 1.2449 | 0.1635 | 1.1028 |
Fish processing | 0.4672 | 0.7652 | 0.1068 | 1.6427 |
Grain milling | 1.4342 | 1.1961 | 0.3719 | 1.0087 |
Manufacture of beverages and other food processing | 0.6414 | 0.7150 | 0.4343 | 0.6388 |
Manufacture of textiles | 0.4369 | 0.8062 | 0.4736 | 0.6431 |
Manufacture of wood products and furniture | 0.7928 | 0.8047 | 0.5346 | 0.6109 |
Manufacture of paper, printing and publishing | 0.6086 | 0.9439 | 1.0412 | 0.8876 |
Manufacture of chemicals, rubber and plastic | 0.6380 | 0.9526 | 1.4410 | 0.5253 |
Manufacture of other non-metallic mineral products | 0.5466 | 0.8230 | 0.2444 | 0.8374 |
Manufacture of basic metals | 0.4370 | 0.6266 | 0.1249 | 1.4031 |
Manufacture of fabricated metal products and machinery | 0.7191 | 1.0582 | 1.4880 | 0.5281 |
Electricity | 0.4347 | 1.2661 | 0.7141 | 0.7971 |
Water | 0.5030 | 1.1890 | 0.5693 | 1.0186 |
Construction | 0.8525 | 0.8577 | 0.4596 | 1.3932 |
Trade and repairs | 0.8987 | 1.3361 | 0.9173 | 1.2477 |
Hotels and restaurants | 1.0384 | 1.0394 | 0.7331 | 1.3966 |
Transport | 0.6175 | 0.8208 | 2.2011 | 0.7732 |
Communication | 0.4944 | 1.0095 | 1.5338 | 0.8519 |
Finance and insurance | 0.6344 | 0.8503 | 1.7314 | 0.8413 |
Market real estate and business services | 0.3843 | 0.8830 | 2.4098 | 0.8247 |
Other private social services | 0.7958 | 1.0144 | 0.5749 | 1.3212 |
Government services | 0.5439 | 1.1627 | 0.3851 | 1.5680 |
Sector | Backward multiplier | Backward coefficient of variation | Forward multiplier | Forward coefficient of variation |
---|---|---|---|---|
Commercial agriculture: Cereal crops | −0.0779 | −1.9610 | 0.1613 | 0.6902 |
Commercial agriculture: Other crops | 0.2195 | 2.0492 | 0.2734 | 0.6726 |
Commercial agriculture: Animal products | 0.3853 | 2.0328 | 0.5832 | 0.7113 |
Traditional agriculture | 0.6389 | 2.2449 | 0.4330 | 1.3379 |
Fishing | 1.4230 | 1.7865 | 0.9525 | 1.1278 |
Mining
*
|
5.3910
|
1.8762
|
2.5952
|
1.5683
|
Meat processing | 0.9256 | 1.4983 | 0.1429 | 3.5210 |
Fish processing | 1.3446 | 1.6925 | 0.3853 | 2.2398 |
Grain milling | 0.3535 | 1.7199 | 0.2783 | 0.8580 |
Manufacture of beverages and other food processing
*
|
3.1360
|
1.8945
|
1.5432
|
1.5595
|
Manufacture of textiles | 0.4927 | 2.2032 | 0.6717 | 0.6519 |
Manufacture of wood products and furniture | −0.0673 | −1.8366 | 0.4719 | 0.2961 |
Manufacture of paper, printing and publishing | −0.5111 | −2.0141 | 0.7941 | 0.6106 |
Manufacture of chemicals, rubber and plastic | −0.6374 | −2.0864 | 1.3392 | 0.5429 |
Manufacture of other non-metallic mineral products | −0.2109 | −1.5932 | 0.2461 | 1.2574 |
Manufacture of basic metals | 0.8858 | 1.4173 | 0.2048 | 2.3811 |
Manufacture of fabricated metal products and machinery | 0.0910 | 1.8405 | 1.9085 | 0.3600 |
Electricity | 0.0459 | 2.4425 | 0.8567 | 0.2503 |
Water | 0.2020 | 2.2744 | 0.4332 | 0.4780 |
Construction | 3.9418 | 1.3194 | 0.6655 | 3.0845 |
Trade and repairs | 0.0823 | 0.8329 | 0.4104 | 0.2207 |
Hotels and restaurants | 0.2296 | 1.6221 | 0.5556 | 1.1606 |
Transport | −0.3152 | −1.6273 | 2.2309 | 0.3593 |
Communication | 0.3741 | 2.1056 | 1.5293 | 0.2501 |
Finance and insurance | 0.5182 | 1.7103 | 1.6564 | 0.2856 |
Market real estate and business services | −0.1008 | −2.0601 | 3.5852 | 0.2327 |
Other private social services | 1.4711 | 1.5964 | 0.6918 | 1.3642 |
Government services
*
|
6.2754
|
2.0394
|
3.6344
|
1.4282
|
Sector | Backward multiplier | Backward coefficient of variation | Forward multiplier | Forward coefficient of variation |
---|---|---|---|---|
Commercial agriculture: Cereal crops | −0.0402 | 0.9876 | 0.0121 | 0.9021 |
Commercial agriculture: Other crops | 0.1364 | 0.9817 | 0.0952 | 1.2346 |
Commercial agriculture: Animal products | 0.1747 | 0.8857 | 0.2210 | 0.9498 |
Traditional agriculture
*
|
1.8780
|
1.6357
|
1.2677
|
1.6503
|
Fishing | 1.4964 | 1.2699 | 0.9886 | 1.3595 |
Mining
*
|
3.9025
|
1.1247
|
2.1179
|
1.1102
|
Meat processing | 0.4013 | 0.6670 | 0.0191 | 1.1634 |
Fish processing | 1.1427 | 0.9518 | 0.2151 | 1.6452 |
Grain milling | 0.1757 | 0.8256 | 0.0612 | 1.1881 |
Manufacture of beverages and other food processing | 1.6830 | 0.8026 | 0.6192 | 0.6165 |
Manufacture of textiles | 0.2661 | 0.9134 | 0.2509 | 0.7805 |
Manufacture of wood products and furniture | −0.0553 | 0.9306 | 0.1244 | 0.9100 |
Manufacture of paper, printing and publishing | −0.4842 | 1.0902 | 0.1585 | 0.8848 |
Manufacture of chemicals, rubber and plastic | −0.3969 | 0.9269 | 0.3874 | 0.4969 |
Manufacture of other non-metallic | −0.1561 | 0.7876 | 0.0427 | 1.1775 |
mineral products | ||||
Manufacture of basic metals | 0.5913 | 0.7827 | 0.0886 | 1.5769 |
Manufacture of fabricated metal products and machinery | 0.0688 | 1.0414 | 1.1153 | 0.4787 |
Electricity | 0.0431 | 1.4891 | 0.5741 | 1.0177 |
Water | 0.1623 | 1.3372 | 0.2354 | 1.2485 |
Construction | 2.1575 | 0.6208 | 0.2059 | 1.0943 |
Trade and repairs | 0.1687 | 1.3051 | 2.5012 | 1.3309 |
Hotels and restaurants | 0.1340 | 0.9159 | 0.2688 | 1.2105 |
Transport | −0.2613 | 1.0728 | 2.4608 | 0.7977 |
Communication | 0.3037 | 1.2245 | 1.4423 | 0.8795 |
Finance and insurance | 0.2750 | 0.7140 | 0.9858 | 0.8630 |
Market real estate and business services | −0.0523 | 0.9368 | 5.2666 | 0.7911 |
Other private social services | 2.0543 | 1.2998 | 0.9526 | 1.4757 |
Government services
*
|
13.4203
|
1.5479
|
8.1868
|
1.6083
|
Sector | Backward multiplier | Backward coefficient of variation | Forward multiplier | Forward coefficient of variation |
---|---|---|---|---|
Commercial agriculture: Cereal crops | −0.4037 | 1.4408 | 0.2490 | 1.5707 |
Commercial agriculture: Other crops | 1.1289 | 1.5084 | 0.8860 | 1.6132 |
Commercial agriculture: Animal products
*
|
2.0290
|
1.4688
|
2.3287
|
1.5568
|
Traditional agriculture
*
|
3.6345
|
1.4939
|
2.0048
|
1.6718
|
Fishing | 1.4276 | 1.0451 | 0.6058 | 1.4909 |
Mining | 2.3803 | 0.7048 | 0.8534 | 0.6628 |
Meat processing | 2.1122 | 1.2449 | 0.0275 | 1.1028 |
Fish processing | 0.8343 | 0.7652 | 0.0734 | 1.6427 |
Grain milling | 0.6782 | 1.1961 | 0.1073 | 1.0087 |
Manufacture of beverages and other food processing | 2.5973 | 0.7150 | 0.7865 | 0.6388 |
Manufacture of textiles | 0.3423 | 0.8062 | 0.3205 | 0.6431 |
Manufacture of wood products and furniture | −0.0719 | 0.8047 | 0.1105 | 0.6109 |
Manufacture of paper, printing and publishing | −0.3769 | 0.9439 | 0.1372 | 0.8876 |
Manufacture of chemicals, rubber and plastic | −0.5086 | 0.9526 | 0.5531 | 0.5253 |
Manufacture of other non-metallic mineral products | −0.1463 | 0.8230 | 0.0331 | 0.8374 |
Manufacture of basic metals | 0.4405 | 0.6266 | 0.0399 | 1.4031 |
Manufacture of fabricated metal products and machinery | 0.0934 | 1.0582 | 1.3645 | 0.5281 |
Electricity | 0.0353 | 1.2661 | 0.4951 | 0.7971 |
Water | 0.1543 | 1.1890 | 0.2243 | 1.0186 |
Construction | 3.6174 | 0.8577 | 0.4591 | 1.3932 |
Trade and repairs | 0.2262 | 1.3361 | 3.3318 | 1.2477 |
Hotels and restaurants | 0.3224 | 1.0394 | 0.5785 | 1.3966 |
Transport | −0.2424 | 0.8208 | 2.9932 | 0.7732 |
Communication | 0.2708 | 1.0095 | 1.6340 | 0.8519 |
Finance and insurance | 0.3569 | 0.8503 | 1.2880 | 0.8413 |
Market real estate and business services | −0.0599 | 0.8830 | 6.2758 | 0.8247 |
Other private social services | 1.5428 | 1.0144 | 0.5573 | 1.3212 |
Government services
*
|
5.8493
|
1.1627
|
2.4914
|
1.5680
|