Latest Trends in Renewable Energy Technologies

Quick charging of electric vehicles (EVs) is important in order to make EVs widely accepted, because EVs are the best substitute for the IC engines in order to reduce global warming. This paper discusses about the design of DC level-2 electric utility charging station for vehicles that incorporate the use of grid, wind energy and solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC).

The sensorless vector control of permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) is implemented in this paper. The vector control of PMSM motor requires proportional–integral (PI) control gains for controlling the current of the motor. For designing PI gains of current controller, parameters of motor, i.e., stator resistance and stator inductance need to be tuned for the desired response. In this paper, the procedure for parameter estimation is being discussed, and based on that PI gains required for vector control of PMSM motor are being designed. The values of motor parameters are experimentally verified concerning the datasheet of the motor.

Real-time image processing plays an important role in object detection in various fields, such as electric vehicle and security system. Image processing contains complex algorithms that require more processing time and consume lots of power for a CPU to solve. On the other hand, field programmable gate array (FPGA) having high computational power and capability of working with CPU solves the complex algorithm with more speed and less power consumption. Utilization of energy and resource is important parameter to make any system effective. In this paper, we develop an intellectual property (IP) for single-object detection using xfOpenCV library APIs. The detection contains libraries such as thresholding, Fast corner and Boundary Scan. The aim is to increase the ability of data processed by the system and save the power consumed by CPU by using FPGA. Such effective system can be used where power plays an important role and limited battery is available such as in electric vehicle. The targeted board is Zybo Zynq7000, which is more reliable and faster than CPU.

This paper attempts to estimate the magnitude of impact of cross-subsidy surcharge on the electricity demand in the short-term electricity market (spot market and bilateral market) using panel data techniques for the sample eight states of the country. The outcome of this analysis suggests that change in cross-subsidy surcharge has a more negative impact on electricity demand in spot market compared to bilateral market.

This paper proposes an intelligent elephant herding optimization (EHO) methodology for modeling the direct torque control (DTC) of a BLDC motor. The BLDC motor’s DTC has simultaneous control over torque and flux linkages. The parameters of torque and flux control are estimated by the EHO algorithm. The optimal control parameters are used to control and test the EHO to give the correct electromagnetic torque signal. Using the output of the proposed method, the switching table generates the appropriate control pulses for the five-stage cascaded inverter. The inverter output voltage is fed to the BLDC motor. With this control approach, the speed, torque, and stator flux are regulated. In MATLAB / Simulink, the proposed strategy is effectuated and evaluates the output comparison accompanied by the controller of the existing algorithms, for example, the CFA and PSO algorithms.

This paper describes the adaptive Volterra filtered-x logarithmic cost least mean lp-norm (AVFxlogCLMP) algorithm for the control of voltage source converter (VSC) of the grid-tied dual-stage PV system with multi-carrier energy storage system (MESS). The proposed VSC control fulfils multi-faceted objectives, i.e., reactive power compensation, load balancing, harmonics elimination, and power balancing. The proposed system performs satisfactorily under steady-state and various dynamic-state conditions, i.e., fixed power mode, variable power mode with irradiation variation, and load unbalancing. The MESS comprises the lead-acid battery bank, proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC), and ultracapacitor (UC). With the contrasting nature of the energy storage element, the system can easily handle the load side and the PV side irregularities. The proposed system is working satisfactorily in MATLAB Simulink environment as per IEEE 519 standards.

Flexi option like electrical energy storage is capable of influencing all locations of power system due to its sub-second response time. The economic feasibility of electrical energy storage is linked to its participation in the responsive electricity market. Fast frequency services tailor-made for electrical energy storage is a step toward its economic viability. This paper discusses the existing grid balancing strategies of representative developed and emerging economies and the status of electrical energy storage in these nations. In this study, the focus is on investigating the flexi ramp-up and ramp-down capability products introduced by representative developed economies for frequency regulation. Emerging economies may replicate experiences from representative developed economies by paving the way for electrical energy storage in grid balancing services by incorporating fast frequency response services in their respective electricity market.

This paper presents a new multilevel converter topology based on cascaded h-bridges with ultra-capacitor sub-DC voltage step generator. This is achieved by using a controlled latching switch array (LSA). Cascading multiple h-bridge units yields higher level counts with reduced dV/dt rating on individual switches while also making the system modular. Each module has a separate DC source (SDCS), which gets smaller as the number of h-bridge modules increases. The system is operated at low switching frequencies as multiple levels reduce total harmonic distortion (THD) of the output waveforms, while also reducing radio frequency interference (RFI). The increased h-bridge count helps in reducing the size of individual DC sources, and also the dV/dt rating of individual switches required is low. The proposed topology can be used in renewable energy integration with grid such as solar photovoltaic systems, electric vehicles etc.

This paper presents an investigative study on electric generator (EG) solution and load control schemes for small/micro hydro-based off-grid/standalone/isolated applications. The speed of the turbines in the small hydro is maintained at a constant value. As the prime-mover of the generator is a constant, the out of the generator is also referred to as constant in micro hydro system. Currently, the following electric generators (EGs) become popular for small hydro applications due to their merits: self-excited induction generator (SEIG), permanent magnet synchronous generator (PMSG), brush-less synchronous generator (BLSG), switched reluctance generator (SRG) and synchronous reluctance generator (SynRG). Through the working phenomena and steady-state analysis of the generators, this paper summarizes the schematic working topologies of the generators. The paper exemplifies equivalent circuit models of EGs in steady-state condition. It also focuses on minimum excitation requirements to operate the electric generators in the standalone mode of operation. Load control schemes plays a vital role in off-grid hydro applications to balance the power in the total system according to the loads. This paper illustrates the working phenomena and various controlling approaches of load control schemes. The paper aims at critical review on various generators and load management schemes for further feasibility studies and needful in isolated rural electrification.

In this modern day and age, we are incessantly finding methods to bring comfort in our day-to-day lives, be it talking face-to-face with loved ones over great distances or ordering our favorite food. In this regard, homes seem to be far behind. Home automation is a growing industry and offers promising advantages. This paper provides techniques to obtain an inexpensive yet effective home automation experience to the users with a special attention given to customizing the experience to be especially helpful to the elderly and the differently abled. This paper provides techniques for resource monitoring, remote device access and surveillance. With competition in the technological market for home automation growing and the industry still being in an infant stage, there comes a risk of market fragmentation. Market fragmentation is a situation wherein the competitors fighting for an audience offer products which are highly incompatible with each other, often times the products offered being of completely different ecosystems such as the Android and the iOS operating systems for smart phones. The paper offers a way out to avoid such a scenario. The proposed methods use internet as the prime method to communicate but can also be used without it. This proves useful when security is of utmost importance. As we are aware that any network is prone to security breach and hacks, with the project being capable of running on an isolated network, security risks are greatly reduced.

The key pillars for human well-being are access to energy, healthy living environment, economic development and poverty alleviation. Due to the development of modern societies and increasing population, the energy demand is increasing day-by-day. However, in the present-day world, carbon emission from energy generation is increasing at an alarming rate. Reduction in energy consumption is thus the pressing priority globally as not only it saves the scarce resource but also reduces the overall carbon footprint. This can be achieved by carrying out energy auditing, which is a process of analysing the several usages of energy and spot the areas where wastage can be reduced to minimum if not completely eradicated. In this paper the results of walkthrough energy auditing of the institutional building are presented by focusing on the utility bill analysis, suggesting changes in lighting loads, and analysis of rooftop PV system. The economic and environmental effects by calculating annual savings and reduction in CO2 emission are also covered in our study.

This paper investigates the nexus of renewable energy, non-renewable energy, GDP and CO2 emissions in a 1990–2017 sample of BRICS countries to analyse the need for better policy framework and future action needed to tackle climate change. Panel Unit Root tests, Panel co-integration tests and long-run estimates that there exists a long-run relationship between CO2 emissions, GDP, renewable energy and non-renewable energy for the BRICS countries. It was then seen in the panel OLS results that increased renewable energy consumption can significantly reduce CO2 emissions, whereas the panel FMOLS and panel DOLS results do not show any significant relationship between these two variables. All the three estimation results show that increase in non-renewable fuel consumption would result in CO2 emission, thus confirming the positive relationship between non-renewable energy consumption and CO2 emissions. The analysis also suggests that increased presence of renewable energy in the BRICS nations have avoided emissions, but the extent has not been significantly large. Thus, BRICS countries’ policymakers should encourage more consumption of renewable energy for better results.

Urbanization is a trend that is unavoidable and is in fact a result of a developed economy. In every field, India is witnessing tremendous growth. India has recently launched a smart city program, but when cities in the developing world lack long-term strategic planning, management skills, struggle with infrastructure provision, and high concentration of poverty and slums, it does not seem to be a realistic goal to think of smart cities. Developing countries should concentrate more on their villages rather than being obsessed with the vision of smart cities and try to curb the growth of urbanization. Yet smart village has not made in roads as the cost of developing physical infrastructure in rural areas of low density has been too high, and Panchayats village has little income to support such infrastructure even if it is built through state or federal funding. Sustainable villages can therefore be another good option. The main objective of this paper is to establish a sustainable perspective strategy for a Maharashtra community. The current village was analyzed in the present study in terms of productive resource and energy usage. A questionnaire was distributed to all villagers to determine the overall consumption of electricity, water, and other energy sources. Detailed analysis of the rainfall data and groundwater level survey of the last 10 years has been performed. In addition, the program was also introduced for renewable energy (solar power), toilets with soak pit. A perspective strategy for the sustainable development of that village was established after a detailed analysis of the survey data. Such results will help the government strategize its efforts to achieve prosperity in the village rather than in smart cities.

This paper presents an intelligent prediction about the soiling of solar panels that helps in designing an automatic cleaning system utilizing fuzzy logic controller. Cleaning mechanism activates based on the output voltage and current of the solar panel. Weather station data, combined with fuzzy controller developed using MATLAB R2014a, sends the control signal to the stepper motor which controls the washing process. Water sprayer is also mounted on the panel to reduce the ambient heat of the solar cells and enable maximum competancy of the panel.

The treatment of medical waste requires a unique approach so as to adhere to the basic environment norms as well as fulfilling the necessity of health and safety of the population. The recent COVID-19 pandemic has thrown an open challenge to tackle the ever-increasing amount of plastics and other materials that are observing an exponential growth in the composition of medical waste. Plasma Gasification technology has proven to be quite beneficial in handling almost all types of medical waste. This technology has strengthened the concept of the circular economy by utilization the byproducts as valuable input to other materials. This research paper has reviewed the current status of the application of Plasma Gasification in handling medical waste. The review has checked the applicability of the technology in handling medical waste as well as studied the feasibility of the process via various research articles. The study has suggested the steps which need to be taken so as to make the technology commercially viable in the Indian scenario.

Batteries-powered electric vehicles are gaining popularity worldwide. This trend of the electric vehicle is driven by many parameters, such as the need to reduce air pollution and noise pollution and reliance on fossil fuels. The main disadvantage of a modern electric vehicle is its limited range and the longer time required to charge the electric battery. Significant progress has been made in electric vehicle charging in recent years (thanks to research and development) to decrease the time required to charge electric vehicle batteries. This review paper focuses on the different topologies used for charging the batteries of electric vehicles.

Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell metamorphoses chemical energy directly into electrical energy. Nowadays, because of the high efficiency and less production of pollution, PEMFCs are gaining popularity. However, as there is a restricted flow rate of fuel, a speedy variation of the load disturbance and vigorous non-linearity; thus PEMFCs require suitable control of output voltage. In this paper, disturbance in the input is considered and thus the design and analysis of PI and Fractional Order Proportional Integral (FOPI) controller for the performance enhancement of the Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell is proposed. FOPI controller is used to improving the dynamic response and performance of the system. MATLAB/Simulink environment is used for the performance analysis and comparison of PI controller and FOPI controller. The simulation result shows that the proposed Fractional Order PI offers better performance in terms of settling time, overshoot, and steady-state error and rise time for the system.

The Novel Coronavirus or CoViD-19 has been spreading rapidly around the globe since 2019 and is causing a massive impact on humans; lakhs of people have died because of this virus. It is declared an epidemic by WHO due to its impact and lack of antiviral drugs. This disease is contagious and is easily transmissible by some basic mistakes, like coming in contact with the coughing sneezing droplets of an infected person, and symptoms are like normal flu. During these days and even after this lockdown ends it is advised to wear a mask or cover their face but in crowded places like hospitals and supermarkets and it is not easy to track whether a person is wearing a mask or not and manual checking is not practical as it increases labor. In this paper, propose a mask detector with the help of a deep learning facial classification system to detect whether a person is wearing a mask or not so it can be attached to a CCTV to ensure the entry of only people with a mask.

In order to sustain oneself in this era of cutting-edge technology, companies need to adopt different technologies for the efficient execution of tasks. In pursuit of accomplishing the targets, the companies install a number of software or add lines of code. DevOps is a large number of programming improvement repetitions that consolidate software development (Dev) and information-technology operations (Ops) to shorten the lifecycle of system development while delivering patches, updates and features from time to time in close collaboration with business objectives. Time is what everybody wants to save and this where Automation comes into practice. This paper throws light on how companies can adopt simple automation by creating HA proxy servers, web servers, and Hadoop-cluster with the help of an automation tool called Ansible. Ansible is an open-source mechanization platform, used for IT jobs, for example, framework management, application installment, intra-service coordination and accoutering. Here, YAML and Jinja languages are used to create and automate both the HA proxy server and Hadoop cluster.

In extremely hot and dry weather conditions, the condenser pressure rises beyond its set value when the temperature rises beyond the designed condenser temperature. So in the present work, an effort is made to solve the issue of the window air conditioner for such weather conditions. The incorporation of a cooling pad between the condenser and condenser fan for evaporative cooling will not only solve the problem of excessive pressure rise due to atmospheric temperature but will also reduce the running cost of the air conditioning system. The reduction in running cost conserves an appreciable amount of high-grade energy. The proposed modified window air conditioner, when used worldwide during hot and dry weather conditions can result in a huge cumulative saving of energy. The present findings show that the performance indices of the modified air conditioner are considerably improved. The coefficient of performance of the air conditioner is increased by 45–50% and a decrease of 30–32% in the power consumption and 20% in pressure ratio is observed.

Solar drying methods are used since long times and efforts are made to utilize these non-replenishable sources of energy in more effective and efficient manner. From old times, the use of solar energy is limited to very few applications. But as time passed, solar energy use has evolved to vast areas for drying industrial products, edible goods and agricultural products. Recently, the solar drying systems are integrated with other renewable and non-renewable sources of energy to have more reliable systems. This paper reviews various technologies and different areas of applications that are linked up with solar drying systems. Study of various technologies already used in solar drying field and how these evolutions give way to new ideas and more competitiveness to solar energy is carried out. A comparison of other non-renewable sources of energy like electric energy, energy from burning of coal and natural gas, etc with solar energy is evaluated. Future advancements can be carried out in the solar drying area by working on waste energy management techniques and coupling these too drying systems. Methods used for drying products other than solar drying also be incorporated with solar drying to study the drying product behaviour.

In this work, considering some important indices such as speed of the system response, control effort with minimum error and vibrations of the flexible joint manipulator system combining them into an objective function, an optimization problem is defined in order to find the optimal weighting matrices Q and R in LQR controller. To solve this optimization problem, intelligent optimization technique such as Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) is used. PSO is applied to flexible joint manipulator to enhance the performance of the controller and optimally adjusting the weighting matrices Q and R matrix in LQR controller. The response obtained for manually tuned by hit and trial and LQR tuned by PSO are compared in terms of time domain characteristics. Effectiveness and optimal response of the proposed controller are achieved on Matlab/simulink.

This paper throws light on the JAVA-based platform whereby the user converses with the machine based on artificial intelligence. The machine behaves so smartly that the user is unable to detect his/her conversations with the machine and feels to be communicating with human itself. The paper also reflects the evolution of chatbot from ELIZA to WOEBOT and emphasizes the essential attributes that any chatbot should possess. This chatbot tackles the queries related to the current pandemic COVID-19. This chatbot is developed such that it is user friendly and is aesthetically appealing to the user.

Solar distillation still is a solar thermal application to obtain clean water with reduced total dissolved solids. Pyramid-shaped glazed solar distillation unit can help to enhance overall thermal performance. In the present work, three pyramid-shaped distillation stills with aperture area 0.21 sq.m were constructed to test the temperature profile of the absorber with different coating materials. In this work, thermal absorption capacity of copper oxide, aluminum oxide, carbon powder, activated carbon, titanium oxide micro and nanopowder is tested with black paint combination. Results of different experimental setups show that with coating materials, higher surface temperatures were achieved and water quality tests for pH and TDS show nearly similar results for all distilled output samples. The higher thermal absorptance due to coating materials may help to increase the rate of distillation and improve the yield of the distilled water output from solar distillation unit.

Signal processing algorithms are becoming more and more important nowadays due to their utility in almost all fields such as control, communications, instrumentation, automobiles, medical, military applications, etc. In recent times, signal processing algorithms are simulated generally using MATLAB. But for practical use, these simulations need to be implemented in hardware. Their implementation as a stand-alone system requires dedicated hardware as an application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC), field-programmable gate array (FPGA), and others. Therefore, in this paper, a review of various hardware implementations of signal processing algorithms is presented. Different means for these hardware implementations are presented and compared discussing their relative merits and demerits. The emerging trend based on the graphics processing unit (GPU), which takes care of complex floating-point operations involved in signal processing algorithms effectively, is presented in detail along with the associated hardware and software features. ASICs and System-on-Chip (SoCs) are the first choices for hardware implementation as they provide. This review will help the researchers to get a comprehensive review of this domain and help them to jump start in exploring the design of GPU-based stand-alone systems.

Solar energy is fast emerging as a very effective process of power generation from the domain of renewable energy. A solar PV cell is the most crucial part of a solar energy system. The power generated by a PV system relies on many aspects. One of the important factors is solar PV cell materials that have a major bearing on its conversion efficiency. Therefore, this paper presents a detailed review of these materials that have evolved over the years. Their classification into different generations is presented along with its basic structure to give the researchers a jump start into this domain. Also, a detailed comparison of their efficiencies, merits, demerits, cost etc. is showcased.

Presently, the gas emission from metropolitan transportation is a serious issue for climate change. Therefore, in the present scenario, electric vehicles are an important solution to diminish air pollution in the urban areas and a rational choice to give to energy diversification in order to decrease greenhouse gas releases. As per today’s scenario, the demand for electric vehicles is inescapable around the world and India alike. Nowadays many middle-class families dream to own a four-wheeler, But they refused to buy this because of the high prices of petrol and diesel. So the electric vehicles are a good option for those because in electric vehicles there is only a one-time investment and their maintenance is very low. Hence, many companies are now focused on budget electric vehicles in the Indian market and all over the world. But they are facing a lot of issues that should be addressed. The major issues in the compliance of EV are not enough charging stations, time-consuming charging time and expensive starting cost with range limitation. But currently, the making India project is very helpful for the development of EV market growth. India has large strategies for the growth in the electric vehicle market and its expertise in the country for the next decade. These all concerns related to electric vehicles are discussed in this paper.

Power converters have become integral part of integrating most of the renewable energy resources into the grid. They can be considered as heart and soul of any grid-connected RES whether small scale or large scale. Amalgamation of these converters with the grid has been quite pragmatic, but it is very much obvious, every good thing has its own downside and in similar manner power converters being reliable, efficient and nearly maintenance free, have many demerits as well. Some of them have tendency to add harmonics into the system, deviation of supply frequency, grid desynchronisation etc. Lots of techniques, control schemes etc. have been suggested to reduce these power quality issues. SRF theory, ILST theory, and various other schemes have been described in the literature. Here, SRF theory is utilised to synchronise grid with the DG’s and produce the best possible power quality at load and grid side. Along with that the amalgamation of analogue filter has been described and its role and impacts of filter presence have been discussed. The results have been justified in MATLAB.

Recently, there has been a frequent invasion of locusts in agricultural fields. Though locusts do not harm humans directly, they devour leaves on trees, agricultural harvests fruits, vegetables, crops and other green vegetation. The swarms of locusts are attacking more than 25 districts covering more than 50,000 hectares of desert areas of western India. The present paper proposes a unique solution to prevent the locust attack in agricultural field. Locusts can eat twice their size, therefore, a swarm of locusts can cause wide spread damage to the crop. According to Wikipedia, very small swarm eat the amount, 1 Km2, of food in one day that is sufficient for more than 34,000 people. The adult swarms or hopper bands travel long distances and devastate the several million hectares of crop. In the present paper, a wireless sensor network (WSN)-based unique solution to fight the plague of locusts is proposed. In the proposed technique, WSN nodes are deployed in vicinity of the agricultural field. The WSN nodes detect the arrival of adult swarm or hopper bands of locusts and send a signal to an actuator system in the field. The actuator in turn activates the sprinkler sprayer system that forces locusts to change their route. The proposed solution is very effective in terms of diverting the path of locust swarms.

The parameter for the assessment of socioeconomic development of a country is assessed by the per capita energy consumption. One of the most challenging tasks, and also the assessment of the performance of the government of any country across the globe, is the availability of the sources of energy and power at reasonable cost to meet the demand of society. The depletion of fossil fuel reserves in the last 50 years for the need of accelerating development earlier; and now the shift towards sustainable development of both urban and rural areas has resulted in renewable energy gaining prominence. Among the freely eco-friendly renewable energy sources (RES) that are available in abundance in India are solar and wind energy. In the recent past, technological advancements have made these two sources amongst prominent renewable sources in India. Specially, solar energy holds great potential for providing a solution to the long-standing gap between power demand and supply. This gap is increasing as the county is developing. In this paper, efforts have been made to analyze and summarize the available data, on planning, promotion schemes, targets assigned for electrical power generation and their achievement from solar energy option in India.

This paper presents a short review on working phenomena, existing trends, and investigate study on the performance of Magneto-hydrodynamic (MHD) power generation using high Reynolds numbers. The generators used in the MHD power generation are quite different from traditional electric power generation plants in such a way that they operate at high temperatures. Moreover, the MHD generators did not have any rotational parts, hence, no rotational and friction losses with generating elements. Like conventional generators, the MHD generators also rely on moving a conductor through a magnetic field. These use hot conductive plasma or liquid metals as the moving conductor through a magnetic field to generate the electric power. One of the major drawbacks of the plasma MHD power generation is, it requires a very high operating temperature as the ionized working gases at the temperature rating above 2,000 K. In this work, a low-melting-point gallium alloy is used to investigate the per-performance of the MHD power generator using high Reynolds numbers is analyzed.

In this project work, Carbon dioxide using as a working fluid integrated with PCM in the solar receiver is experimentally investigated. Scheffler reflector is applied to get additional solar vitality on the cavity receiver surface. Cavity receiver is designed inside this kind of way in which it can obtain the maximum sun radiation which had been felling on their surface and decrease the heat losses. Apart from the cavity surface staying all surfaces have been completely insulated to be able to reduce the heat loss. PCM can be used to be able to store heat and help to make use of that once the photograph voltaic energy is not available. PCM’s store the power during sunlight hours or getting time. The saved energy is utilized to heat the particular CO2 gas and generates hot CO2 gas throughout off-shine hours or even discharging time. CO2 Brayton cycle consists of a solar receiver, turbocharger, shell and tube heat exchanger, and micro-generator connected with the turbocharger. Acetanilide is using as a PCM in the solar receiver which is gain thermal energy from the sun rays. The melting point of PCM is 113 °C. In the cycle, the lower limit and upper limit of pressure are 75 bar and 130 bar to assemble the compressor (turbocharger) specification. The proper number of thermocouples inserted for typically the identification of thermodynamic state at k-type thermocouples across the solar receiver, condenser, and also inserted thermocouple inside the receiver surface. The mass flow rate control valve is placed at the delivery side of the compressor to control the flow rate. A micro-generator is connected with the turbocharger to generate power. The pressure relief valve is placed between the receiver and turbine (turbocharger) and between the receiver and compressor (turbocharger). Tubes of 25 mm nominal inner diameter with a wall thickness of 1.5 mm. Tube material using SS316L. Typical, the results display that this solar receiver with each other with phase-change heat storage components works extremely well along with a good off the turbocharger concerning power generation within the particular solar Brayton cycle.

Recent improvements in the digital control system have contributed to new kinds of energy and resource usage limitations. Event-Triggered control has some clear benefits to reduce the energy and resources constraint. This paper proposed an event-triggered control strategy for continuous PI-controlled linear continuous-time invariant systems based on MATLAB modelling and simulation. The goal of the Event-Triggered control technique to decrease the communication load within the control loop network. Event-Triggered control generates a trigger signal when the states of the system deviate from the desired value.

The availability of wind energy as a renewable resource of energy is much higher as it seems, its uses have increased significantly over the years. In this paper, two modes of wind energy conversion system (WECS) are integrated into a microgrid with two-stage hierarchical coordination control, which can perform a decisive transition of grid-connected mode to islanding mode and vice versa. During the transition, the microgrid encountered the problem of stability due to inrush current and efficiency of operation. To overcome it efficiently, the paper proposed a heightened two-stage hierarchical control scheme for dual-mode WECS. The P-V/Q-f droop control method is utilized in the initial stage considering the link-impedance as mostly resistive. The next stage comprised a progressive compensation for the deviation of voltages and currents due to the load variation under grid-connected mode and islanding mode. The control strategy is also tested under different loading conditions while the transition of one mode to another. The dual-stage control scheme also demonstrates the parameters to accomplish real and reactive power bifurcation with AC main grid, two types of WECS, and different loads. To verify the proposed control structure, the MATLAB/Simulink atmosphere is used.

Along with increasing demand for improving power quality, many methods have been devised to solve this issue. Some of the methods include the PWM technique with the different control schemes and adding different filters between PV and grid side. Power electronics devices are the core component of the solar photovoltaic network with grid link but they have some drawbacks that they add harmonics in the load as well as in the grid. In this paper, the design of the LCL filter, the MPPT method and power quality developments are discussed with simulation results. For the grid-connected PV structure performance analysis in different load conditions are presented. Here we use SRF Theory to synchronize the grid with the solar PV array and produce the best possible power quality at the load and grid side. The grid-connected network contains an SPV system, boost converter, three-phase inverter, MPPT, LCL passive filter and various loads with three-phase grid. This paper focuses on the analysis of a three-phase Grid-connected solar photo-voltaic system. The results have been justified in MATLAB.

It is well-known fact that there are different requirements of light for different kinds of work in which you are involved, such as jewelers shop are well illuminated, and when we are sleeping we require dim light. The amount of light can be better understood if it is quantified and compared. Place of work such as indoor and outdoor also affects the illumination. Topology also plays a key role in it, because if your workplace is under shades of neighboring taller landscapes, you require more light of your own arrangement. Therefore, this paper deals with the reality check of the illumination present at the workplace or classrooms using an optical sensor based on the present infrastructure. Factors that affect the illumination are mainly the contribution of natural resources like sunlight, moonlight at different times of the day, size of the workplace, workplace with window areas, types of glasses used in windows, floor position, the atmospheric condition of the day, calendar day under study, etc. The paper then compares the results with the required standards and hence recommends the possible solutions to overcome the shortcomings.