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2024 | OriginalPaper | Chapter

3. Lebensformen von aquatischen Organismen

Author : Ulrich Sommer

Published in: Süßwasser- und Meeresökologie

Publisher: Springer Nature Switzerland

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Zusammenfassung

Dieses Kapitel gibt eine Art minimaler Einführung in die Organismen, die im Wasser leben, soweit sie für ein Ökologie-Lehrbuch benötigt wird. Es wird sich nicht auf die Taxonomie konzentrieren, da dies nur eine Wiederholung eines Taxonomie-Lehrbuchs wäre. Alle Stämme und die meisten Klassen und Ordnungen haben Vertreter, die im Wasser leben (Abschn. 3.1). Anstelle eines taxonomischen Ansatzes wird ein „Lebensform“-Ansatz gewählt, der sich auf die für Wachstum und Überleben im aquatischen Bereich wichtigsten Merkmale konzentriert.
Die Klassifizierung von Lebensformtypen beginnt mit grundlegenden Ernährungstypen (Abschn. 3.2). Die nächstwichtigste Dimension einer funktionalen Charakterisierung ist die Körpergröße (Abschn. 3.3), ein ökologisches „Master-Merkmal“ mit weitreichenden Konsequenzen für viele andere Merkmale, wie Stoffwechselraten, Wachstumsrate und Langlebigkeit. Ein weiteres funktional wichtiges Merkmal ist die Stöchiometrie der Biomasse (Abschn. 3.4), die die elementaren Anforderungen der Organismen definiert.
Die verbleibenden Abschnitte sind einer Gruppierung nach Hauptlebensräumen gewidmet, in pelagischen Gewässern Plankton (treibende Organismen, Abschn. 3.5) und Nekton (schwimmende Organismen, Abschn. 3.6) und Benthos auf festen Substraten (Abschn. 3.7) und Benthos auf weichen Substraten (Abschn. 3.8).

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Appendix
Available only for authorised users
Glossary
abundance (Abundanz)
Anzahl der Individuen pro Volumen oder Fläche
aerobic (aerob)
in Anwesenheit von Sauerstoff
ammonification (Ammonifizierung)
Produktion von Ammonium durch →Nitratatmung
annamox (Annamox)
bakterielle Oxidation von Ammonium durch Nitrat
anadromous migration (anadrome Wanderung)
Laichwanderung vom Meer zu Süßwasser
anaerobic (anaerob)
in Abwesenheit von Sauerstoff
autotrophic (autotroph)
Verwendung von Kohlendioxid oder Bikarbonat als C-Quelle für die Biomasseproduktion
bacteriochlorophyll (Bacteriochlorophyll)
Chlorophyll von photosynthetischen Bakterien, ohne Cyanobakterien
bacterivory (Bakteriovorie)
sich von Bakterien ernährend
bacterioplankton (Bakterioplankton)
bakterielles Plankton, normalerweise ausgenommen Cyanobakterien
benthos (Benthos)
Organismen, die am Boden oder am Rand von Gewässern leben
biomass (Biomasse)
Masse von lebenden Organismen, normalerweise ausgedrückt als Frischgewicht, Trockengewicht, Kohlenstoffgehalt
carnivory (Carnivorie)
sich von tierischem Material ernähren
catadromous migration (katadrome Wanderung)
Laichwanderung von Süßwasser zum Meer
chemolithoautotrophy (Chemolithoautotrophie)
Produktion von Biomasse unter Verwendung von Redoxreaktionen als Energiequelle, anorganischer Substanz als Elektronenspender und Kohlendioxid oder Bikarbonat als Kohlenstoffquelle
chemosynthesis (Chmosynthese)
Chemolithoautotrophie
chlorophyll (Chlorophyll)
primäres Photosynthesepigment von Pflanzen, Algen und Cyanobakterien
C:N:P ratio (C:N:P Verhältnis)
hier verwendet für die elementare Zusammensetzung der Körpermasse
denitrification (Denitrifikation)
Produktion von N2 durch Nitratatmung
detritus (Detritus)
totes organisches Material
detritivory (Detritivorie)
sich von Detritus ernährend
DIC
gelöster anorganischer Kohlenstoff
DOC
gelöster organischer Kohlenstoff
endobenthos (Endobenthos)
Benthos, das im Substrat lebt
endopelon (Endopelon)
benthos, das im Schlamm lebt
endopsammon (Endopsammon)
benthos, das im Sand lebt
epibenthos (Epibenthos)
Benthos, das auf dem Substrat lebt
epipelon (Epipelon)
Benthos, das im Schlamm lebt
epipsammon (Epipsammon)
Benthos, das auf Sand lebt
eulittoral (Eulitoral)
Intertidalzone
femtoplankton (Femotoplankton)
Plankton <0,2 μm (Viren)
fermentation (Fermentation, Gärung)
Energiegewinn durch Spaltung organischer Moleküle in eine oxidierte und eine reduzierte Komponente
filtration (Filtration)
Ernährung durch Aufnahme von Nahrungspartikeln aus einer Suspension durch Sieb- oder Filter-ähnliche Strukturen
flagellate (Flagellat)
einzelliger Organismus, das sich durch Flagellen bewegt
gas vacuoles (Gasvakuolen)
gasgefüllte Vesikel in Zellen von Cyanobakterien
herbivory (Herbivorie)
sich von Pflanzenmaterial ernährend
heterotrophy (Hetrotrophie)
Biomasseproduktion durch Verwendung organischer Substanzen als C-Quelle
HNF
heterotrophe Nanoflagellaten (2–20 μm)
holoplankton (Holoplankton)
Organismen mit vollständigem Lebenszyklus im Plankton
induction (Induktion)
Auslösung von morphologischen oder verhaltensbedingten Veränderungen durch Umweltreize
intraspecific (intraspezifisch)
innerhalb der Arten
interspecific (interspezifisch)
zwischen Arten
interstitial (Interstitial)
Raum zwischen Sedimentkörnern
kairomone (Kairomon)
Substanz, die von einem Raubtier freigesetzt wird und Reaktionen eines Beutetiers hervorruft
lithotrophy (Litotrophie)
Biomasseproduktion unter Verwendung anorganischer Elektronendonatoren
littoral (Litoral)
Randzone von Gewässern
macrobenthos (Makrobenthos)
Benthos >1 (2) mm
macroplankton (Makroplankton)
Plankton 2 mm–2 cm
megaplankton
Plankton >2 cm
meiobenthos (Meiobenthos)
Benthos 100(200) μm–1(2) mm
meroplankton (Meroplankton)
Organismen, die einen Teil ihres Lebenszyklus im Plankton haben
microbenthos (Mikrobenthos)
Benthos <100(200) μm
microplankton (Mikroplankton)
Plankton 20–200 μm
mixoplankton (Mixoplankton)
mixotrophes Plankton
mixotrophy (Mixotrophie)
Kombination aus Auto- und heterotropher Ernährung
nanoplankton (Nanoplankton)
Plankton 20–200 μm
nekton (Nekton)
schwimmende Organismen im offenen Wasser
nitrate respiration (Nitratrespiration)
Atmung unter Verwendung von Nitrat als Oxidationsmittel
nitrogen fixation (Stickstofffixierung)
Verwendung von N2 als Stickstoffquelle für die Biomasseproduktion
organotrophy (Organotrophie)
Biomasseproduktion unter Verwendung organischer Substanzen als Elektronendonatoren
osmotrophy (Osmotrophie)
heterotrophe Ernährung basierend auf DOC
parasite (Parasit)
heterotrophe Organismen, die sich von Körpersubstanzen des (normalerweise größeren) Wirts ernähren
parasitoid (Parasitoid)
tödlicher Parasit
phagotrophy (Phagotrophie)
heterotrophe Ernährung basierend auf POC
photosynthesis (Photosynthese)
Biomasseproduktion unter Verwendung von Licht als Energiequelle
phototrophy (Phototrophie)
Photosynthese
plankton (Plankton)
treibende Organismen im offenen Wasser
POC
partikulärer organischer Kohlenstoff
POM
partikuläre organische Materie
proximate factor (Proximatfaktor)
Umweltauslöser für morphologische oder verhaltensbedingte Veränderungen
Redfield-ratio (Redfield-Verhältnis)
C:N:P-Verhältnis (106:16:1), typisch für Phytoplankton unter ausreichender N- und P-Versorgung
respiration (Respiration)
Oxidation von organischer Materie zur Energiegewinnung für lebenswichtige Prozesse
reef (Riff)
Hartbodenstruktur, die von benthischen Organismen gebaut wurde
specific metabolic rate (spezifische metabolische Rate)
Stoffwechselrate pro Körpereinheit
sulfur bacteria (Schwefelbakterien)
Bakterien, die Redoxreaktionen von Schwefel zur Energiegewinnung nutzen
sulfate respiration (Sulfatrespiration)
Atmung unter Verwendung von Sulfat als Oxidationsmittel
ultimate factor (ultimater Faktor)
Umweltfaktor, der in der evolutionären Vergangenheit für morphologische oder Verhaltensmerkmale selektiert hat
vertical migration (Vertikalwanderung)
tägliche Auf- und Abwanderung von Plankton und Nekton oder ontogenetischer Wechsel in der vertikalen Position
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Metadata
Title
Lebensformen von aquatischen Organismen
Author
Ulrich Sommer
Copyright Year
2024
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-64723-9_3

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