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2019 | OriginalPaper | Chapter

3. Libya: From R2P to Regime Change—The BRICS Awakening

Author : Malte Brosig

Published in: The Role of BRICS in Large-Scale Armed Conflict

Publisher: Springer International Publishing

Abstract

The Libyan case is constitutive for BRICS as a foreign policy grouping. The Western-led intervention to remove Gaddafi was commonly seen as unacceptable, favoring geostrategic calculations and a regime change approach but not in the first place humanitarian motivations. To the crisis BRICS responded passive cooperatively voicing their concern but not having any significant influence on the course of civil war. While all BRICS countries were serving on the UN Security Council in 2011, there was no visible coordination or group engagement toward the crisis. However, the anger over the intervention was essential for BRICS in confirming their belief in the need to counter Western hegemony and insisting on the strict adherence to state sovereignty.

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previous chapter Theoretical Framework: Modeling BRICS Response to Armed Conflict

next chapter Syria: The World Order Unchallenged or Power Politics Above All Else?

The literature especially on Libya is vast. The most informative contributions might be the following: Hehir, A. (2013) The permanence of inconsistency: Libya, the Security Council, and the Responsibility to Protect. International Security. 38(1), 137–159. Neethling, Theo (2012) “Reflections on norm dynamics: South African foreign policy and the no-fly zone over Libya”, South African Journal of International Affairs, 19(1), 25–42. O’Brien, Emily and Sinclair, Andrew (2011) “The Libyan War: A Diplomatic History”, (New York: New York University, Center on International Cooperation). Williams, Paul D. and Bellamy, Alex J. (2012) Principles, politics and prudence: Libya and the new politics of humanitarian war. Global Governance, 18(3), 273–297.

Bellamy, Alexander J. (2014) “From Tripoli to Damascus: lesson learning and the implementation of the responsibility to protect,” International Politics, 51(1), 23–44. Stuenkel, Olivier (2014) “The BRICS and the Future of R2P Was Syria or Libya the Exception?” Global Journal of the Responsibility to Protect, 6, 3–28. Thakur, Ramesh (2013) “R2P after Libya and Syria: Engaging Emerging Powers,” The Washington Quarterly, 36(2), 61–76. Zifcak, Spencer (2012) “The Responsibility to Protect after Libya and Syria” Melbourne Journal of International Law 13, 1–35. Tocci, Nathalie (2016) “On Power and Norms: Libya, Syria and the Responsibility to Protect” Global Responsibility to Protect, 8, 51–75.

Barnett, Michael and Solingen, Etel (2007) Designed to Fail or Failure of Design: The Origins and Legacy of the Arab League” in Acharya, Amitav and Johnston Alastair (eds) Crafting Cooperation Regional International Institutions in comparative Perspective. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 180–220.

Al-Jazeera “Defiant Gaddafi vows to fight on” http://www.aljazeera.com/news/africa/2011/02/201122216458913596.html 23 Feb. 2011. Accessed 24 Nov. 2017

United Nations Security Council, ‘Security Council Press Statement on Libya, SC/10180-AFR2120, 22 February 2011. http://www.un.org/News/Press/docs/2011/sc10180.doc.htm Accessed 24 Nov. 2017.

Puri, Hardeep (2016) Perilous Interventions: The Security Council and the Politics of Chaos. Uttar Pradesh, London, Toronto, Scarborough, Sydney, New York: Harper Collins Publishers, p. 62.

Ibid., pp. 64–65.

UN Security Council 6491st meeting, 26 February 2011.

Hardeep, p. 72.

UN Security Council, Resolution 1970, 26 Feb. 2011, preamble.

ICC, Warrant of Arrest for Muammar Mohammed Abu Minyar Gaddafi, 27 June 2011. https://www.icc-cpi.int/pages/record.aspx?uri=1099321 Accessed 24 Nov. 2017.

UN Security Council, Resolution 1973, 17 March. 2011, para. 4.

The Moscow Times, Putin Rips ‘Medieval Crusade’ in Libya https://themoscowtimes.com/news/putin-rips-medieval-crusade-in-libya-5751 March 22, 2011. Accessed 27 Nov. 2017.

Zuma, Jakob (2011): Keynote address by His Excellency President Jacob Zuma at the Commemoration of the National Human Rights Day, Athlone Stadium, Cape Town, 21 March 2011.

AU High-Level ad hoc Committee on Libya, Nouakchott, Mauritania 19 March 2011. http://www.dirco.gov.za/docs/2011/au0322.pdf Accessed 27 Nov. 2017.

Obama, Barack, Cameron, David and Sarkozy, Nicolas (2011): “Libya’s pathway to peace,” The New York Times, 14 April 2011. http://www.nytimes.com/2011/04/15/opinion/15iht-edlibya15.html Accessed 27 Nov. 2017.

Jolly, David and Fahim, Kareem “France Says It Gave Arms to the Rebels in Libya” the New York Times 29 June 2011. http://www.nytimes.com/2011/06/30/world/europe/30france.html Accessed 27 Nov. 2017.

BRICS Annual Summit, Sanya Declaration, para. 9–10.

UN, General Assembly “After Much Wrangling, General Assembly Seats National Transitional Council of Libya as Country’s Representative for Sixty-Sixth Session” New York 16 Sep. 2011. https://www.un.org/press/en/2011/ga11137.doc.htm Accessed 27 Nov. 2017.

UN Security Council resolution 1970, para. 4.

UN Security Council 6491st meeting, 26 February 2011.

Ibid.

Hardeep, p. 71.

UN Security Council, 6498th meeting, 17 March 2011. p. 6.

Ibid.

Stuenkel, Oliver (2013) “Brazil as a norm entrepreneur: the Responsibility While Protecting” in Hamann, Eduarda and Muggah, Robert (eds) Implementing the Responsibility to Protect: New Directions for International Peace and Security? Rio de Janeiro: Igarapé Institute, pp. 59–62.

Tourinho, M, Stuenkel, Oliver and Brockmeier, Sarah (2016) ‘“Responsibility while Protecting”: Reforming R2P Implementation’, Global Society, 30(1) 134–150.

Statement by H. E. Dilma Rousseff, President of the Federative Republic of Brazil, at the Opening of the General Debate of the 66th Session of the United Nations General Assembly. New York, 21 September 2011. https://gadebate.un.org/sites/default/files/gastatements/66/BR_en_0.pdf Accessed 28 Nov. 2017.

Hamann, Eduarda (2012) “Brazil and R2P: A Rising Global Player Struggles to Harmonise Discourse and Practice” in Brosig, Malte (ed) The Responsibility to Protect – From Evasive to Reluctant Action? Johannesburg and Pretoria: HSS, ISS, SAIIA, pp. 80–82.

Bloomfield, Alan (2015) “India and the Libyan Crisis: Flirting with the Responsibility to Protect, Retreating to the Sovereignty Norm,” Contemporary Security Policy, 36(1), p. 33.

UN Security Council 6491st meeting, 26 February 2011.

Hardeep, p. 69.

UN Security Council 6491st meeting, 26 February 2011.

Ibid.

Bloomfield, p. 40.

Ibid.

Bloomfield, p. 41.

Hall, Ian (2013) “Tilting at Windmills? The Indian Debate over the Responsibility to Protect after UNSC Resolution 1973” Global Responsibility to Protect 5, p. 87.

UN Security Council, 6531st meeting 10 May 2011.

Statement by H.E. Dr. Manmohan Singh, Prime Minister of India at the General Debate of the 66th Session of the United Nations General Assembly on September 24 2011. https://www.pminewyork.org/adminpart/uploadpdf/33994lms80a.pdf Accessed 1 Dec 2017.

Verhoeven, Harry (2014) “Is Beijing’s Non-Interference Policy History? How Africa is Changing China,” The Washington Quarterly, 37(2), 55–70.

Ferdinand, Peter (2013) The Positions of Russia and China at the UN Security Council in the Light of Recent Crises. EU DG for External Policies of the Union, p. 13.

China’s evolving foreign policy, The Libyan dilemma, A rising power starts to knock against the limits of its hallowed “non-interference” The Economist, 10 Sep. 2011 http://www.economist.com/node/21528664 Accessed 29 Nov. 2017.

“‘The West is to be forgotten. We will not give them our oil’ – Gaddafi” Russia Today, 16 March 2011. https://www.rt.com/news/libya-oil-gaddafi-arab/ accessed 29 Nov. 2011.

Fung, Courtney (2016) Global South solidarity? China, regional organisations and intervention in the Libyan and Syrian civil wars, Third World Quarterly, 37(1), 38.

Hodzi, Obert (2019) The End of China’s Non-Intervention Policy in Africa. Cham: Palgrave Macmillan, pp. 104–106.

UN Security Council 6491st meeting 26 February 2011, p. 4.

Fung, pp. 33–50.

UN Security Council 6498th meeting 17 March 2011, p. 10.

Jacobs Andrew (2011) “China Urges Quick End to Airstrikes in Libya” The New York Times, 22 March 2011. http://www.nytimes.com/2011/03/23/world/asia/23beiijing.html

UN General Assembly H.E. Mr. Yang Jiechi, Minister for Foreign Affairs 26 September 2011. https://gadebate.un.org/en/66/china Accessed 1 Dec. 2017.

Verhoeven, Harry (2014) “Is Beijing’s Non-Interference Policy History? How Africa is Changing China,” The Washington Quarterly, 37(2), p. 61.

Fasanotti, Federica Saini (2016) “Russia and Libya: A brief history of an on-again-off-again friendship” Washington D.C.: Brookings. https://www.brookings.edu/blog/order-from-chaos/2016/09/01/russia-and-libya-a-brief-history-of-an-on-again-off-again-friendship/ Accessed 29 Nov. 2017.

Ibid.

Lefèvre, Raphaël (2017) “The pitfalls of Russia’s growing influence in Libya”, The Journal of North African Studies, 22(3), 331.

UN Security Council 6491st meeting, 26 February 2011, p. 4.

UN Security Council 6498th meeting 17 March 2011, p. 8.

The Moscow Times, “Putin Rips ‘Medieval Crusade’ in Libya” https://themoscowtimes.com/news/putin-rips-medieval-crusade-in-libya-5751 March 22, 2011. Accessed 29 Nov. 2017.

Makarychev, Andrey (2011) “Russia’s “Libya Debate” Political Meanings and Repercussions” PONARS Eurasia Memo No. 178, September 2011.

UN General Assembly 28th plenary meeting 27 September 2011, p. 17.

Concept of the Foreign Policy of the Russian Federation, Unofficial translation, Approved by President of the Russian Federation V. Putin on 12 February 2013. http://www.mid.ru/en_GB/foreign_policy/official_documents/-/asset_publisher/CptICkB6BZ29/content/id/122186 Accessed 29 Nov. 2017.

Building a Better World: The Diplomacy of Ubuntu White Paper on South Africa’s Foreign Policy. Pretoria 13 May 2011.

AU PSC 261st Meeting, 23 February 2011, para. 2.

UN Security Council 6491st meeting 26 February 2011, p. 3.

In 2011 the following 15 countries were elected to the PSC: Benin, Burundi, Chad, Djibouti, Equatorial Guinea, Ivory Coast, Kenya, Libya, Mali, Mauritania, Namibia, Nigeria, Rwanda, South Africa and Zimbabwe. https://au.int/en/organs/psc Accessed 30 Nov. 2017.

AU PSC 265th Meeting 10 March 2011, para. 4–5.

Ibid., para. 6.

Hardeep, p. 84.

Hardeep, p. 90.

Rossouw, Mandy (2011) “SA’s ‘no-fly’ vote hits turbulence” Mail & Guardian 25 Mar 2011. https://mg.co.za/article/2011-03-25-sas-nofly-vote-hits-turbulence Accessed 30 Nov. 2017.

Statement by President Jacob Zuma to the General Debate of the 66th United Nations General Assembly, UN Headquarters, New York, 21 September 2011. http://www.dirco.gov.za/docs/speeches/2011/zuma0922.html Accessed 30 Nov. 2017.

Stuenkel, Olivier (2014) “The BRICS and the Future of R2P Was Syria or Libya the Exception?” Global Journal of the Responsibility to Protect, 6, 28.

Brozus, Lars and Schaller, Christian (2013) “Über die Responsibility to Protect zum Regimewechsel” SWP-Studie 2013/S 13. Accessed at https://www.swp-berlin.org/publikation/responsibility-to-protect-und-regimewechsel/

Glanville, Luke (2013) “In Defense of the Responsibility to Protect” Journal of Religious Ethics 41(1), 169–182. Reed, Esther (2012) “Responsibility to Protect and Militarized Humanitarian Intervention: When and Why Churches Failed to Discern Moral Hazard.” Journal of Religious Ethics, 40(2), 308–334.

Reuters “No-fly zone for Libya would require attack: Gates” 2 March 2011. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-libya-usa-pentagon/no-fly-zone-for-libya-would-require-attack-gates-idUSTRE7214EX20110302 Accessed 30 Jan. 2019.

APSA Impact Report, The state and impact of the African Peace and Security Architecture (APSA) in 2015, p. 28. Accessed at http://www.ipss-addis.org/y-file-store/resources/publication/20161110_apsa_impact_report_final.pdf

Van Nieuwkerk, Anthoni (2007) “A critique of South Africa’s role on the UN security council,” South African Journal of International Affairs, 14(1), 61–77.

BRICS Annual Summit, Sanya Declaration, para. 9.

Joint Communiqué on the Outcome of the Meeting of BRICS Deputy Foreign Ministers on the Situation in the Middle East and North Africa, Moscow, Russia, November 24, 2011. http://www.brics.utoronto.ca/docs/111124-foreign.html Accessed 1 Dec. 2017.

UN General Assembly 28th plenary meeting 27 September 2011, p. 15.

Title: Libya: From R2P to Regime Change—The BRICS Awakening
Author: Malte Brosig
Publisher: Springer International Publishing
Book: The Role of BRICS in Large-Scale Armed Conflict
Print ISBN: 978-3-030-18536-7

Electronic ISBN: 978-3-030-18537-4

Copyright Year: 2019
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-18537-4_3

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