3. Lightning Induced Voltage of Photovoltaic Array on Complex Terrains

The chapter delves into the complexities of lightning-induced voltage in photovoltaic (PV) arrays on diverse terrains. It examines the effects of oblique angles and lightning channel lengths on induced voltages, highlighting the significant role of terrain type and geometry. The use of the Finite-Difference Time-Domain (FDTD) method for simulation is showcased, offering a detailed analysis of induced voltages in PV arrays on mountainous terrains, flat grounds, and even over bodies of water. The chapter also explores the impact of various roof structures and materials on induced voltages in rooftop PV arrays, providing valuable insights into protection measures and design considerations. By combining theoretical analysis with practical applications, this chapter offers a comprehensive understanding of lightning effects on PV systems and strategies to enhance their resilience.