Skip to main content
Top

2021 | OriginalPaper | Chapter

2. Literature Review

Author : Brian K. Chappell

Published in: State Responses to Nuclear Proliferation

Publisher: Springer International Publishing

Activate our intelligent search to find suitable subject content or patents.

search-config
loading …

Abstract

To answer the central question of this study, “When and why do states that have the military capability to use force to disrupt or destroy a proliferating state’s nuclear facilities choose to take no action, use military force, or pursue coercive diplomacy?” the research first discusses the contributions and shortcomings of the existing proliferation literature. This critique contextualizes the foundation of nuclear proliferation literature before transitioning from the study of the aggregate to the individual effects of proliferation by discussing Matthew Kroenig’s power-based Differential Effects of Nuclear Proliferation Theory, which argues nuclear proliferation has varying effects on differently situated power-projecting states and these differing effects account for the variations in their proliferation responses.

Dont have a licence yet? Then find out more about our products and how to get one now:

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

  • über 102.000 Bücher
  • über 537 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

  • Automobil + Motoren
  • Bauwesen + Immobilien
  • Business IT + Informatik
  • Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
  • Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
  • Finance + Banking
  • Management + Führung
  • Marketing + Vertrieb
  • Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe
  • Versicherung + Risiko

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

  • über 67.000 Bücher
  • über 340 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

  • Bauwesen + Immobilien
  • Business IT + Informatik
  • Finance + Banking
  • Management + Führung
  • Marketing + Vertrieb
  • Versicherung + Risiko




Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Footnotes
1
Alex Mintz and Karl DeRouen, Jr., Understanding Foreign Policy Decision Making (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2010), 5.
 
2
Stephen N. Younger, The Bomb: A New History (New York: Ecco, 2009), 14.
 
3
Younger, The Bomb, 15.
 
4
Victor W. Sidel and Barry S. Levy, “Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons: Opportunities for Control and Abolition,” American Journal of Public Health, vol. 97, no. 9 (September 2007): 1589.
 
5
James A. Hijiya, “The ‘Gita’ of J. Robert Oppenheimer,” Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society 144, no. 2 (2000): 123, accessed March 14, 2020, https://​www.​jstor.​org/​stable/​1515629.
 
6
Fred Kaplan, The Bomb: Presidents, Generals, and the Secret History of Nuclear War (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2020), 4.
 
7
Stephen M. Younger, The Bomb: A New History (New York: Ecco, 2009), 17.
 
8
Hiroshima Peace Memorial Museum, “Heat,” The Menace of the Atomic Bomb, accessed March 6, 2020, https://​hpmmuseum.​jp/​modules/​exhibition/​index.​php?​action=​ItemView&​item_​id=​59&​lang=​eng.
 
9
National Park Service, “Harry S. Truman’s Decision to Use the Atomic Bomb,” accessed April 17, 2020, https://​www.​nps.​gov/​articles/​trumanatomicbomb​.​htm.
 
10
Motoko Rich, “Survivors Recount Horrors of Hiroshima and Nagasaki,” The New York Times, May 27, 2016, accessed March 8, 2020, https://​www.​nytimes.​com/​2016/​05/​28/​world/​asia/​survivors-recount-horrors-of-hiroshima-and-nagasaki.​html.
 
11
U.S. Department of Energy, “The Manhattan Project: An Interactive History,” Office of History and Heritage Resources, accessed March 5, 2020, https://​www.​osti.​gov/​opennet/​manhattan-project-history/​Events/​1945/​hiroshima.​htm.
 
12
Rich, “Survivors Recount Horrors of Hiroshima and Nagasaki.”
 
13
Sara Daly, John Parachini, and William Rosenau, “Aum Shinrikyo, Al Qaeda, and the Kinshasa Reactor Implications of Three Case Studies for Combating Nuclear Terrorism,” RAND: Project Air Force (Santa Monica, CA: RAND, 2005), 8.
 
14
Eric Schlosser, “The Growing Dangers of the New Nuclear Arms Race,” New Yorker, May 24, 2018, accessed March 14, 2020, https://​www.​newyorker.​com/​news/​news-desk/​the-growing-dangers-of-the-new-nuclear-arms-race.
 
15
Scott D. Sagan, Moving Targets: Nuclear Strategy and National Security (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1989), 14.
 
16
Frank C. Zagare and D. Marc Kilgour, Perfect Deterrence (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2000), 4.
 
17
Tom Zoellner, Uranium: War, Energy, and the Rock that Shaped the World (New York, NY: Penguin Books, 2009), 97.
 
18
Zagare and Kilgour, Perfect Deterrence, 4.
 
19
Kenneth N. Waltz, Man, the State, and War: A Theoretical Analysis (New York: Columbia University Press, 2001), 159.
 
20
Perry and Schlesinger, “America’s Strategic Posture.”
 
21
Scott D. Sagan, Moving Targets: Nuclear Strategy and National Security (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1989), 4.
 
22
Sagan, Moving Targets, 5.
 
23
Albert Wohlstetter, “The Delicate Balance of Terror,” RAND Corporation (December 1958), 202.
 
24
Wohlstetter, “The Delicate Balance of Terror,” 209.
 
25
“The Development and Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons,” accessed April 27, 2011, http://​www.​nobelprize.​org.
 
26
William J. Perry and James R. Schlesinger, America’s Strategic Posture: The Final Report of the Congressional Commission on the Strategic Posture of the United States (Washington, DC: US Institute of Peace, 2009), p. 4.
 
27
Peter D. Feaver, “Command and Control in Emerging Nuclear Nations,” International Security, vol. 17, no. 3 (Winter 1992–1993): 160.
 
28
Jim Mueller, “The Essential Irrelevance of Nuclear Weapons: Stability in the Postwar World,” Nuclear Diplomacy and Crisis Management (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1990), 4.
 
29
Robert Jervis, “The Political Effects of Nuclear Weapons: A Comment,” Nuclear Diplomacy and Crisis Management (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1990), 31.
 
30
Gerard C. Smith and Helena Cobban, “A Blind Eye to Nuclear Proliferation,” Foreign Affairs (Summer 1989), accessed May 24, 2012, http://​www.​foreignaffairs.​com/​articles/​44631/​gerard-c-smith-and-helena-cobban/​a-blind-eye-to-nuclear-proliferation.
 
31
Ariel E. Levite, “Never Say Never Again: Nuclear Reversal Revisited,” International Security, vol. 27, no. 3 (Winter 2002/2003): 60.
 
32
David Albright, Peddling Peril: How the Secret Nuclear Trade Arms America’s Enemies (New York: Free Press, 2010), 5.
 
33
Ariel E. Levite. “Never Say Never Again: Nuclear Reversal Revisited,” International Security, vol. 27, no. 3 (Winter 2002/2003): 60.
 
34
Ben Sanders, “A Short History of Nuclear Non-Proliferation,” Articles and Studies, 12.
 
35
George P. Shultz, William J. Perry, Henry A. Kissinger, and Sam Nunn, “A World Free of Nuclear Weapons,” accessed July 3, 2011, http://​www.​hoover.​org.
 
36
Ali A. Mazrui, “Numerical Strength and Nuclear Status in the Politics of the Third World,” The Journal of Politics, vol. 29, no. 4 (November 1967): 791.
 
37
Feroz Hassan Khan, Eating Grass: The Making of the Pakistani Bomb (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2012), 383.
 
38
David Albright and Andrea Stricker, Revisiting South Africa’s Nuclear Weapons Program: Its History, Dismantlement, and Lessons for Today (Washington, DC: Institute for Science and International Security, 2016), 189.
 
39
Rodger Baker, “Changing Views of Nuclear Proliferation,” STRATFOR, accessed April 27, 2011, http://​www.​stratfor.​com/​sample/​analysis/​changing-views-nuclear-proliferation.
 
40
Matthew Bunn. “Nuclear Terrorism: A Strategy for Prevention,” Going Nuclear: Nuclear Proliferation and International Security in the 21st Century (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2010), 330.
 
41
Stephen Peter Rosen, “After Proliferation: What to Do if More States Go Nuclear,” Foreign Affairs, vol. 85, no. 5 (September/October 2006), accessed May 24, 2012, http://​www.​foreignaffairs.​com/​articles/​61912/​stephen-peter-rosen/​after-proliferation-what-to-do-if-more-states-go-nuclear.
 
42
Rosen, “After Proliferation.”
 
43
Nuclear Threat Initiative, “Non-Proliferation Regime,” NTI, accessed May 24, 2020, https://​tutorials.​nti.​org/​nonproliferation​-regime-tutorial/​.
 
44
Paul Lettow, Strengthening the Nuclear Nonproliferation Regime, Council on Foreign Relations, Council Special Report No. 54 (April 2010), 6.
 
45
Lettow, Strengthening the Nuclear Nonproliferation Regime, 7.
 
46
Lettow, Strengthening the Nuclear Nonproliferation Regime, 9.
 
47
Peter D. Feaver and Emerson M. S. Niou, “Managing Nuclear Proliferation: Condemn, Strike, or Assist?” International Studies Quarterly, vol. 40, no. 2 (June 1996): 212.
 
48
Robert Burns and Anne Flaherty, “Obama’s Nuclear Policy Overhaul: Limits Use of Nukes, Denounces Development of New Ones,” Huffington Post, accessed July 3, 2011, http://​www.​huffingtonpost.​com.
 
49
John Deutch, “A Nuclear Posture for Today,” Foreign Affairs (January/February 2005): 49.
 
50
Matthew Kroenig, Exporting the Bomb: Technology Transfer and the Spread of Nuclear Weapons (Cornell, NY: Cornell University Press, 2010), 1.
 
51
Thomas C. Schelling, “Who Will Have the Bomb?” International Security, vol. 1, no. 1 (Summer 1976): 84.
 
52
Kroenig. Exporting the Bomb, 1.
 
53
Henry A. Kissinger, Sam Nunn, William J. Perry, George P. Shultz, “How to Protect Our Nuclear Deterrent,” The Wall Street Journal, January 19, 2010, accessed June 25, 2011, https://​www.​wsj.​com/​articles/​SB10001424052748​7041528045746283​44282735008.
 
54
Barry Schneider, “Nuclear Proliferation and Counter-Proliferation: Policy Issues and Debates,” Mershon International Studies Review, vol. 38, no. 2 (October 1994): 209.
 
55
Gaukhar Mukhatzhanova, “Pride and Prejudice: Understanding Iran’s Nuclear Program,” Forecasting Nuclear Proliferation in the 21st Century: A Comparative Perspective, vol. 2 (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2010), 43.
 
56
Stephen M. Meyer, The Dynamics of Nuclear Proliferation (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1986), 1.
 
57
Etel Solingen, Nuclear Logics: Contrasting Paths in East Asia and the Middle East (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2007), 164.
 
58
Jacques E. C. Hymans, “The Threat of Nuclear Proliferation: Perception and Reality,” Ethics and International Affairs, vol. 27, no. 3 (Carnegie Council for Ethics in International Affairs, 2013): 286.
 
59
Hans Morgenthau, “A Realist Theory of International Politics,” Essential Readings in World Politics, second edition (New York: W. W. Norton, 2004), 50.
 
60
John J. Mearsheimer, The Tragedy of Great Power Politics (New York: W. W. Norton, 2001), 30.
 
61
Solingen, Nuclear Logics: Contrasting Paths in East Asia and the Middle East, 11.
 
62
Solingen, Nuclear Logics: Contrasting Paths in East Asia and the Middle East, 5.
 
63
Ferial Ara Saeed, “Redefining Success: Applying Lessons in Nuclear Diplomacy from North Korea to Iran,” Institute for National Strategic Studies (Washington, DC: National Defense University Press, September 2010), 28.
 
64
Bahman Baktiari, “Seeking International Legitimacy: Understanding the Dynamics of Nuclear Nationalism in Iran,” Middle East Strategic Perspectives 1: Nuclear Politics in Iran (Center for Strategic Research: National Defense University Press, May 2010), 13.
 
65
Baktiari, “Seeking International Legitimacy: Understanding the Dynamics of Nuclear Nationalism in Iran,” 19.
 
66
Khan, Iran and Nuclear Weapons, 14.
 
67
Hassan Abbas, Pakistan’s Nuclear Bomb: A Story of Defiance, Deterrence and Deviance (New York: Oxford University Press, 2018), 45.
 
68
Abbas, Pakistan’s Nuclear Bomb, 47.
 
69
Nicholas Sakelaris, “Khamenei: Nuclear Weapons Forbidden by Islam, so Iran Will Not Use Them,” UPI, October 9, 2019, accessed April 26, 2020, https://​www.​upi.​com/​Top_​News/​World-News/​2019/​10/​09/​Khamenei-Nuclear-weapons-forbidden-by-Islam-so-Iran-will-not-use-them/​5551570629882/​.
 
70
John J. Weltman, “Managing Nuclear Multipolarity,” International Security, vol. 6, no. 3 (Winter 1981–1982): 189.
 
71
Scott D. Sagan, “Why Do States Build Nuclear Weapons? Three Models in Search of a Bomb,” Going Nuclear: Nuclear Proliferation and International Security in the 21st Century (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2010), 4.
 
72
Kenneth N. Waltz, Theory of International Politics (Long Grove, IL: Waveland Press, 2010), 180.
 
73
Baylis and Smith, 209.
 
74
Sagan, “Why Do States Build Nuclear Weapons?” 4.
 
75
Abbas Milani, The Shah (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2011), 332.
 
76
Kenneth M. Pollack, The Persian Puzzle: The Conflict Between Iran and America (New York: Random House, 2004), 228.
 
77
Anoushiravan Ehteshami, “Iran’s Tenth Presidential Election: Implications for Iran and the Region,” Middle East Strategic Perspectives 1: Nuclear Politics in Iran (Center for Strategic Research: National Defense University Press, May 2010), 43.
 
78
Robert F. Goheen, “Problems of Proliferation: U.S. Policy and the Third World,” World Politics, vol. 35, no. 2 (January 1983): 204.
 
79
Goheen, 204.
 
80
Goheen, 205.
 
81
Jacques E. C. Hymans, The Psychology of Nuclear Proliferation (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2006), 16.
 
82
Hymans, The Political Psychology of Nuclear Proliferation, 27.
 
83
Abbas Maleki and John Tirman, “U.S.-Iran Misperceptions: Introduction to a Dialogue,” U.S.-Iran Misperceptions: A Dialogue, ed. Abbas Maleki and John Tirman (New York: Bloomsbury Academic, 2014), 11.
 
84
Kelly P. O’Reilly, Nuclear Proliferation and the Psychology of Political Leadership: Beliefs, Motivations and Perceptions (New York: Routledge, 2016), 14.
 
85
Nicholas L. Miller, Stopping the Bomb: The Sources and Effectiveness of US Nonproliferation Policy (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2018), 244.
 
86
Miller, 14.
 
87
Miller, 8.
 
88
Miller, 244.
 
89
Alexandre Debs and Nuno P. Monteiro, Nuclear Politics: The Strategic Causes of Proliferation (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2017), 4.
 
90
Debs and Monteiro, 10.
 
91
Debs and Monteiro, 8.
 
92
Debs and Monteiro, 10.
 
93
Jack S. Levy, “Theories and Causes of War,” The Handbook on the Political Economy of War (Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar, 2011), 16.
 
94
Bradley A. Thayer, “What to Read on Nuclear Proliferation,” Foreign Affairs, November 12, 2009, accessed May 10, 2012, http://​www.​foreignaffairs.​com/​features/​readinglists/​what-to-read-on-nuclear-proliferation-0.
 
95
Kenneth N. Waltz, “Nuclear Myths and Political Realities,” The American Political Science Review, vol. 84, no. 3 (September 1990): 731.
 
96
Sagan and Waltz, The Spread of Nuclear Weapons, 50.
 
97
Khan, Iran and Nuclear Weapons, 28.
 
98
Scott Sagan, Kenneth Waltz, and Richard K. Betts, “A Nuclear Iran: Promoting Stability or Courting Disaster?” Journal of International Affairs, vol. 60, no. 2 (Spring/Summer 2007): 139.
 
99
Fareed Zakaria, “Is Iran Rational?” The Washington Post, April 9, 2015, accessed May 25, 2020, https://​www.​washingtonpost.​com/​opinions/​is-iran-rational/​2015/​04/​09/​3c2cc5a8-def5-11e4-a500-1c5bb1d8ff6a_​story.​html.
 
100
Tovah Lazaroff, “Defense Minister Ya’alon: Iran Has ‘Apocalyptic Messianic Ambition’,” The Jerusalem Post, February 16, 2015, accessed May 25, 2020, https://​www.​jpost.​com/​Middle-East/​Yaalon-Iran-has-apocalyptic-messianic-ambition-391169.
 
101
Zakaria, “Is Iran Rational?”.
 
102
Sagan and Waltz, The Spread of Nuclear Weapons, 51.
 
103
Peter D. Feaver, Scott D. Sagan, and David J. Karl, “Proliferation Pessimism and Emerging Nuclear Powers,” International Security, vol. 22, no. 2 (Autumn 1997): 189.
 
104
Sagan, Waltz, and Betts, “A Nuclear Iran,” 144.
 
105
Carpenter, “How Washington Encourages Nuclear Proliferation.”
 
106
Brad Roberts, The Case for U.S. Nuclear Weapons in the 21st Century (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2016), 52.
 
107
AFP, “North Korea Cites Muammar Gaddafi’s ‘Destruction’ in Nuclear Test Defense,” The Telegraph, January 9, 2016, accessed April 28, 2020, https://​www.​telegraph.​co.​uk/​news/​worldnews/​asia/​northkorea/​12090658/​North-Korea-cites-Muammar-Gaddafis-destruction-in-nuclear-test-defence.​html.
 
108
Campbell MacDiarmid, “What ‘Libya Model’ for North Korean Denuclearization?” The National, April 30, 2018, accessed May 25, 2020, https://​www.​thenational.​ae/​world/​asia/​what-libya-model-for-north-korean-denuclearisation​-1.​726173.
 
109
Sagan and Waltz, The Spread of Nuclear Weapons, 54.
 
110
Sagan and Waltz, The Spread of Nuclear Weapons, 56.
 
111
John J. Mearsheimer, “Reckless States and Realism,” International Relations, vol. 23 (2009): 253.
 
112
Kroenig, “Beyond Optimism and Pessimism,” 2.
 
113
Kroenig, “Beyond Optimism and Pessimism,” 2.
 
114
Matthew Kroenig, Exporting the Bomb: Technology Transfer and the Spread of Nuclear Weapons (Cornell, NY: Cornell University Press, 2010), 3.
 
115
Kroenig, “Beyond Optimism and Pessimism,” 7.
 
116
Benjamin Fordham, “The Politics of Threat Perception and the Use of Force: A Political Economy Model of U.S. Uses of Force, 1949–1994,” International Studies Quarterly, vol. 42, no. 3 (September 1998): 570.
 
117
Kroenig, “Beyond Optimism and Pessimism,” 5.
 
118
Benoit Pelopidas, “The Oracles of Proliferation: How Experts Maintain a Biased Historical Reading that Limits Policy Innovation,” Nonproliferation Review, vol. 18, no. 1 (March 2011): 309.
 
119
Thomas Ricks, Fiasco: The American Military Adventure in Iraq (New York: The Penguin Press, 2006), 116.
 
120
Stephen Kinzer, Overthrow (New York: Times Books, 2006), 293.
 
121
Kroenig, Exporting the Bomb, 3.
 
122
Kreps and Fuhrmann, “Targeting Nuclear Programs in War and Peace,” 6.
 
123
Jonathan Renshon and Stanley A. Renshon, “The Theory and Practice of Foreign Policy Decision Making,” Political Psychology, vol. 29, no. 4 (August 2008): 511.
 
124
Robert Jervis, Perception and Misperception in International Politics (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1976), 28.
 
125
Robert Jervis, “Political Psychology: Some Challenges and Opportunities,” Political Psychology, vol. 10, no. 3 (September 1989): 488.
 
126
Martha L. Cottam et al., Introduction to Political Psychology, second edition (New York: Psychology Press, 2010), 4.
 
127
Cottam et al., Introduction to Political Psychology, 299.
 
128
Jerrold M. Post, Leaders and Their Follower in a Dangerous World: The Psychology of Political Behavior (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2004), 257.
 
129
Michael Hirsh, “Bush and the World,” Foreign Affairs, vol. 81, no. 5 (September/October 2002): 18.
 
130
Kevin Phillips, American Theocracy: The Peril and Politics of Radical Religion, Oil and Borrowed Money in the 21st Century (New York: Penguin Books, 2006), 205.
 
131
Rose McDermott, Political Psychology in International Relations (Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press, 2004), 124.
 
132
Michael Scheuer (Anonymous), Through Our Enemies’ Eyes: Osama bin Laden, Radical Islam, and the Future of America (Washington, DC: Brassey’s Inc., 2003), 16.
 
133
Scheuer (Anonymous), Through Our Enemies’ Eyes, 3.
 
134
Phillips, American Theocracy, 206.
 
135
Phillips, American Theocracy, 206.
 
136
Phillips, American Theocracy, 207.
 
137
Jeffrey Record, Wanting War: Why the Bush Administration Invaded Iraq (Washington, DC: Potomac Books, 2010), 137.
 
138
Jarrett Murphy, “Mandela Slams Bush on Iraq,” CBS News, January 30, 2003, accessed December 7, 2013, http://​www.​cbsnews.​com/​news/​mandela-slams-bush-on-iraq/​.
 
139
Barack Obama, “Transcript: Obama’s Speech Against the Iraq War,” NPR, January 20, 2009, accessed May 25, 2020, https://​www.​npr.​org/​templates/​story/​story.​php?​storyId=​99591469.
 
140
Howard Levine, ed., “A Sketch of Political Psychology,” Political Psychology (Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage, 2010), xxxix.
 
141
Jervis, Perception and Misperception in International Politics, 377.
 
142
Leonie Huddy, Stanley Feldman, and Christopher Weber, “The Political Consequences of Perceived Threat and Felt Insecurity,” Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, vol. 614 (November 2007): 132
 
143
Huddy, Feldman, and Weber, “The Political Consequences of Perceived Threat and Felt Insecurity,” 148.
 
144
Dennis Ross, “The Mind-Set Matters: Foreign Policy Is Shaped by Leaders and Events, Not Lobbies,” Foreign Policy, vol. 155 (July–August 2006): 60.
 
145
James N. Schubert, Patrick A. Stewart, and Margaret Ann Curran, “A Defining Presidential Moment: 9/11 and the Rally Effect,” Political Psychology, vol. 23, no. 3 (September 2002): 561.
 
146
George W. Bush, “Address to the Nation on the September 11th Attacks,” Selected Speeches of President George W. Bush, 20012008, accessed November 7, 2013, http://​georgewbush-whitehouse.​archives.​gov/​infocus/​bushrecord/​documents/​Selected_​Speeches_​George_​W_​Bush.​pdf.
 
147
George W. Bush, “President Bush Addresses the Nation,” Washington Post, September 20, 2001, accessed November 7, 2013, http://​www.​washingtonpost.​com/​wp-srv/​nation/​specials/​attacked/​transcripts/​bushaddress_​092001.
 
148
Jane K. Cramer and A. Trevor Thrall, “Understanding Threat Inflation,” American Foreign Policy and the Politics of Fear: Threat Inflation Since 9/11 (New York: Routledge, 2009), 1.
 
149
Cramer and Thrall, “Understanding Threat Inflation,” 2.
 
150
McDermott, Political Psychology in International Relations, 124.
 
151
Cramer and Thrall, “Understanding Threat Inflation,” 5.
 
152
Phillip G. Henderson, “Anatomy of a National Security Fiasco: The George W. Bush Administration, Iraq, and Groupthink,” Humanitas, vol. xxxi, nos. 1 and 2 (2018): 46.
 
153
Janice Gross Stein, “Building Politics into Psychology: The Misperception of Threat,” Political Psychology, vol. 9, no. 2 (June 1988): 255.
 
154
Stein, “Building Politics into Psychology,” 249.
 
155
Mintz and DeRouen, Jr., Understanding Foreign Policy Decision Making, 39.
 
156
Thomas E. Ricks, Fiasco: The American Military Adventure in Iraq (New York: Penguin Books, 2006), 58.
 
157
“Full text of Colin Powell’s speech,” The Guardian, February 5, 2003, accessed August 14, 2013, http://​www.​theguardian.​com/​world/​2003/​feb/​05/​iraq.​usa.
 
158
Cottam et al., Introduction to Political Psychology, 296.
 
159
Post, Leaders and Their Followers in a Dangerous World, 233.
 
160
Kaplowitz, “National Self-Images, Perception of Enemies, and Conflict Strategies,” 58.
 
161
Armin Arefi, Green Ribbons and Turbans: Young Iranians Against the Mullahs (New York: Arcade Publishing, 2011), 158.
 
162
Cottam et al., Introduction to Political Psychology, 305.
 
163
Rose McDermott, Political Psychology in International Relations (Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press, 2004), 58.
 
164
Yuen Foong Khong, Analogies at War: Korea, Munich, Dien Bien Phu, and the Vietnam Decisions of 1965 (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1992), 24.
 
165
Cottam et al., Introduction to Political Psychology, 306.
 
166
Suzanne Goldenberg, “Furious Bush Hits Back at Sharon,” The Guardian, October 5, 2001, accessed December 4, 2013, http://​www.​theguardian.​com/​world/​2001/​oct/​06/​israel.
 
167
Obama, “Transcript: Obama’s Speech Against the Iraq War.”
 
168
Chemi Shalev, “Netanyahu, AOC, Concentration Camps and the Obscene Holocaust Hypocrisy of Right-Wing Rage,” Haaretz, July 10, 2019, accessed April 28, 2020, https://​www.​haaretz.​com/​us-news/​.​premium-netanyahu-ocasio-cortez-and-the-obscene-holocaust-hypocrisy-of-right-wing-rage-1.​7488895.
 
169
Khong, Analogies at War, 226.
 
170
Chemi Shalev, “Netanyahu’s Rage at Iran Nuclear Deal Is Fueled by 1938 Western Betrayal at Munich,” Haaretz, November 11, 2013, accessed March 30, 2020, https://​www.​haaretz.​com/​.​premium-bibi-trapped-in-38-western-betrayal-1.​5289106.
 
171
Shlomo Ben-Ami, “Don’t Use the Holocaust to Define an Iranian Nuclear Bomb,” The Daily Star: Lebanon, August 5, 2010, accessed November 26, 2013, http://​www.​dailystar.​com.​lb/​Opinion/​Commentary/​2010/​May-08/​119933-dont-use-the-holocaust-to-define-an-iranian-nuclear-bomb.​ashx#axzz2nBp4lgqU.
 
172
Shalev, “Netanyahu, AOC, Concentration Camps and the Obscene Holocaust Hypocrisy of Right-Wing Rage.”
 
173
Ricks, Fiasco, 64.
 
Metadata
Title
Literature Review
Author
Brian K. Chappell
Copyright Year
2021
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-59801-3_2