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Journal of Materials Engineering and Performance

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Open Access 23-02-2022 | Technical Article

Low-Cost Light-Weight Composite Metal Foams for Transportation Applications

Authors: Imre Norbert Orbulov, Attila Szlancsik, Alexandra Kemény, Domonkos Kincses

Published in: Journal of Materials Engineering and Performance | Issue 9/2022

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Abstract

This paper is dealing with the production and investigation (structural and mechanical) of composite metal foams (CMFs) with AlSi9MgMn matrix and ~60 vol% of different nominal diameter light expanded clay particles (LECPs) filler. The main aim was to produce a cheap CMF grade for automotive industry. The samples were produced by liquid state low pressure infiltration. Cubic samples were manufactured from the produced CMF blocks for structural (optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy and energy-dispersive x-ray spectrometry (EDS)) and for mechanical (compression) investigations and tests. The CMFs were investigated in as-cast and in T6 heat-treated conditions. The macrostructural investigations showed homogenous structure and sufficient quality infiltration. On the microscopic scale, the EDS investigations revealed a complex interface layer affected by chemical reactions between the matrix material and the filler particles. The compressive test proved the classic foam-like mechanical behavior of the CMFs (with long plateau region). A relationship (valid for both the as-cast and T6 heat-treated conditions) was found between the characteristic properties and the nominal diameter of the filler. Based on these results, the LECPs filled CMFs are ideal candidates for automotive applications with tailorable properties.

This article is an invited submission to the Journal of Materials Engineering and Performance selected from presentations at the symposium “Advanced Materials for Transport Applications,” belonging to the area “Energy” at the European Congress and Exhibition on Advanced Materials and Processes (EUROMAT 2021), held virtually from September 12 -16, 2021, and has been expanded from the original presentation.

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Introduction

Composite metal foams (CMFs) are metal matrix composites, made for density reduction in the base material and to gain unique material properties and features such as high energy absorption capacity and high specific strength values. Originally, CMFs were developed with Al alloy matrix and metallic hollow spheres (Ref 1-3). Later, the CMFs were further developed with steel matrix (Ref 4-7), and for defensive (armor) applications (Ref 8-10). Other matrix materials are also possible, and they are in the focus of the developments; for example, Mg (Ref 11-18), Ti (Ref 19-22), Zn (Ref 23-27) matrices are studied. One of the main challenges in the production of CMFs is their high cost, due to the price of the filler hollow spheres. Therefore, the cost reduction in CMFs is a logic and reasonable aim. For that purpose, different filler materials have been applied to produce CMFs, like expanded perlite (Ref 28-32), expanded glass (Ref 33-37) or expanded clay (Ref 38-42). Expanded perlite is polygonal; therefore, the structure is loaded by strong stress concentrators. Expanded glass is spherical, but mainly consisting of SiO₂, that is strongly reactive with Al matrix. Light expanded clay particles (LECPs) are also spherical and consisting of mixed oxides, that provides some resistance against chemical reactions with properly selected Al alloy matrices. Szlancsik et al. (Ref 42) compared the properties of different size LECPs and found that they are promising candidates for CMF filler; therefore, this possibility is further mapped in the literature.

For example, Bonabi et al. (Ref 39) produced 73-78 vol% porosity CMFs via casting with A355.0 matrix. The produced samples relative density was 0.44, and their yield strength and energy absorption were measured to be 35.9 MPa and 18.0 MJ.m^-3, respectively. Puga et al. (Ref 41) applied AlSi7Mg matrix and LECPs with nominal diameter of 2.0, 3.5, 5.0 and 7.5 mm to produce CMFs by casting method. The samples made from the CMF blocks had the compressive strength of 32.2 MPa, densification deformation of 0.43 and energy absorption of 32.2 MJ.m⁻³. Later, Kádár et al. (Ref 43) investigated the deformation and failure of LECPs filled Al99.5 or AlSi12 matrix CMFs, produced by liquid state infiltration. The deformation mechanisms were monitored by acoustic emission recordings. Al99.5 CMFs showed ductile behavior with long plateau, while AlSi12 matrix resulted in more brittle fracture. The acoustic emission analysis revealed that, the plastic deformation, and the fracture of the LECPs govern the failure mechanism of the CMFs. Szlancsik et al. (Ref 40) investigated AlSi10MnMg-based CMFs with LECPs fillers in as-cast and in T6 heat-treatment. The production method, the mechanical properties and the failure mechanisms were detailed in the paper.

More recently, LECPs filled tubes were also produced and investigated. Movahedi and Linul (Ref 44) applied 4 mm nominal diameter LECPs filled foam elements as the filler material inside empty thin-walled Al tubes. The compressive mechanical properties and the failure mechanisms were studied under quasi-static uniaxial compression. The foam filling resulted in 24% increment in the energy absorption and ensured more controlled failure modes with suppressed classic loss of mechanical stability of the tubes. Kemény et al. (Ref 45,46) modified the liquid state low pressure infiltration method to produce in situ CMFs filled Al tubes. In this technology, the infiltration of the LECPs happens in a thin-walled Al tube resulting in perfect bonding between the CMF and the tube to be filled (in classic (‘ex-situ’) cases the CMFs are produced separately, inserted into the tube, and fixed by gluing, soldering or by close fitting). AlSi12 alloy was applied as matrix, and AlMgSi0.5 tubes (inner diameter of 40 mm) were filled by the CMFs produced with unimodal and bimodal LECPs (diameter ranges of 2.5-3.0 mm and 3.5-4 mm). In situ filled tuber proved superior properties compared to ex situ filled tubes; moreover, the single step production is faster and cheaper.

The aim of this paper is to further investigate the LECPs filled CMFs, by mapping its mechanical properties and energy absorption capacity in the function of the diameter of LECPS and T6 heat-treatment.

Materials and Methods

In this section, the applied materials to produce the CMFs have been introduced along with the production and test methods.

Materials

As matrix material, AlSi9MgMn alloy as hardenable (precipitation hardening) aluminum alloy was applied. This grade is frequently used alloy in automotive industry and ideal for large series high pressure die casting. The AlSi9MgMn alloy CMFs were investigated in as-cast and in peak hardened (T6) conditions. The chemical composition of the matrix is listed in Table 1.

Table 1

Chemical composition of the matrix material (in wt%)

	Al	Si	Mg	Mn	Fe	Other
AlSi9MgMn	88.8	9.80	0.30	0.80	0.10	0.20

As filler materials light expanded clay particles (LECPs) were applied. The LECPs were provided by Liapor GmbH. & Co. KG. (Hallerndorf-Pautzfeld, Germany). The chemical composition of the LECPs is 60 ± 5 wt% SiO₂, 17 ± 3 wt% Al₂O₃, 14 ± 2 wt% Fe₂O₃ and ~9 wt% other oxides in sum, containing CaO, MgO, Na₂O, etc. The particle density of the LECPs was 0.75±0.05 g.cm^-3, while the loose bulk density of the particles was found to be 0.44±0.02 g.cm^-3. The particle density was calculated by measuring the weight and geometry of the individual particles (100 particles have been measured); then, the weight was divided by the calculated volume of the particles. The loose bulk density was measured by pouring a set of particles into a bin, and the overall weight of the particle set was divided by the overall occupied volume (including the space between the particles). The diameter of the LECPs was used as a research variable, and the available LECPs set was sieved into 3-5 mm, 7-9 mm and 10-11 mm subsets.

Production Methods

CMF blocks were produced by low pressure liquid state infiltration, for details, please refer to (Ref 42). The blocks contained ~60 vol% LECPs. By the combination of the matrix materials, the heat-treatment conditions, and the nominal diameters of the LECPs nine types of CMF blocks were produced. From the blocks, cubic samples (40 × 40 × 40 (3-5 mm LECPs filler) or 70 × 70 × 70 mm (7-9 and 10-11 mm LECPs filler) in size) were machined, according to requirements of the ruling standard ISO13314:2011 (Ref 47). The samples were in as-cast (AC) or in T6 treated condition (the solution treatment was performed at 520°C for 1 h, cooled in water and aged at 170°C for 10 h). The samples were designated by the combination of the nominal LECPs diameter and the applied heat treatment (for example 8-T6 is for an AlSi9MgMn matrix CMF with 64 vol% 7-9 mm LECPs filler aged for peak strength).

Test Methods

The samples were investigated microstructurally and mechanically. The microstructural investigations were done by optical microscopy (OM, Olympus PMG-3) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM, Zeiss EVO MA10), with attached energy-dispersive x-ray spectrometry (EDS). For the microstructural investigations, the samples were carefully prepared, including grinding and polishing down to 1 μm diamond finishing.

The mechanical tests were performed on a computer controlled MTS810 type 400 kN hydraulic universal testing machine. The cubic samples were tested in a four-bar guided tool and lubricated by a thin PTFE foil to reduce friction between the sample and the tools. The velocity of the cross-head was 1 mm.min^-1 (quasi-static compression), and the height reduction was measured by an extensometer (connected to the rigid loading plates). The compressive test run to 0.5 engineering deformation.

Results and Discussion

The most important physical property of metal foams is their density. The density of the samples was determined by the Archimedes method, and the densities were measured to be 1.45±0.020, 1.51±0.017 and 1.53±0.038 g.cm^-3 for 4 mm, 8 mm and 11 mm filler, respectively. The corresponding relative densities are 54.5, 56.8 and 57.5%. Further in this section, the results of the microstructural and mechanical measurements are introduced and discussed.

Structural and Microstructural Investigations

The structure of CMFs was observed on cross sections by optical microscopy, and a typical cross section is shown in Fig. 1. The distribution of the LECPs is even and homogenous, and the cross sections of the LECPs are circular and regular in shape. Infiltrated LECPs cannot be observed, and the quality of infiltration is sufficient since there are no unfilled voids between the LECPs. The small metallic particles in the filler particles are originating from the cutting and polishing of the samples. The produced CMFs are sufficient in quality.

The microstructure of the LECPs filled CMFs was investigated by SEM in map data collection mode. The focus of the investigation was on the interfacial layer between the LECPs and the AlSi9MgMn matrix in order to gather information on the possible chemical reactions in this region. As a typical example, the interface of one single LECP is shown in Fig. 2(a). In the high magnification SEM micrograph, the matrix is shown on the left side, while the LECP is on the right side. In the matrix, precipitations can be observed, while the LECP’s porous nature is also clearly shown. The matrix perfectly infiltrated the LECP pack, without voids between the matrix and the LECPs. On the border of the two phases, distinguished interface layer cannot be observed. Fig. 2(b) represents the composite EDS map of the same SEM scene pictured in Fig. 2(a). The precipitations in the matrix are Si-rich phase (Fig. 2c) embedded in the Al matrix (Fig. 2d). The presence of Fe is dominant in the LECPs (some Fe rich sites can be observed in Fig 2e), but as natural contaminant can be found in the Al matrix as well. K (Fig. 2f) and Ca (Fig. 2g) are identified in the LECP. The distribution of K is very smooth and even (Fig. 2f), and some enrichment can be found neat the interface layer, but mostly still in the LECP. Similarly, Ca can be found mainly in the LECP (Fig. 2g), but in coarser distribution, forming Ca-rich spots near to and in the interface layer. Mg (Fig. 2h) can be identified both in the matrix (smooth and evenly dispersed) and in the LECP (also evenly dispersed, but in higher concentration, due to the MgO content of the LECPs). The situation is the same for Mn (Fig. 2i), but the concentration is even in the matrix and in the LECP, with some enrichment in the matrix material parallel to the Fe-rich sites. The Na distribution (Fig. 2j) shows similar feature to the Mg, but with less difference in the concentration between the matrix and LECP. O can be found in the LECP only, in detectable quantity (Fig. 2k), because it is connected to the various oxides (SiO₂, Al₂O₃, Fe₂O₃, K₂O, CaO, MgO, MnO₂, Na₂O). Last, the distribution of P (Fig. 2l) is very similar to the distribution of Na, with enrichments around the Fe rich spots (as one of the most important contaminant of Fe). In summary, the interface layer is invisible in SEM pictures, but can be found by the EDS. Fe, K and Ca enrichment in the matrix material near the outer surface of the LECPs is distinguishable due to the following chemical reactions between their oxides and the molten Al of the matrix (Eqs. 1-3).

$${\text{Fe}}_{2} {\text{O}}_{3} + 2{\text{Al}} \to 2{\text{Fe}} + {\text{Al}}_{2} {\text{O}}_{3}$$

(1)

$$3{\text{K}}_{2} {\text{O}} + 2{\text{Al}} \to 6{\text{K}} + {\text{Al}}_{2} {\text{O}}_{3}$$

(2)

$$3{\text{CaO}} + 2{\text{Al}} \to 3{\text{Ca}} + {\text{Al}}_{2} {\text{O}}_{3}$$

(3)

These chemical reactions may have influence on the mechanical properties of the CMFs. Similar reactions would occur between SiO₂, MgO and MnO, but they are hindered by the significant Si, Mg and Mn content of the matrix material.

In summary, the microstructural features of the investigated CMFs revealed good infiltration and complex interface layer between the particles and the matrix material.

Mechanical Investigations

The most important loading mode of CMFs is compression, and the only standardized test method of metal foams is the compressive test (Ref 47). The compressive tests were performed on cubic samples, and the calculated compressive stress versus compressive deformation curves are plotted in Fig. 3, for better comparison, the scales in the subfigures are identical. In the plots, the engineering system was used.

The CMFs can be qualified by their characteristic strength and energy absorption values. The most important strength values are the yield strength (the strength value at a distinguished remaining (‘plastic’) engineering deformation value, typically at 0.01-analog to the 0.2% proof strength in the case of classic tensile tests) and the plateau stress level (the average stress level between two distinguished engineering deformation limits, typically between 0.1 and 0.4 (Ref 47)). The yield strength shows the onset of the large-scale deformation, therefore important in the design process for structural applications, where the deformation should remain elastic only. On the other hand, the plateau strength and the overall energy absorption also characterize the CMFS. The plateau strength shows the stress level of the energy absorption during the irreversible deformation of the CMFs and crucial in the applications aiming effective energy absorption (collision dampers, crash boxes, etc.). The energy absorption shows the overall capacity of the CMFs to absorb mechanical energy and equals to the area below the stress–strain curve up to a given deformation level (0.5 engineering deformation in our case).

The effects of the LECPs’ nominal diameter and the heat treatment are evident from Fig. 3. The lowest strength values are provided by the largest LECP fillers both in AC and in T6 condition. Qualitatively, by decreasing the nominal diameter, the strength values as well as the absorbed mechanical energy increased. The T6 heat-treatment almost doubled the yield strength and the plateau stress level as well. The same can be concluded for the energy absorption, too. The initial linear elastic part of the compressive curves becomes higher and higher by decreasing the nominal diameter of the filler. In accordance with the correspondingly increasing strength values, the onset of the large-scale deformation occurs earlier, and the CMFs show more brittle behavior.

The effects of the diameter and the heat treatment on the characterizing properties can be plotted in individual graphs (one for the strength properties and another for the absorbed energy), visualized in Fig. 4.

In the case of the investigated strength and absorbed energy values, an analytical relationship (Eq 4) was found that can be used to predict the properties (P in general) of the CMFs based on the nominal diameter (D) of the LECPs filler.

$${\text{P}} = {\text{A}} + {\text{Be}}^{{ - {\text{CD}}}}$$

(4)

where P is the property in question, D is the nominal diameter of the LECPs, while A, B and C are fitting parameters. A is the asymptote of the decay function of Eq 4, B is the magnitude and exponent, and C is the rate of the decrement in the property by the increment of the diameter.

The results of Table 2 show a ~0.3 decay exponent for Eq 4 with a quite narrow scatter band, confirming the identical effect of the LECPs diameter on the most important strength and energy absorption properties. This fact makes LECPs filled CMFs ideal candidates for energy absorbers with tailorable energy absorption capacity and stress level.

Table 2

Fitting parameters for Eq. 4

Property	Condition	A	B	C	R²
σ_Y	AC	27.85	47.39	0.3060	0.996
σ_Y	T6	48.13	115.01	0.3080	0.997
σ_P	AC	28.81	57.47	0.3003	0.999
σ_P	T6	47.10	170.04	0.3134	0.999
W_@0.5	AC	15.17	26.21	0.2993	0.977
W_@0.5	T6	24.89	82.28	0.3168	0.997
Average				0.3073
Standard deviation				0.0069

The absorbed energy values at a single maximal compressive deformation (ε=0.5) provide limited details about the energy absorption characteristics of the CMFs, therefore as additional information, the energy absorption curves are plotted in Fig. 5.

The energy absorption is almost a linear function of the compressive deformation. Originating from the compressive curves, the smallest filler particles ensured the highest energy absorption at any deformation. In the initial (ε<0.1) and in the plateau region (shaded area in Fig. 5, 0.1ε<<0.4), the energy absorption was linear. After the plateau region, some positive deviation from the linear relationship can be seen as the densification begun. T6 heat-treated samples can absorb significantly higher energy due to their higher plateau stress level (resulting in higher reaction forces, on the other hand). The energy absorption curves are useful for the design of energy absorbing parts and elements.

During the compression tests, the CMF samples showed a typical failure mode as it is presented in Fig. 5 for an AlSi9MgMn matrix, 10 mm LECPs filled CMF at 0.5 compressive engineering deformation. As it can be seen in the figure, the cell struts between the LECPs particles were deformed and broken and the LECPs were collapsed due to the vertical compressive load. No distinguished shear band(s) can be highlighted in the sample, and the failure was continuous and uniform. The sample remained intact even at the highest compressive deformation (Fig. 6).

Conclusions

Low-cost, light-weight LECPs filled AlSi9MgMn matrix CMFs with ~60 vol% filler content were produced and investigated (structural and compressive investigations). From the experiments and results detailed in the paper, the following conclusions can be drawn.

Low pressure infiltration is a proper method to incorporate cheap, low density LECPs into the AlSi9MgMn matrix material, well-known and widely used in automotive industry.
The structure of the produced CMFs was homogenous, the interface layer between the LECPs and the matrix material proved to be strong due to the chemical reactions between the constituents.
The investigated characteristic properties (yield strength, plateau stress level and absorbed mechanical energy) were influenced by the nominal diameter of the filler and by the applied heat treatment.
Mathematical relationship between the nominal diameter and the investigated properties were found in as-cast and in T6 treated conditions, too.
The decay exponent in the relationship was found to be 0.3073±0.0069 and valid for all the investigated characteristic properties, meaning identical effect of the nominal diameter on all the investigated properties. This fact makes LECPs filled CMFs ideal candidates for automotive applications with tailorable properties.

Acknowledgment

The research reported in this paper and carried out at BME has been supported by the NRDI Fund (TKP2020 IES, Grant No. BME-IE-NAT) based on the charter of bolster issued by the NRDI Office under the auspices of the Ministry for Innovation and Technology. The research reported in this paper and carried out at BME has been supported by the NRDI Fund (TKP2020 NC, Grant No. BME-NC) based on the charter of bolster issued by the NRDI Office under the auspices of the Ministry for Innovation and Technology.

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Title: Low-Cost Light-Weight Composite Metal Foams for Transportation Applications
Authors: Imre Norbert Orbulov
Attila Szlancsik
Alexandra Kemény
Domonkos Kincses
Publication date: 23-02-2022
Publisher: Springer US
Published in: Journal of Materials Engineering and Performance / Issue 9/2022
Print ISSN: 1059-9495
Electronic ISSN: 1544-1024
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11665-022-06644-4

Springer Professional

Low-Cost Light-Weight Composite Metal Foams for Transportation Applications

Abstract

Publisher's Note

Introduction

Materials and Methods

Materials

Production Methods

Test Methods

Results and Discussion

Structural and Microstructural Investigations

Mechanical Investigations

Conclusions

Acknowledgment

Publisher's Note

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Springer Professional

Abstract

Publisher's Note

Introduction

Materials and Methods

Materials

Production Methods

Test Methods

Results and Discussion

Structural and Microstructural Investigations

Mechanical Investigations

Conclusions

Acknowledgment

Publisher's Note

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