Top

Geotechnical and Geological Engineering

Published in:

20-04-2022 | Original Paper

Macro–Micro Characterization of Green Stabilized Alkali-Activated Sand

Authors: Luciana Carvalho Queiróz, Gustavo Dias Miguel, Giovani Jordi Bruschi, Max Deluan Sampaio de Lima

Published in: Geotechnical and Geological Engineering | Issue 7/2022

Activate our intelligent search to find suitable subject content or patents.

search-config

AI-assisted search

Off

Abstract

Despite the natural bearing capacity of soils, it is common to encounter materials that are not suitable for earthworks purposes. Several techniques emerged as solutions to this problem, such as soil densification, soil stabilization, and soil reinforcement. In the case of soil stabilization, ordinary Portland cement remains as the main adopted binder even though its poor environmental performance. To achieve a more sustainable alternative, the present research investigated the role of influential factors on the strength development in alkali-activated sand, ground glass fiber (GGF) and carbide lime (CL) blends, as well as the physical, chemical, morphological and thermal characterization of these materials and their reaction products. The strength behavior was analyzed through unconfined compression and pulse velocity tests. The results showed strength and stiffness increases up to 5.00 MPa and 5.11 GPa for strength and stiffness, respectively. The adjusted porosity/volumetric binder content index (η/B_iv^0.28) demonstrated to be an effective tool to express the mechanical performance of the proposed blends. The blends with molar ratios of CaO/SiO₂ = 1 presented the highest strength and stiffness increases. Finally, hydration products were detected and identified as rosenhahnite (Ca₃(Si₃O₈(OH)₂)) and soulunite (Ca₂(Si₂O₅(OH)₂)H₂O) structures. Thereby, evidencing the application of ground glass fiber and carbide lime as green alternative binders to soil stabilization.

previous article Study on the Erosion Mechanism of the Solidified Silt Under Sulphate–Chloride Erosion

next article Validation and Practical Application of a Data Reduction Software for the Analysis of Data from Stress Relief Tests

Dont have a licence yet? Then find out more about our products and how to get one now:

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

über 102.000 Bücher
über 537 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

Automobil + Motoren
Bauwesen + Immobilien
Business IT + Informatik
Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
Finance + Banking
Management + Führung
Marketing + Vertrieb
Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe
Versicherung + Risiko

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

inform now

Springer Professional "Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

über 67.000 Bücher
über 390 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

Automobil + Motoren
Bauwesen + Immobilien
Business IT + Informatik
Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

inform now

Almeida J, Goldoni AG, Miguel GD, Azevedo BS (2020) Avaliação da substituição de altos teores de cimento Portland por cinza de casca de arroz quando aplicados à pavimentação. Holos Environ (online) 20:476–495. https://doi.org/10.14295/holos.v20i4.12398CrossRef

Al-Mukhtar M, Lasledj A, Alcover J-F (2010a) Behaviour and mineralogy changes in lime-treated expansive soil at 20 °C. Appl Clay Sci 50:191–198. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clay.2010.07.023CrossRef

Al-Mukhtar M, Lasledj A, Alcover J-F (2010b) Behaviour and mineralogy changes in lime-treated expansive soil at 50 °C. Appl Clay Sci 50:199–203. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clay.2010.07.022CrossRef

Amu OO, Adetuberu AA (2010) Characteristics of bamboo leaf ash stabilization on lateritic soil in highway construction. Int J Eng Technol 2(4):212–219 (ISSN: 0975-4024)

ASTM (2006) Standard classification of soils for engineering purposes. ASTM D2487. ASTM, West Conshohocken

ASTM (2009) Standard test methods for laboratory determination of density (unit weight) of soil specimens. ASTM D7263, West Conshohocken

ASTM (2008) Standard test method for laboratory determination of pulse velocities and ultrasonic elastic constants of rock. ASTM D2845, West Conshohocken

ASTM (2010) Standard test method for compressive strength of cylindrical concrete specimens. ASTM C39, West Conshohocken

ASTM (2012) Standard test methods for laboratory compaction characteristics of soil using standard effort (12,400 ft-lbf/ft³ (600 kN-m/m³)). ASTM D698, ASTM, West Conshohocken

ASTM (2014a) Standard test methods for specific gravity of soil solids by water pycnometer. ASTM D854, ASTM, West Conshohocken

ASTM (2014b) Standard test method for specific surface area of alumina or quartz by nitrogen adsorption. ASTM C1069-09, ASTM, West Conshohocken

ASTM (2016) Standard guide for examination of hardened concrete using scanning electron microscopy. ASTM C1723-16, ASTM, West Conshohocken

ASTM (2018) Standard test method for decomposition kinetics by thermogravimetry using the ozawa/flynn/wall method. ASTM E1641-18, ASTM, West Conshohocken

Baldovino JJA, Izzo RS, Rose JL, Avanci MA (2020) Geopolymers based on recycled glass poder for soil stabilization. J Geotech Geol Eng. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10706-020-01274-wCrossRef

Boardman DI, Glendinning S, Rogers CFD (2001) Development of stabilization and solidification in lime-clay mixes. Geotechnique 51:533–543. https://doi.org/10.1680/geot.2001.51.6.533CrossRef

Cardoso FA, Fernandes HC, Pileggi RG, Cincotto M, A, John VM (2009) Carbide lime and industrial hydrated lime characterization. Powder Technol 195(2):143–149. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.powtec.2009.05.017CrossRef

Consoli NC, Prietto PDM, Carraro JAH, Heineck KS (2001) Behavior of compacted soil fly-ash-carbide lime mixtures. J Getech Geoenvirn Eng 127(9):774–782. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0241(2001)127:9(774)CrossRef

Consoli NC, Foppa D, Festugato L, Heineck KS (2007) Key parameters for strength control of artificially cemented soils. J Geotech Geoenviron Eng 133(2):197–205. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0241(2007)133:2(197)CrossRef

Consoli NC, Thomé A, Donato M, Graham J (2008) Loading tests on compacted soil, bottom-ash and lime layers. Proc Inst Civil Eng-Geotech Eng 161(1):29–38. https://doi.org/10.1680/geng.2008.161.1.29CrossRef

Consoli NC, Dalla Rosa A, Saldanha RB (2010) Variables governing strength of compacted soil-fly ash-lime mixtures. J Mat Civil Eng 23(4):432–440. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0000186CrossRef

Consoli NC, Zortéa F, de Souza M, Festugato L (2011) Studies on the dosage of fiber-reinforced cemented soils. J Mater Civ Eng 23(12):1624–1632. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0000343CrossRef

Consoli NC, Festugato L, da Rocha CG, Cruz RC (2013) Key parameters for strength controlo of rammed sand-cement mixtures: influence of types of Portland cement. Constr Build Mater 49(2013):591–597. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2013.08.062CrossRef

Consoli NC, da Rocha CG, Maghous S (2016a) Strategies for developing more sustainable dosages for soil-coal fly ash-lime blends. J Mat Civil Eng 28(11):1–6. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0001648CrossRef

Consoli NC, Ferreira PMV, Tang C-S, Marques SFV, Festugato L, Corte MB (2016c) A unique relationship determining strength of silty/clayey soils: Portland cement mixes. Soils Found 56(6):1082–1088. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sandf.2016.11.011CrossRef

Consoli NC, da Silva K, Scheuermann Filho HC, Rivoire AB (2017) Compacted clay-industrial wastes blends: long term performance under extreme freeze-thaw and wet-dry conditions. Appl Clay Sci 146(15):404–410. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clay.2017.06.032CrossRef

Consoli NC, Bittar Marín EJ, Quiñónez Samaniego RA, Heineck KS, Johann DR, A (2018a) Use of sustainable binders in soil stabilization. J Mater Civ Eng 31(2):1–7. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0002571CrossRef

Consoli NC, Winter D, Leon HB, Scheuermann Filho HC (2018b) Durability, strength, and stiffness of green stabilized sand. J Geotech Geoenviron Eng 144(9):1–10. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)GT.19435606.0001928CrossRef

Consoli NC, Bittar Marin EJ, Quiñónez Samaniego RA, Heineck KS, Johann ADR (2019a) Use of sustainable binders in soil stabilization. J Mater Civ Eng 31(2):1–7. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0002571CrossRef

Consoli NC, da Silva Carreta M, Leon HB, Scheuermann Filho HC, Tomasi LF (2019b) Strength and stiffness of ground waste glass-carbide lime blends. Journal of Mat in Civil Eng 31(10):1–6. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0002862CrossRef

Consoli NC, Leon HB, Carreta MS, Daronco JVL, Lourenço DE (2019c) The effects of curing time and temperature on stiffness, strength and durability of sand-environment friendly binder blends. Soils Found 59(5):1428–1439. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sandf.2019.06.007CrossRef

Consoli NC, Saldanha RB, Scheuermann Filho HC (2019d) Short and long-term effect of sodium chloride on strength and durability of coal fly ash stabilised with carbide lime. Can Geotech J. https://doi.org/10.1139/cgj-2018-0696CrossRef

Consoli NC, Festugato L, Scheuermann Filho HC, Miguel GD, Tebechrani Neto A, Andreghetto D (2020a) Durability assesment of soil-pozzolan-lime blends through ultrassonic pulse velocity test. J Mater Civil Eng. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0003298 (accepted for Publication)CrossRef

Consoli NC, Festugato L, Miguel GD, Scheuermann Filho HC (2020b) Swelling prediction of green stabilized fiber-reinforced sulfate-rich dispersive soils. Geosynthet Int. https://doi.org/10.1680/jgein.20.00050CrossRef

Da Rocha CG, Passuello A, Consoli NC, Quiñónez Samaniego RA, Kanazawa NM (2016) Life cycle assessment for soil stabilization dosages: a study for the Paraguayan Chaco. J Clean Prod 139:309–318. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2016.07.219CrossRef

Demir I, Güzelkücük S, Sevim Ö, Filazi A, Şengül ÇG (2018) Examination of microstructure of fly ash in cement mortar. Int J Adv Mech Civil Eng 5(1)

Dharmawardhana CC, Misra A, Ching W-Y (2014) Quantum mechanical metric for internal cohesion in cement crystals. Sci Rep 4(1):1–8. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep07332CrossRef

Dvořák K, Dolák D, Dobrovolný P (2017) The improvement of the pozzolanic properties of recycled glass during the production of blended Portland cements. Procedia Eng 180:1229–1236. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2017.04.284CrossRef

Edwards DD, Alles GC, Ball RJ, El-Turki A (2007) Pozzolanic properties of glass fines in lime mortars. Adv Appl Ceram J 106(6):309–313. https://doi.org/10.1179/174367607X228061CrossRef

El-Maaty Behiry AEA (2014) Utilization of a new by-product material for soft subgrade soil stabilization. Oalib 1(3):1–22. https://doi.org/10.4236/oalib.1100711CrossRef

Festugato L, Miguel GD, Corte MB, Tebechrani Neto A, Lourenço DE (2020) Discussion of ‘equations controlling tensile and compressive strength ratio of sedimentary soil-cement mixtures under optimal compaction conditions’ by Jair de Jesús Arrieta Baldovino, Ronaldo Luis dos Santos Izzo, Mirian Dayane Pereira, Eduardo Vieira de Goes Rocha, Juliana Lundgren Rose and Vitor Reinaldo Bordignon. J Mater Civ Eng 1:347. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0003676CrossRef

Gao X, Yu QL, Lazaro A, Brouwers HJH (2017) Investigation on a green olivine nano-silica source based activator in alkali activated slag-fly ash blends: reaction kinetics, gel structure and carbon footprint. Cem Concr Res 100:129–139. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2017.06.007CrossRef

Horpibulsuk S, Phetchuay C, Chinkulkijniwat A (2012) Soil stabilization by carbide residue and fly ash. J Mater Civ Eng 24(2):184–193. https://doi.org/10.1061/(asce)mt.1943-5533.000037CrossRef

Isah BW, Sharmila SMR (2015) Soil stabilization using calcium carbide residue and coconut shell ash. J Basic Appl Eng Res 2(12):1039–1044 (ISSN: 2350-0077)

Janz M, Johansson SE (2002) Report 9: the function of different binding agents in deep stabilization. National Deep Mixing Program, Swedish Deep Stabilization Research Centre, Linköping

Jenkins R, Snyder RL (1996) Chapter 3: diffraction theory. In: Part of: introduction to X-ray powder diffractometry, vol 138. Wiley, New York, pp 47–96. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118520994

Joel M, Edeh JE (2013) Soil modification and stabilization potential of calcium carbide waste. Adv Mater Res 824:29–36. https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMR.824.29CrossRef

Jony HH, Al-Rubaie MF, Jahad IY (2011) The effect of using glass powder filler on hot asphalt concrete mixtures properties. Eng Tech J 29(1):44–57 (ISSN: 16816900-24120758)

Kampala A, Horpibulsuk S, Prongmanee N, Chinkulkijniwat A (2014) Influence of wet-dry cycles on compressive strength of calcium carbide residue–fly ash stabilized clay. J Mater Civ Eng 26(4):633–643. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0000853CrossRef

Kunal S, R, Rajor A, Singh M (2016) Influence of bacterial-treated cement kiln dust on strength and permeability of concrete. J Mat Civil Eng 28(10):1–11. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0001593CrossRef

Ladd RS (1978) Preparing test specimens using undercompaction. Geotech Test J 1(1):16–23. https://doi.org/10.1520/GTJ10364JCrossRef

Market Research Store (2015) Acetylene gas market for chemical production, welding & cutting and other applications: global industry perspective, comprehensive analysis and forecast, 2014–2020, vol 110. Market Research Store Reports, Deerfield Beach

Martinez-Lopez R, Escalante-Garcia JI (2016) Alkali activated composite binders of waste silica soda lime glass and blast furnace slag: strength as a function of the composition. Constr Build Mater 119(30):119–129. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2016.05.064CrossRef

Miguel GD (2020) Desempenho e comportamento mecânico de um solo dispersivo e sulfatado tratado com uma pozolana artificial, cal de carbureto e reforçado com fibras de vidro. Master’s thesis in Civil Engineering, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, 281pp (in Portuguese). https://doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.27481.67687/1

Miguel GD, Festugato L (2020) Uso de resíduos e subprodutos na estabilização sustentável de um solo dispersivo e sulfatado. Holos Environ (online) 21:23–46. https://doi.org/10.14295/holos.v21i1.12411CrossRef

Miguel GD, Festugato L, Marques SFV, Venson GI (2020) Discussion of “engineering properties of biocementation coarse- and fine-grained sand catalyzed by bacterial cells and bacterial enzyme” by Tung Hoang; James Alleman; Bora Cetin; and Sun-Gyu Choi. J Mater Civ Eng 15:986. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0003757CrossRef

Nnochiri ES, Ogundipe OM (2016) Geotechnical properties of lateritic soil stabilized with ground-nut husk ash. Civil Eng J 2(11):568–575. https://doi.org/10.28991/cej-2016-00000059CrossRef

Nnochiri ES, Emeka HO, Tanimola M (2017) Geotechnical characteristics of lateritic soil stabilized with sawdust ash-lime mixtures. Civil Eng J 26(1):66–76. https://doi.org/10.14311/CEJ.2017.01.0007CrossRef

Olufowobi J, Ogundoju A, Michael B, Aderinlewo O (2014) Clay soil stabilization using powdered glass. J Eng Sci Technol 9(5):541–558 (ISSN: 1823-4690)

Ogork E-NN, Uche OA, Elinwa AU (2014) A study on groundnut husk ash (GHA)–concrete under acid attack. Int J Mod Eng Res 4(7):30–35 (ISSN: 2249-6645)

Rajak MAA, Majid ZA, Ismail M (2015) Morphological characteristics of hardened cement pastes incorporating nano-palm oil fuel ash. Procedia Manuf 2:512–518. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.promfg.2015.07.088CrossRef

Rangaraju PR, Rashidian-Dezfouli H, Nameni G, Amekuedi GQ (2016) Properties and performance of ground glass fiber as a Pozzolan in Portland cement concrete. In: 2016 international concrete sustainability conference, Washington

Rashidian-Dezfouli H, Rangaraju PR (2017) Comparison of strength and durability characteristics of a geopolymer produced from fly ash, ground glass fiber and glass powder. Mater Constr 67(328):1–13. https://doi.org/10.3989/mc.2017.05416CrossRef

Rashidian-Dezfouli H, Rangaraju PR, Kothala VSK (2018) Influence of selected parameters on compressive strength of geopolymer produced from ground glass fiber. Constr Build Mater 162(20):393–405. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2017.09.166CrossRef

Rogers CDF, Glendinning S, Roff TEJ (1997) Lime modification of clay soils for construction expediency. Proc, Inst Civ Eng—Geotech Eng 125(4):242–249. https://doi.org/10.1680/igeng.1997.29660CrossRef

Rosa MG, Edil TB, Benson CH (2017) Freeze-thaw performance of fly ash-stabilized materials and recycled pavement materials. J Mat Civil Eng 29(6):1–13. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0001844CrossRef

Saldanha RB, Scheuermann Filho HC, Mallmann JEC, Consoli NC, Reddy KR (2018) Physical-mineralogical-chemical characterization of carbide lime: an environment-friendly chemical additive for soil stabilization. J Mater Civ Eng 30(6):1–7. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0002283CrossRef

Singh B, Gräfe M, Kaur N, Liese A (2010) Chapter 8: applications of synchrotron-based X-ray diffraction and X-ray absorption spectroscopy to the understanding of poorly crystalline and metal-substituted iron oxides. In: Part of: synchrotron-based techniques in soils and sediments, Ed. Balwant Singh and Markus Gräfe, Developments in Soil Science, vol 34, pp 199–254. ISSN: 0166–2481

Tastan EO, Edil TB, Benson CH, Aydilek AH (2011) Stabilization of organic soils with fly ash. J Getech Geoenv Eng 137(9):819–833. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)GT.1943-5606.0000502CrossRef

Tosti L, van Zomeren A, Pels JR, Comans RNJ (2018) Technical and environmental performance of lower carbon footprint cement mortars containing biomass fly ash as a secondary cementitious material. Resour Conserv Recycl 134:25–33. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2018.03.004CrossRef

Wang JWH, Handy RL (1966) Evaluation of carbide waste lime for soil stabilization. Iowa Research Board Project HR-111, Iowa State University, Ames

Title: Macro–Micro Characterization of Green Stabilized Alkali-Activated Sand
Authors: Luciana Carvalho Queiróz
Gustavo Dias Miguel
Giovani Jordi Bruschi
Max Deluan Sampaio de Lima
Publication date: 20-04-2022
Publisher: Springer International Publishing
Published in: Geotechnical and Geological Engineering / Issue 7/2022
Print ISSN: 0960-3182
Electronic ISSN: 1573-1529
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10706-022-02130-9

Springer Professional

Abstract

Please log in to get access to your license.

Dont have a licence yet? Then find out more about our products and how to get one now:

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik"

Springer Professional "Technik"

Other articles of this Issue 7/2022

Evaluation of the Group Effect’s Simulation on the Bearing Capacity of Bored Piles in Granular Soil, Using Load Transfer Functions

Load-Bearing Capacity of Rock Beams

Seismic Performance of Cantilever Retaining Walls with Tire Shreds as Compressible Inclusion

Prediction of Ground Subsidence Caused by Shield Tunnel Construction Under Hidden Karst Cave

Stability Analysis and Support Countermeasures of Coal Wall in Large Cross-Section Roadway

Comparative Study Between MLR and ANN Techniques to Predict Swelling Pressure of Expansive Clays