Top

Published in:

2022 | OriginalPaper | Chapter

6. Managing Differences Constructively

Author : Wenzhao Tao

Published in: China and America: Destined for Conflict?

Publisher: Springer Nature Singapore

Activate our intelligent search to find suitable subject content or patents.

search-config

AI-assisted search

Off

Abstract

In the Sixth Round of China-US Strategic and Economic Dialogue (S&ED) held in July 2014, China and the United States reaffirmed the commitment to the shared goal of developing over time a “new model” of China-US relations defined by “increased practical cooperation and constructive management of differences.” Besides the difference over the Western Pacific discussed in Chapter Four, China and the United States also disagree on cybersecurity, human rights, and military-to-military relations.

Dont have a licence yet? Then find out more about our products and how to get one now:

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

über 102.000 Bücher
über 537 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

Automobil + Motoren
Bauwesen + Immobilien
Business IT + Informatik
Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
Finance + Banking
Management + Führung
Marketing + Vertrieb
Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe
Versicherung + Risiko

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

inform now

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

über 67.000 Bücher
über 340 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

Bauwesen + Immobilien
Business IT + Informatik
Finance + Banking
Management + Führung
Marketing + Vertrieb
Versicherung + Risiko

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

inform now

previous chapter Strengthening Cooperation in Global Governance

next chapter Conclusion

The White House, Office of the Press Secretary, “Statement by the President to the U.S.-China Strategic and Economic Dialogue,” July 8, 2014, https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/the-press-office/2014/07/08/statement-president-us-china-strategic-and-economic-dialogue.

Yuan Zheng, “The Issue of Cyber Security in U.S.-China Relations,” Peace and Development, Issue 4, 2013, p. 14.

Kenneth G. Lieberthal and Peter W. Singer, “Cybersecurity and U.S.-China Relations,” February 2013, p.vi, https://www.brookings.edu/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/0223_cybersecurity_china_us_lieberthal_singer_pdf_english.pdf; https://www.brookings.edu/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/0223_cybersecurity_china_us_lieberthal_singer_pdf_Chinese.pdf.

Wang Xiaofeng, “The Issue of Cybersecurity in U.S.-China Relations,” American Studies Quarterly, Issue 4, 2013, p. 14.

Kerry Chernenkoff, “Obama Pushes Freedoms, Open Internet in China,” Fox News, November 16, 2009, https://www.foxnews.com/politics/obama-pushes-freedoms-open-internet-in-china; http://foxnews.com/politics/2019/11/16/china-obama-pushes-freedoms-open-internet/.

“Unveil the True Reasons of Google’s Withdrawal from China,” March 23, 2010, http://news.cnblog.com/n/59476; “Google Threatens to Leave China After Massive Cyberattacks,” Reuters, January 13, 2010, https://www.reuters.com/article/instant-article/idUS264178106320100113.

Hillary Rodham Clinton, “Remarks on Internet Freedom,” The Newseum, Washington D.C., January 21, 2010, https://2009-2017.state.gov/secretary/20092013clinton/rm/2010/01/135519.htm; http://www.foreignpolicy.com/article/2010/01/21/internet-freedom.

Hillary Rodham Clinton, Secretary of State, “Internet Rights and Wrongs: Choices and Challenges in a Networked World,” George Washington University, Washington D.C., February 15, 2011, https://2009-2017.state.gov/secretary/20092013clinton/rm/2011/02/156619.htm; http://blogs.state.gov/stories/2011/02/15/internet-rights-and-wrongs-choices-and-challenges-networked-world.

The White House, International Strategy for Cyberspace: Prosperity, Security, and Openness in a Networked World, May 2011, p. 25, https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/blog/2011/05/16/launching-us-international-strategy-cyberspace; https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/sites/default/files/rss_viewer/internationalstrategy_cyberspace.pdf.

“Remarks by Secretary of State Hillary Rodham Clinton on the Release of Obama Administration’s International Strategy for Cyberspace,” May 16, 2011, iipdigital.usembassy.gov/st/English/texttrans/2011/05/20110516180150su0.9489819.html#ixzz2rD9eu5XN; https://2009-2017.state.gov/secretary/20092013clinton/rm/2011/05/163523.htm.

Kan Daoyuan, “A Brief Analysis of U.S. International Strategy for Cyberspace,” Contemporary International Relations, Issue 8, 2011, pp. 18–19.

Gu Guoliang, Liu Weidong and Li Nan, Xinjiang Issue in U.S. China Policy, Beijing: Social Sciences Academic Press (China), 2012, pp. 294–296.

PHYS.ORG (News and Articles on Science and technology): “Chinese economic spying ‘intolerable’: US lawmaker,” October 4, 2011, https://phys.org/news/2011-10-chinese-economic-spying-intolerable-lawmaker.html.

Mandiant, “Exposing One of China’s Cyber Espionage Units,” https://www.fireeye.com/content/dam/fireeye-www/services/pdfs/mandiant-apt1-report.pdf.

The Office of the U.S. Trade Representative (USTR), “2013 Special 301 Report,” May 2013, pp. 31–32, https://ustr.gov/sites/default/files/05012013%202013%20Special%20301%20Report.pdf; http://www.ustr.gov/sites/default/files/05012013%202013%20Special%20301%20Report.pdf.

Shen Yi, National Cybersecurity Strategy of the United States of America, Beijing: Current Affairs Press, 2013, p. 292.

Mu Shan, Qiu Yongzheng, Xue Xiaole, and Liu Yunlong, “China’s Internet Was Mysteriously Attacked,” Global Times, January 22, 2014, p. 3.

“Snowden: NSA Would Search for Intelligence to Serve U.S. Economic Interests,” January 27, 2014, http://news.ifeng.com/world/special/sndxiemi/content-3/detail/_2014_01/27/33400606_0.shtml.

“Investigative Report on the U.S. National Security Issues Posed by Chinese Telecommunications Companies Huawei and ZTE,” A Report by Chairman Rogers and Ranking Member C.A. Dutch Rupersberger of the Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence, House of Representatives, 112th Congress, October 8, 2012, p. iv, https://republicans-intelligence.house.gov/sites/intelligence.house.gov/files/documents/huawei-zte%20investigative%20report%20(final).pdf.

“Occupying the Information High Ground: Chinese Capabilities for Computer Network Operations and Cyber Espionage,” Prepared for U.S-China Economic and Security Review Commission by Northrop Gruman Corp, May 7, 2012, p. 9, https://www.uscc.gov/research/occupying-information-high-ground-chinese-capabilities-computer-network-operations-and; https://www.uscc.gov/sites/default/files/Research/USCC_Report_Chinese_Capabilities_for_Computer_Network_Operations_and_Cyber_%20Espionage.pdf.

Office of the Secretary of Defense, “Annual Report to Congress: Military and Security Developments Involving the People’s Republic of China 2013,” http://www.defense.gov/pubs/2013_china_report_final.pdf.

U.S. Cyber Command, https://www.cybercom.mil/About/History/.

Yuan Zheng, “The Issue of Cyber Security in U.S.-China Relations,” Peace and Development, Issue 4, 2013, p. 6.

“The Iran Being Attacked by Computer Worm, Stuxnet,” January 24, 2011, http://mil.gmw.cn/2011-01/24/content_1567896.htm; Ewen MacAskill (in Washington) “Stuxnet cyberworm heads off U.S. strike on Iran”, The Guardian, January 16, 2011, https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/jan/16/stuxnet-cyberworm-us-strike-iran.

Cai Cuihong, “Cyberspace in U.S.-China Relations: Competition, Conflict and Cooperation,” American Studies Quarterly, Issue 3, 2012; U.S. Department of Defense, “Department of Defense Strategy for Operating in Cyberspace,” July 2011, https://csrc.nist.gov/CSRC/media/Projects/ISPAB/documents/DOD-Strategy-for-Operating-in-Cyberspace.pdf.

“Statement of General Keith B. Alexander, Commander, United States Cyber Command, before the Senate Committee on Armed Forces,” March 12, 2013, pp. 2, 9, http://www.defense.gov/home/features/2013/0713_cyberdomain/docs/Alexander%20testimony%20March%202013.pdf; https://nsarchive2.gwu.edu/NSAEBB/NSAEBB424/docs/Cyber-091.pdf.

Shen Yi, National Cybersecurity Strategy of the United States of America, Beijing: Current Affairs Press, 2013, p. 297.

“The Opening Ceremony of the Sixth U.S.-China Internet Industry Forum,” April 9, 2013, http://finance.people.com.cn/n/2013/0409/c1004-21075160.html; Robert D. Hormats, Under Secretary for Economic Growth, Energy, and the Environment, “Keynote Address: U.S.-China Internet Industry Forum,” U.S.-China Internet Industry Forum, Beijing, China, April 9, 2013, https://2009-2017.state.gov/e/rls/rmk/20092013/207490.htm.

“The Eleventh Meeting of the JLG Is Held in Washington D.C.,” November 19, 2013, http://www.chinacourt.org/article/detail/2013/11/id/1146850.shtml.

“NSA Director Keith Alexander: Snow Leaked up to 200,000 Secret Documents,” November 11, 2013, http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/hqzx/2013-11/16/content_17109901.htm; Mark Hosenball, “NSA chief says Snowden leaked up 200,000 secret documents,” Reuters, November 15, 2013, https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-security-nsa/nsa-chief-says-snowden-leaked-up-to-200000-secret-documents-idUKBRE9AD19B20131114.

U.S. Department of State, Office of the Spokesperson, “U.S.-China Strategic and Economic Dialogue Outcomes of the Strategic Track,” Washington D.C., July 12, 2013, https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/prs/ps/2013/07/211861.htm.

Wang Yi, “Toward a New Model of Major-Country Relations Between China and the United States,” The Brookings Institution, September 20, 2013, https://www.brookings.edu/on-the-record/wang-yi-toward-a-new-model-of-major-country-relations-between-china-and-the-united-states/; http://www.china.com.cn/news/world/2013-09/21/_content_30086757.htm.

“Foreign Media: Snowden Disclosed the Inside story of the Massive U.S. hacking of Huawei’s Websites,” March 24, 2014, http://world.cankaoxiaoxi.com/2014/0324/364972.shtml.

United States Senate Committee on Armed Services: “SASC investigation finds Chinese intrusions into key defense contractors,” September 17, 2014, https://www.armed-services.senate.gov/press-releases/sasc-investigation-finds-chinese-intrusions-into-key-defense-contractors; Chen Yiming, Du Tianqi, “The United States Deliberately Slanders Chinese Military to Hack the U.S.,” Global Times, September 9, 19, 2014.

Information Office of the State Council of the People’s Republic of China, “The Internet in China,” June 8, 2010, https://www.chinadaily.com.cn/china/2010-06/08/content_9950198_8.htm; http://www.fmprc.gov.cn/ce/edun/chn/zgylhg/jsyfz/kjcfz/p020101021/1500003566886.pdf.

Wang Jisi, “The U.S. World Position and Foreign Strategy After the Cold War,” Niu Jun (ed.) The United States Under the Clinton Administration, Beijing: China Social Sciences Press, p. 1998, p. 30.

Tian Zengpei, China’s Diplomacy Since the Reform and Opening Up, Beijing: World Affairs Press, 1993, p. 6. China does not spread ideology in its foreign policy. Even many American scholars do not deny this. For instance, Robert Kaplan said, “Unlike America, China does not come armed with a missionary approach to world affairs. It has no ideology or system of government it seeks to spread. Moral progress in international politics is an American goal, not a Chinese one.” Robert Kaplan, The Revenge of Geography: What the Map Tells Us About Coming Conflicts and the Battle Against Fate, New York: Random House, 2012, p. 121. (Chapter XI, p. 121).

Hong Guoqi, Dong Guohui, Penetrating U.S. Human Rights Diplomacy, Beijing: World Affairs Press, 2003, p. 101.

Lena H. Sun, “20 Years of Changing Sino-U.S. Relations,” Washington Post, February 23, 1992.

Robert Ross, “From Denial to Leadership: The Clinton Administration and China,” unpublished paper, p. 3. (Robert Ross, “From Denial to Leadership: The Clinton Administration and China (pp. 1250155),” in Ezra F. Vogel, Yuan Ming, Akihiko Tanaka: The Age of Uncertainty: The U.S.-China-Japan Triangle from Tiananmen (1989) to 9/11 (2001) Harvard University Press, 2004. (Check this book).

Martin I. Lasater, The Changing of the Guard: President Clinton and the Security of Taiwan, San Francisco: Westview Press, 1995, p. 48. (Check this book); The 1992 Democratic Party Platform, “A New Covenant with American People,” July 13, 1992, https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/documents/1992-democratic-party-platform.

President Jiang Zemin’s interview with CNN reporter Michael Chinoy on May 21, 1993.

Tao Wenzhao, A History of China-US Relations: 1784–2013, Vol. III, Shanghai: Shanghai People’s Press, 2004, pp. 236–237.

Some Democratic officials said that replacing legislation with executive order was a tactic of the Clinton’s administration, for if a bill was passed by Congress, it would be much more difficult to nullify it in the future. Now the president used the executive order to achieve the same goal. If the president wanted to modify it, it would be much easier. The author’s interview with senior fellow at the Brookings Institution James Steinberg.

Public Papers of the President of the United States: William J. Clinton, 1993, Vol. I, p. 771; The White House, Office of the Press Secretary, “Statement By The President Clinton On Most Favored Nation Status for China, 1993: President Clinton linked MFN to progress on human rights in China,” May 28, 1993, USC Annenberg, USC U.S.-China Institute, https://china.usc.edu/statement-president-clinton-most-favored-nation-status-china-1993.

Public Papers of the President of the United States: William J. Clinton, 1993, Vol. I, p. 991.

Stapleton Roy, “Human Rights in Tibet,” Hearing before the Subcommittee on Human Rights and International Organizations and on Asian and Pacific Affairs of the Committee on Foreign Affairs, House of Representatives, October 14, 1987, American Foreign Policy, Current Documents, 1987.

“Statement by James Rubin, Special Coordinator for Tibetan Issues,” Department of State Bulletin, October 23, 1997, p. 7; U.S. Department of State, the Office of the U.S. Special Coordinator for Tibetan Issues: Mission, https://www.state.gov/bureaus-offices/under-secretary-for-civilian-security-democracy-and-human-rights/office-of-the-u-s-special-coordinator-for-tibetan-issues/.

USIA, “President Clinton, Jiang Debate Rights, Tiananmen,” June 27, 1998, http://www.usia.gov/regional/ea/uschina/0627press.htm;

Laura Myers, “Clinton, Jiang Debate Rights in TV,” AP (Associated Press) News, June 27, 1998, https://apnews.com/article/3c6aefcd765a4b90d03641c3c95341e3.

Han Yunchuan, China-US Debate Over Human Rights, Yinchuan: Ning Xia People’s Press, 2003, pp. 29–87.

Harry Harding, “Breaking the Impasse over Human Rights,” in Ezra F. Vogel (ed.), Living with China: U.S.-China Relations in the Twenty-First Century, New York: W. W. Norton and Company, 1997, pp. 173, 168–169. Michael Swaine also believes that U.S. China policy over human rights did not produce much outcome. Michael Swaine, America’s Challenge, p. 376.

Tao Wenzhao, “A Study of the Middle East Policy of the George W. Bush Administration,” in Huang Ping (ed.), Selected Works of American Studies Quarterly (1987–2010), Vol. II, Beijing: Social Sciences Academic Press (China), 2011, pp. 743–749.

“Statement of Senator Hillary Rodham Clinton, Nominee for Secretary of State, Senate Foreign Relations Committee,” January 13, 2009, foreign.senate.gov/testimony/2009/ClintonTestimony090113a.pdf; https://2001-2009.state.gov/r/pa/ei/rm/113814.htm; https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/CHRG-111shrg54615/pdf/CHRG-111shrg54615.pdf.

Jeffrey Bader, Obama and China’s Rise: An Insider’s Account of America’s Asia Strategy, Washington D.C.: Brookings Institution Press, 2012, p. 15; Hillary Clinton, Secretary of State, “Overview of trip to Asia: Remarks of Secretary Clinton en route to Tokyo, Japan,” Tokyo, Japan, February 15, 2009, https://2009-2017.state.gov/secretary/20092013clinton/rm/2009a/02/117345.htm.

On U.S.-China relations, Secretary Clinton said, “Well, human rights is a part of our agenda with the Chinese, as is climate change and clean energy and nuclear nonproliferation and dealing with the North Korean denuclearization challenge and the Six-Party Talks. We have a range of issues, as I just said, with respect to the economic crisis. And that’s why we want a comprehensive dialogue. We’re not going to be shying away from talking about human rights issues, but we have a very broad agenda to deal with when it comes to China and all of the countries that we're going to be visiting. So I think it’s fair to say that this first trip will be one intended to really find a path forward to have as robust an engagement as possible on a range of issues.”

Ashad Mohammed and Benjamin Kang Lim, “Economic Woes Trump Rights as Clinton Visits China,” Reuters, February 21, 2009, http://www.reuters.com/article/2009/0221/us-china-clinton-idUSTRE5J43520090221.

The White House, The National Strategy of the United States of America, March 2006, p. 41., https://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/nsc/nss/2006/.

U.S. Department of State, Bureau of East Asian and Pacific Affairs, “Background Note: China,” August 5, 2010, www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgm/18902.htm.

Michael Swaine, America’s Challenge: Engaging a Rising China in the Twenty-First Century, Washington D.C.: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, p. 291.

Before waging the war in Iraq, U.S. President George W. Bush had a catchphrase, “The liberty we prize is not America’s gift to the world; it is God’s gift to humanity,” in “Text of President Bush’s State of the Union Address,” The Washington Post, January 28, 2003, https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/onpolitics/transcripts/bushtext_012803.html; Tao Wen Zhao (ed.), The US Policy Making Process for Post-Cold War China: The Role of US Think Tanks and Diplomacy, Beijing: China Social Sciences Press, 2013, pp. 221–222.

Zhou Qi and Andrew Nathan, “Political System, Rights and Values,” in Nina Hachigian (ed.), Debating China: The U.S.-China Relationship in Ten Conversations, New York: Oxford University Press, Chapter III, pp. 43–66.

The White House, Office of the Press Secretary, “U.S.-China Joint Statement,” January 19, 2011, https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/the-press-office/2011/01/19/us-china-joint-statement.

“China-US Joint Statement (October 29, 1997),” October 29, 1997, Embassy of the People’s Republic of China in the United States of America, http://www.china-embassy.org/eng/zmgx/zywj/t36259.htm; World Affairs Press (ed.): Strive to Build A Constructive Strategic Partnership Between China and the United States: State Visit by President Jiang Zemin of the People’s Republic of China to the United States of America, Beijing: World Affairs Press, 1998, p. 12.

The Five Principles of Peaceful Co-Existence refer to mutual respect for each other’s sovereignty and territorial integrity, mutual non-aggression, non-interference in each other’s internal affairs, equality and mutual benefit, and peaceful co-existence. See: Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People’s Republic of China, “China’s Initiation of the Five Principles of Peaceful Co-Existence,” https://www.fmprc.gov.cn/mfa_eng/ziliao_665539/3602_665543/3604_665547/t18053.shtml.

Michael Oksenberg, the late American authority on China once delivered a speech at the Institute of American Studies (IAS), Chinese Academy of Social Sciences (CASS) and said, “We welcome you to interfere in America’s internal affairs, such as lobbying Congress, which is allowed and acceptable in American political system.”

Michael Swaine: America’s Challenge, p. 377.

Michael Swaine: America’s Challenge, p. 377–378.

James Steinberg and Michael E. O’Hanlon, Strategic Reassurance and Resolve: U.S.-China Relations in the Twenty-First Century, 2014, p. 68.

Harry Harding, “Breaking the Impasse over Human Rights,” in Ezra Vogel (ed.), Living with China: U.S.-China Relations in the Twenty-First Century, New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 1997, pp. 173–183.

Liu Liandi (ed.) The Track of China-US Relations: The Major Events Between 1993 and 2000, Beijing: Current Affairs Press, 2001, p. 469.

Michael R. Gordon, “Perry’s Visit Seeks to Rebuild Ties With Chinese Military,” The New York Times, October 17, 1994, https://www.nytimes.com/1994/10/17/world/perry-visit-seeks-to-rebuild-ties-with-chinese-military.html.

Liu Liandi (ed.) The Track of China-US Relations: The Major Events Between 1993 and 2000, Beijing: Current Affairs Press, 2001, pp. 472–473.

Liu Liandi (ed.) The Track of China-US Relations: The Major Events Between 1993 and 2000, Beijing: Current Affairs Press, 2001, p. 490.

Ibid, pp. 493–494.

China (12,924)—Agreement on Establishing a Consultation Mechanism to Strengthen Military Maritime Safety, TIAS, Office of Treaty Affairs, January 19, 1998, https://www.state.gov/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/12924-China-Maritime-Matters-Misc-Agreement-1.19.1998.pdf.

“China-US Joint Statement,” October 29, 1997, Embassy of the People’s Republic of China in the United States of America, http://www.china-embassy.org/eng/zmgx/zysj/jzxfm/t36249.htm; https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/WCPD-1997-11-03/pdf/WCPD-1997-11-03-Pg1680.pdf.

Liu Liandi (ed.) The Track of China-US Relations: The Major Events Between 1993 and 2000, Beijing: Current Affairs Press, 2001, Ibid, p. 490.

Liu Liandi (ed.) The Track of China-US Relations: The Major Events Between 1993 and 2000, Beijing: Current Affairs Press, 2001, p. 519.

Tao Wenzhao, A History of China-US Relations (1972–2000), Vol. III, Shanghai: Shanghai People’s Press, 2004, p. 370.

Shirley A. Kan, “U.S.-China Military Contacts: Issues for Congress,” CRS Report for Congress, August 6, 2009, pp. 9–10.

Liu Liandi (ed.) The Track of China-US Relations: The Major Events Between 1993 and 2000, Beijing: Current Affairs Press, 2001, p. 536; The Office of Secretary of Defense, “Annual Report on the Military Power of the People’s Republic of China,” June 3, 2000, https://archive.defense.gov/news/Jun2000/china06222000.htm.

People’s Daily, July 29, 2001; “Powell Stresses U.S. Wants Friendly Ties with China,” Embassy of the United States of America, Washington File, August 1, 2001, p. 3; U.S. Department of State, Secretary Colin Powell, “Press Conference Following Meetings With Chinese Officials,” Beijing, China, July 28, 2001, https://2001-2009.state.gov/secretary/former/powell/remarks/2001/4327.htm.

Shirley A. Kan, “U.S.-China Military Contacts: Issues for Congress,” CRS Report for Congress, August 6, 2009, p. 44. It was said that Rumsfeld complained that it was not reciprocal for the Chinese military personnel to visit the U.S. military facilities and for the American military personnel to simply visit the Great Wall or Palace Museum. The author’s interview with an official in the Pentagon who wished to be kept anonymous. American scholar Michael Swaine also pointed out, “Transparency should be viewed from a very long-term perspective, not on a one-year basis. Each bilateral visit should be treated as one element of a long-term service-to-service relationship rather than an isolated entity.” Michael Swaine: America’s Challenge: Engaging a Rising China in the Twenty-First Century, Washington D.C.: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, 2011, p. 370.

Shirley A. Kan, “U.S.-China Military Contacts: Issues for Congress,” CRS Report for Congress, August 6, 2009, p. 45.

Shirley A. Kan, “U.S.-China Military Contacts: Issues for Congress,” CRS Report for Congress, August 6, 2009, p. 46.

American Scholar Michael Swaine said in commenting on the mil-to-mil relations between China and the United States in the first term of the Bush administration: “Secretary of Defense Donald Rumsfeld repeatedly ignored arguments by those at State and elsewhere to resume such relations, largely because of his anger over Chinese behavior during the EP-3 incident of April 2001 and his apparent belief that the United States had little to gain from contact with the PLA. Rumsfeld continued to resist resuming military-to-military ties with Beijing even after President Bush essentially ordered him to do so, but he eventually gave in. Moreover, in general, Rumsfeld largely rejected guidance or direction from the NSC regarding China policy or many other foreign policy issues.” Michael Swaine: America’s Challenge: Engaging a Rising China in the Twenty-First Century, Washington D.C.: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, 2011, p. 311.

CNN, “Bush vows ‘whatever it takes’ to defend Taiwan,” April 25, 2001, http://edition.cnn.com/2001/ALLPOLITICS/04/25/bush.taiwan.03/.

Shirley A. Kan, “U.S.-China Military Contacts: Issues for Congress,” CRS Report for Congress, November 27, 2012, pp. 69–70.

Please refer to Chap. 4, 4.3.2.

“China-US Joint Statement,” January 19, 2011, Xinhua Daily Telegraph, January 20, 2011, p. 5; The White House, Office of the Press Secretary, “U.S.-China Joint Statement,” January 19, https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/the-press-office/2011/01/19/us-china-joint-statement.

“China and the United States Are Committed to Fostering Mutual Military Trust,” Ta Kung Pao (Hong Kong), February 16, 2012, p. 1; Embassy of the People’s Republic of China in the Kingdom of Denmark, “Vice President Xi Jinping Meets with U.S. Defense Secretary Leon Panetta and Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff Martin Dempsey,” February 15, 2012, http://dk.china-embassy.org/eng/TourChina/t906016.htm.

“President Xi Jinping Meets with U.S. Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff,” April 23, 2013, http://politics.people.com.cn/n/2013/0423/c70731-21250801.thml.

“Chang Wangquan Meets with U.S. Secretary of Defense Chuck Hagel and the Two Sides Reach a Wide Range of Consensus,” http://gb.cri.cn/42071/2013/08/20/6931s4223599.htm.

The New York Times, “The Militaries of the United States and China Speed up the Dialogue,” October 23, 2013, http://news.xinhuanet.com/cankao/2013-10/23/c_132821608.htm.

“The PLA Participated in the Field Exercise in the United States for the First Time,” November 11, 2013, http://www.cankaoxiaoxi.com/waimeishuo/jiefangjunyanxi/.

“China Talks about the Ten Major Achievements of the Summit Meeting between China and the United States at Hague,” March 25, 2014, www.chinanews.com/gn/2014/03-25/5988038.shtml.

Christopher Bodeen, “China and U.S. Dialogue between Armies,” February 21, 2014, http://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory/us-army-chief-staff-meet-top-chinese-generals-22610980.

“Chinese Defense Minister Chang Wanquan and U.S. Secretary of Defense Chuck Hagel Meet the Press, and Chang Wanquan Explains China’s Position on Hotspot Issues,” April 9, 2014, http://www.news.xinhuanet.com/world/2014-04/09/c_126368559.htm.

Code for Unplanned Encounter at Sea (CUES) refers to the security measures and means to reduce the chance of an incident or uncertainty in an unplanned encounter of the navies and aircraft of different countries. The CUES defines the legal position, rights and obligations and maritime security procedures, telecommunications procedures, signal abbreviations, and basic operating guidance in an unplanned encounter at sea. The CUES is of great significance to reduce the misunderstand and miscalculation of navies of different countries, avoid maritime and air incidents, and preserve regional security and stability in peacetime.

100

Zhang Junshe, “China-US Security Relations,” in Wu Xinbo (ed.), China-US Strategic Report (2013), Beijing: Current Affairs Press, pp. 41–42.

101

Wang Jisi and Kenneth Lieberthal, “Addressing China-US Strategic Distrust,” Beijing: Social Sciences Academic Press (China), pp. 4, 15; Phil Stewart, “Gates: China confirms stealth jet test-flight,” Reuters, January 11, 2011, https://www.reuters.com/article/us-china-defence-fighter-idUSTRE70A19B20110111.

Title: Managing Differences Constructively
Author: Wenzhao Tao
Publisher: Springer Nature Singapore
Book: China and America: Destined for Conflict?
Print ISBN: 978-981-19-3451-3

Electronic ISBN: 978-981-19-3452-0

Copyright Year: 2022
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-3452-0_6