2024 | Book

Marine Technology

Editors: Raden Sjarief Widjaja, Hasanudin, Yuda Apri Hermawan, Azman Ismail, Fatin Nur Zulkipli, Andreas Öchsner

Book Series : SpringerBriefs in Applied Sciences and Technology

Part of: Springer Professional "Business + Economics & Engineering + Technology" , Springer Professional "Engineering + Technology"

Table of Contents

About this book

This book explores a variety of research topics in marine technology delving into a wide array of crucial research topics within the maritime industry and its technology, encapsulating the latest research findings presented at The 8th International Conference on Marine Technology (SENTA 2023). It provides the exchange of recent knowledge, experiences, and innovations in the field of marine science and technology encompassing naval architecture and technology; marine system and safety; ocean, coastal, and offshore engineering; shipping, port, and maritime logistics; underwater technology; and advanced technology in maritime industry. This book covers studies ranging from ship design and production technique comprising ship design process, ship hydrodynamics, ship structure and advanced ship material, and ship management and production technology. The book also examines the invention in marine operation, marine machinery and maintenance system, and marine safety including digital technology in marine system and safety. It also addresses the topics on coastal, ocean, and offshore technology starting from coastal/offshore hydrodynamics, ocean energy, mooring line analysis to offshore structure analysis. In addition, shipping, port, and marine logistic researches are also conveyed in this book especially on shipping operation optimization, port development, green port, and smart shipping development. Moreover, underwater technology and advanced technology in marine industry i.e. computer vision technology for underwater vehicles, digital technology on ship design and production, and advanced computer technology in port and shipping development are discovered. In overall, this book offers a cradle for the exchange of ground-breaking ideas, fostering collaboration, and potentially setting the stage for significant developments in the marine technology.

Frontmatter

Numerical and Experimental Studies of Seakeeping Performance on a Novel Semi-submersible Transport Ship in Regular and Irregular Head Waves

Abstract

A novel semi-submersible transport ship is proposed in this paper. This ship has a large well dock, is designed for picking up and transporting a damaged ship, has repair facilities, and serves as a dry dock. The main purpose of this study is to investigate the seakeeping performance of the ship, especially under semi-submerged conditions corresponding to the initial stage of the docking process. First, ship motion responses in regular and irregular waves under normal conditions are investigated, where the three-dimensional free surface Green's function method is used for numerical analysis. Secondly, similar studies have been conducted in the semi-submerged state, where the hybrid boundary element analysis method is introduced for numerical analysis because the interaction between the two fluid domains, the inner and outer domains around the hull must be considered. In addition to the development of computational codes, experimental studies are carried out using a ship model in the wave tank. The experiments are conducted under normal and semi-submerged drafts at zero speed in regular and irregular head waves. As a result, the experimental study's findings are consistent with the numerical calculation results.

Akhmad Kurniawan, Hajime Kihara, Yosuke Mori

Numerical Prediction of the Effects of Separation Distances of Slender and Symmetrical Hulls of Pentamarans on the Wave-Making Resistance

Abstract

Pentamaran models with slender and symmetrical hull forms have been investigated with varying separation distances, in an effort to minimize the wave-making resistance. This research aims to determine the wave-making resistance of the pentamaran with a computational fluid dynamics approach using the Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes (RANS) equation with the k-ω SST turbulence model. The S/L ratios of 0.2, 0.3, and 0.4 represent the separation distance. The pentamaran configuration with the parallel tandem formation with a S/L ratio of 0.4 (Penta-C) results in the smallest wave-making resistance coefficient of 2.475 × 10^–3 at Fr 0.6. Overall, the pentamaran configuration with the parallel tandem formation (Penta-A, B, and C) provides a reasonably good ship resistance prediction compared to the arrow formation (Penta-D and E).

Egi Yuliora, I Ketut Suastika, I Ketut Aria Pria Utama

Fluid–Structure Interaction of a Flat-Rudder Floater in N219 Floatplane Maneuvers at the Water's Surface

Abstract

The N219 floatplane is provided with a rudder for controlling the aircraft's direction during water maneuvers. The existence of the rudder necessitates consideration of its design in order to satisfy quality standards in terms of hydrodynamics and structural integrity. When the rudder is rotated at a particular angle, it exerts a side force and generates a moment that causes the hull of the floater to turn. The difference in fluid pressure on both sides of the rudder is what causes the side force, and fluid pressure further affects the structural integrity of the rudder. This paper describes the interaction between the flow of fluid and the structure of the rudder that occurs during deep aircraft maneuvers. Using computational fluid dynamics techniques based on the N-S equation and the k-ε turbulence model, fluid flow is modeled numerically. The fluid flow analysis is then combined with a transient structural analysis using the finite element method and a two-way coupling system to show how the fluid and structure interact in both directions over time. Each iteration time step displays simulation results in the form of fluid velocity, fluid pressure, structural stress, and structural deformation. The influence of speed and rudder angle on the response of the rudder structure was investigated by simulating nine cases with three different velocities (6, 8, and 10 m/s) and three different rudder angles (15, 25, and 35°). The simulation results indicate that the greatest fluid pressure in 35° is 19.65 kPa, which causes the greatest structural stress of 2398 MPa and a 44% difference in deformation of 15°.

Alif Nur Rochmad, Aries Sulisetyono

Investigation of Slamming Wave Impact on a Ship Hull

Abstract

This research paper investigates the slamming wave impact on a ship hull in the Northern Straits of Malacca where actual motion data were collected. Slamming is a phenomenon which occurs when a ship or a part of it hits the water surface with high velocity, causing high pressures and vibrations, which affect the safety and performance of a ship. Slamming is a type of fluid–structure interaction (FSI) issue which occurs when a structure interacts with fluid on a surface. In this research, a two-way FSI model was developed using the ANSYS Workbench software, in the fusion of hydrodynamic diffraction and finite element analysis (FEA). ANSYS is a FEA software which has been employed to perform structural analysis using advanced solver options, including linear dynamics, nonlinearities, thermal analysis, materials, composites and hydrodynamics. The results showed that the maximum hydrostatic and hydrodynamic pressures due to slamming were over 1700 MPa. This research highlights the significance of predicting slamming in the context of ship design and safety assessments.

Roslin Ramli, Mohd Hisbany Mohd Hashim, Anizahyati Alisibramulisi, Suhailah Mohamed Noor

Effects of Homogeneous Hull Surface Roughness on the Ship Friction Resistance

Abstract

Biofouling stuck on the ship hull increases the surface roughness of the hull, resulting in an increased ship resistance and leading to increased ship fuel consumption with the associated air pollution. Effects of homogeneous hull surface roughness on the ship friction resistance are investigated in this study by utilizing a computational fluid dynamics method. Four surface conditions are considered, namely, a smooth surface and three rough surfaces, denoted as P, Q, and R, with equivalent sand-grain roughness height k_s = 125, 269, and 425 μm, respectively. Simulation results show that the friction-resistance coefficient C_F increases with increasing k_s for the same Reynolds number Re. For the smooth surface case, C_F decreases with increasing Re, but it increases with increasing Re for the rough surface case. For the mild-biofouling case considered in this study, the increase of C_F reaches 57.08% at Re = 2.16 × 10⁹ and 63.36% at Re = 2.73 × 10⁹.

Rajabal Akbar, I Ketut Suastika, I Ketut Aria Pria Utama

Resistance Analysis of Three Identical Trimaran Hulls with Separation to Length Ratio Variations

Abstract

A ship produces wave-making resistance that can increase the total resistance of the ship. This disadvantage is applied to a trimaran vessel with a main hull identical in size and shape, but with a side hull having a different space-to-length ratio (S/L) to determine the interference drag generated compared to three hulls that move without interfering with each other. The model for this study is based on identically sized NPL 4a hulls. This analysis was conducted using the CFD method, with validation using the NPL 4a monohull model subjected to a towing test using the ITTC standard towing tank. Interference resistance analysis was conducted by comparing the total resistance generated by three identical monohulls with a trimaran that uses three identical hulls on the main hull and side hull with S/L ratio, S/L = 0.2; S/L = 0.3; and S/L = 0.4 and has Froude numbers (Fr) at: 0.2, 0.4, and 0.6. With the final result, the hull with a S/L ratio 0.2 has a significantly higher total resistance coefficient. The highest and lowest wave elevations are at the trimaran hull with a S/L ratio of 0.2 and the model trimaran with the ratio of S/L 0.2 has the highest interference total resistance coefficient in each Froude number.

Gurit Wigung Prastyawan, I Ketut Aria Pria Utama

Implementation of Ship Recycling Facility Procedures According to Compliance Hong Kong Convention 2009 in Indonesia

Abstract

The Hong Kong Convention 2009 (HKC 2009) is an international rule that regulates ship recycling procedures. Ship recycling must be carried out in the right place and in the right way. HKC 2009 will become mandatory internationally in June 2025, so Indonesia, as a member of the IMO, must immediately ratify and prepare derivative regulations. The purpose of this article is to analyze the relationship between the various stakeholders (ship owner, ship recycling facility, ship recycling state, and flag state) in the ship recycling process as per HKC 2009. The study is based on the HKC 2009 regulations and existing regulations in Indonesia. The ship recycling activity consists of 16 procedures and it is hoped that we will get a better picture of ship recycling procedures according to the HKC 2009. Stakeholders can carry out ship recycling easily.

Hariyanto Hariyanto, Kunto Ismoyo, Farid Arif Binaruno, Muh. Mulyadi Agus Widodo, Nanda Yustina, Nurul Shabrina, Zulfa Qonita, Nanda Itohasi Gutami

The Influence of Collision Damage at the Bilge on a Double Hull Tanker to the Ultimate Strength

Abstract

Damage to a ship’s structure can occur at any time and in any location, including incidents like grounding or collision that might affect various parts of the ship. This necessitates that structural design criteria account for such damage. The objective of this research is to investigate the impact of damage caused by collisions in the bilge area on the overall strength on a double hull tanker (DHT). To analyze the effects of collision damage, the study employs Smith’s method for the analytical solution. The DHT is examined in two scenarios: when it is intact and when it has sustained damage. During both hogging and sagging conditions, the DHT’s cross section is maintained as a plane throughout the progressive collapse. Material properties, including the dimensions of plates and stiffened plates, are kept constant. The DHT’s dimensions are 44 m in breadth and 21.2 m in depth, with the longitudinal length equal to one frame space. The results suggest that a double hull tanker experiences reduced ultimate strength when subjected to collision-induced damage in the bilge, compared to its strength in an undamaged condition. This study presents the results using moment versus rotation analysis and also describes the progressive collapse observed.

Muhammad Zubair Muis Alie, Juswan, Taufiqur Rachman, Fuad Mahfud Assidiq, Wahyuddin, Paulus Lobo Gareso, Amalia Ika Wulandari

Digital Twin Monitoring System for Diesel Engine Based on Arduino, Case Study: RPM and Exhaust Gas Temperature

Abstract

An engine is one of the most important equipment for a prime mover on the ship. Several sensors are needed to monitor the engine performance parameters, such as RPM and engine temperature. The digital twin technology makes it easy to ensure the performance of ship engines. Several variables on ship engines need to be monitored, including RPM and exhaust gas temperature. In this preliminary lab-scale research, Yanmar TF-65 was used to develop digital monitoring that can be carried out directly and continuously with the digital twin technology. In this research, a digital twin was developed with an Arduino-based system. Furthermore, an infrared sensor is installed to calculate the RPM and MAX 6675, which is connected to a thermocouple to measure the exhaust gas temperature. These sensors are connected to the Mappi 32 microcontroller circuit to monitor these parameters every 10 s. RPM parameters are measured by placing an infrared sensor on the flywheel of the Yanmar TF-65. Exhaust gas temperature measurement is conducted by placing a thermocouple on the engine exhaust. The average percentage value of the overall error for RPM is 27.1%, and the exhaust gas temperature is 6.4%.

Dwi Priyanta, Hari Prastowo, Rayhan Nurrahman, Nurhadi Siswantoro, Trika Pitana, Muhammad Badrus Zaman, Semin, Yeheskiel Hubert Parluhutan

Reliability-Based Warship Readiness Analysis Using the Bayesian Network Method

Abstract

Warships are one of the main tools of the national defense system used to defend a country's territorial waters. Regarding the constituent systems of warships, there is an interrelated relationship between one system and another to form larger and more complex systems including propulsion system, electrical system, navigation system, communication system, weapon system, and so on. The complexity is largely due to the demands of self-supporting capability in a marine environment that is not easily habitable, coupled with the ability to carry out offensive and defensive actions in a sea battle. Considering the function of warships as the main tool of the national defense system, the condition of these ships must always prioritize elements of shipping safety and security while carrying out operations at sea. In addition, warships should also have weaponry and sensor equipment as offensive and defensive tools. One of the factors to support the safety and security of sea transportation is the seaworthiness of the ship. In this study, the author made an assessment to determine the reliability-based warship material readiness. The data were compiled and processed using the Bayesian network method, and the results are applied to determine the warship readiness.

David Artanto, Trika Pitana, Udisubakti Ciptomulyono, Asadullah Muhammad Hilmi

The Application of the SHEL and CHEESE Models in Improving Navigation Safety to Prevent Ship Collision Accidents

Abstract

From 2020 to 2022, there were 162 ship accidents, as reported by Allianz Global Corporate & Specialty. One type of ship accident examined in this study is the ship collision accident. Ship collisions have a major impact on maritime navigation in terms of economic loss and loss of life. To address this issue, this study identifies the causal factors of ship collisions and proposes prevention strategies. The study adopts the SHEL model to categorize contributing factors into software, hardware, environment, and liveware. These findings from the SHEL analysis were bridged to the Swiss Cheese model, emphasizing a multi-layered approach involving company policies, master's policies, officers on watch, and able-bodied on watch to develop prevention strategies. The proposed prevention strategies underscore the importance of procedural adherence, equipment maintenance, adaptability to the environment, and the human element in ensuring navigation safety. The outcomes of this research provide invaluable insights for ship owners, ship masters, and researchers in the shipping industry. The findings can significantly contribute to reducing collision risks and improving navigation safety in future.

Antoni Arif Priadi, Rufiajid Navy Abritia

Study of Ship Fuel Oil Consumption Monitoring in a Shipping Company Based on Big Data Architecture

Abstract

Sea transportation as being the most cost-effective method of moving commodities and raw materials throughout the world makes around 80% of global commerce via marine routes. In total, 75% of ships operational budget is used on fuel oil consumption and efficiency in ship operation is the main problem for shipping companies that have large fleet of ships. Ship industries are one of the oldest and most traditional industries that still rely on intuition rather than data in making decision particularly due to network and planning challenge. The objective of this research is to establish data architecture and digital operational data mechanisms for assisting shipping stakeholders in making informed decisions, one of which regarding ship fuel efficiency. The maritime big data architecture has been structured by collected historical data to calculate the difference in fuel consumption rates for all equipment compared with observational data and then predicting it using a regression approach. Fuel oil consumption for main engines in comparison with the influence of parameters such as distance, speed, draft, RPM, cargo load, wind conditions, and wave speed is the output data that will be displayed in the big data architecture. These data assist decision-makers in optimizing it according to actual conditions.

Nur Aini Amalia Dinda Agustina, Raden Sjarief Widjaja, Yuda Apri Hermawan

Assessment of Storage Characteristics and Requirement of Palm Oil Biodiesel for Marine Diesel Engines

Abstract

The utilization of palm oil biodiesel in marine diesel engines has faced issues related to blockage within the engine system. This study aims to evaluate the compatibility of palm oil biodiesel at various storage temperatures. This research monitored the compatibility of palm oil biodiesel samples in the range of B30, B35, and B50 percentages in the condition at room temperature and 40 °C. The samples were stored at various storage durations for 30 min and 6 h, and the properties of the palm oil biodiesel were investigated. The research involved viscosity and density measurement based on ASTM D6751 and EN 14214. Additionally, an evaluation of precipitation characteristics using filter paper as the analysis medium is proposed. Based on the investigation of compatibility tests, it could be concluded that the samples with 40 °C with both storage periods met the stringent biodiesel specifications and were compatible with the engines. The result showed the understanding that higher blending percentages and longer storage durations can lead to fuel gelling when exposed to low temperatures. Consequently, effective treating and modifying the fuel system to maintain the palm oil biodiesel in the range of 40 °C was identified as the solution for preventing clogging or blockage in the engine system.

Natya An Nuur Bestari, Kayvan Pazouki

Design Optimization of Ventilation and Air-Conditioning Systems—A Case Study of a Hospital Ship

Abstract

The COVID-19 pandemic reached everywhere with no exception of remote areas. On the other hand, health facilities are inadequate hence difficult to access by the people. To address the issue while anticipating other extraordinary incidents, hospital ships can be of an alternative in handling the service. This paper presents a modification of conventional hospital ship design to provide a special accommodation to deal with infectious diseases at early stage. Considering that such diseases usually are of airborne transmission, the room is equipped with a ventilation system and air regulator where air velocity, pressure, humidity, and temperature were assessed accordingly. Evaluation on the effectiveness and efficiency of the air circulation in the room revealed that the location of both supply diffusers and exhaust grills define the characteristic and performance of the room airflow. One central supply diffuser installed in the mid of the room creates a more even airflow distribution as compared to various combinations of main and supporting ducting of almost similar capacity. The arrangement results in the best system performance indicated by the highest air velocity by 0.10425 m/s. The arrangement is applicable to other isolation room capacities by adjusting the equipment capacities and layouts.

Sunarsih, Achmad Baidowi, Kania Aurelia Surbakti

Framework Design for an Early Warning System to Prevent Ship Collisions

Abstract

Ship collision is considered to be a high frequently marine accident, causing huge losses of material and goods. Less awareness of ship collision impacts and the human factor is the primary issue for ship collision accidents. Assorted efforts and tools have been developed, however, only limited ship collision prevention technique is applied for ship collision avoidance tools. The development of ship collision avoidance tools is demanded for decreasing ship collision accidents. This paper proposes an early warning system framework design to prevent ship collisions. The framework design for a ship collision’s early warning system started by gathering and interpreting ship position, speed, and heading data for both the own and target ship continuing by calculating the collision risk index using the fuzzy inference method. The concept of distance to closest point of approach and time to closest point of approach combined with the blocking area are used for the fuzzy inference parameters. Detailed steps of the framework design for the ship collision early warning system are provided. Numerical simulations considering head-on-head situation with different ship dimensions and speeds are presented to examine the framework design. The simulation results show that the framework design can identify the collision risk index that can be used for the early warning system parameter to prevent ship collision accidents.

Fernanda Wahyu Pratama, Yuda Apri Hermawan, Setyo Nugroho

Title: Marine Technology
Editors: Raden Sjarief Widjaja
Hasanudin
Yuda Apri Hermawan
Azman Ismail
Fatin Nur Zulkipli
Andreas Öchsner
Publisher: Springer Nature Switzerland
Electronic ISBN: 978-3-031-67788-5
Print ISBN: 978-3-031-67787-8
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-67788-5