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2018 | Book

Introduction Read chapter Read first chapter

Materials that Move

Smart Materials, Intelligent Design

Authors: Prof. Murat Bengisu, Prof. Marinella Ferrara

Publisher: Springer International Publishing

Book Series : SpringerBriefs in Applied Sciences and Technology

Part of: Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik" , Springer Professional "Technik"

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About this book

This book presents a design-driven investigation into smart materials developed by chemists, physicists, materials and chemical engineers, and applied by designers to consumer products, buildings, interfaces, or textiles. Introducing a class of smart materials (referred to as stimuli-responsive, morphing or kinetic materials) that move and change their shape in response to stimuli, the book presents their characteristics, advantages, potentials, as well as the difficulties involved in their application. The book also presents a large number of case studies on products, projects, concepts, and experiments employing smart materials, thus mapping out new design territories for these innovative materials. The case studies involve different fields of design, including product, interior, fashion, and communication design. Reflecting the growing demand for sustainable and human-centered design agendas, the book explores and reveals the role and influence of these new materials and technologies on design and human experience, and discusses how they can be used to redefine our objects and spaces so as to promote more resilient environments. The book offers an intriguing and valuable resource for design professionals, engineers, scientists and students alike.

Table of Contents

Frontmatter
Chapter 1. Introduction
Abstract
The terms materials that move and kinetic materials signify a group of smart materials with the ability to change shape, typically in a short time. The best-known and most widely studied group of materials that fall into this category are shape memory materials, more specifically shape memory alloys. However, shape memory materials are not the only materials that can change shape or return to a specified shape. The aim of this book is to show the incredible variety of materials with the capability to change shape or to move in space as a response to an external stimulus such as heat or electricity. Furthermore, the book reviews applications and projects that are facilitated by kinetic materials in order to demonstrate possibilities, alternative materials, working approaches, and design approaches. A cornucopia of projects realized for research, art, or industrial use meticulously selected from the fields of architecture, art, design, or interdisciplinary domains show many interesting details about the successful implementation of kinetic materials and the innovative possibilities they bring along.
Murat Bengisu, Marinella Ferrara
Chapter 2. Materials that Move
Abstract
Kinetic materials range from well-known shape memory alloys to more “exotic” materials such as ferrogels and shape memory ceramics. The common characteristic of all these smart materials is their ability to undergo a predetermined shape change as a response to an external stimulus such as light, electricity, humidity, or heat. The shape change can be reversible or irreverbible. This chapter attempts to categorize kinetic materials according to two features: based on the material type (e.g. alloys, polymers, gels) and based on the stimulus they respond to (e.g. thermoresponsive, magnetostrictive, or electroactive). After explaining these categories, details of the most important kinetic materials are discussed. This chapter focuses mainly on the mechanismas that lead to a shape with an explanation of the underlying material science principles. Some key terms are defined and important properties of shape memory materials (alloys and polymers) are listed. A brief history on the discovery and development of certain kinetic materials is also presented.
Murat Bengisu, Marinella Ferrara
Chapter 3. Motion in Nature and Biomimetic Approaches
Abstract
Living organisms move in search for food; they move to protect themselves from enemies, to search for shelter, to multiply and perpetuate the existence of their species, and for many other reasons. A great variety of motion exists in animals, plants, and bacteria. The majority of animals move by muscle contractions. Mammalians depend on their muscles to move their limbs, walk, jump, or keep a certain posture. Birds and winged insects use their muscles to fly. Sponges do not have muscles, but they are able to contract thanks to their epithelial cells. Plants move at a much slower pace compared to animals but there are several exceptions such as found in carnivorous plants. All these life forms and the ways they move offer great sources of knowledge for study of motion and implementation in the arficial world. This source of knowledge is being tapped by researchers with the use of biomimetics, and related approaches. The aim of this chapter is to introduce some of the natural mechanisms that lead to motion. Some examples discuss the biomimetic approach and its implementation for design with kinetic materials.
Murat Bengisu, Marinella Ferrara
Chapter 4. Manufacturing and Processes
Abstract
This chapter gives a general outlook on methods used for the manufacturing or small-scale fabrication of kinetic materials. Some conventional processes are used to manufacture shape memory materials. Common metallurgical processes are suitable for shape memory alloys while special training and heat-treatment procedures are required for customized shape recovery. Shape memory polymers require polymerization processes to obtain the raw polymers. Such polymers are shaped to the final form by various industrial techniques such as injection molding or casting. 3D printing is becoming an alternative to conventional processes. Specialized techniques have been developped for different kinetic materials and desired shapes. Thin films and coating of shape memory alloys are prepared by processes such as magnetron sputtering, ion plating, and laser ablation. Some procedures used to obtain shape memory composites are also explained in this chapter.
Murat Bengisu, Marinella Ferrara
Chapter 5. Designing with Kinetic Materials
Abstract
Some of the difficulties designers and design educators face when attempting a project with smart materials are their limited availability, high cost, and lack of practical but reliable information. The design community responds to these problems in many creative ways. Tinkering and experimentation with materials and simple tools is becoming popular as a process to generate valuable knowledge for practitioners. Web-based platforms, blogs, databases, and videos specifically aim to share information and create networks for collaboration. Some kinetic materials are prepared from more accessible materials. Workshops are organized during studio projects and workshops. Some of these projects from different parts of the design world are briefly presented in this chapter. New material visions that emerged from design experiments are discussed. These visions aim to leap into a new era of materiality including the development of new interfaces or means that directly link the digital and material realities.
Murat Bengisu, Marinella Ferrara
Chapter 6. Interaction Design with Kinetic Materials
Abstract
The capacity of kinetic materials to respond to environmental stimuli or external signals offers a unique opportunity for interface, interaction, and experience design. This signal can be in the form of user input that may be sensed by the kinetic material directly or transformed into a signal suitable for that particular material. Interaction is a two-way process taking at the product (system) - user interface. Tangible user interfaces may replace graphical user interfaces in the future. Research, art, and design projects implement kinetic materials along with other technologies to attain tangible interfaces. This field is at its infancy and there are many possibilities to be explored. A theoretical framework is essential for the successful implementation of interaction design with kinetic materials. Several elements are presented to start this theoretical discussion. These are aesthetics of interaction and interfaces, symbolic possibilities and meaning associated with kinetic materials, and emotions as part of human experience.
Murat Bengisu, Marinella Ferrara
Chapter 7. Applications of Kinetic Materials
Abstract
This chapter aims to discuss selected applications of shape changing materials in different fields. Most of these examples involve shape memory alloys, particularly nitinol because at the present, this is the most established and reliable material for industrial applications. However, research efforts indicate that SMAs may be replaced by SMPs, ferrofluids, bimetals, or other novel materials in the future. The final section summarizes applications based on magnetorheological fluids.
Murat Bengisu, Marinella Ferrara
Chapter 8. Case Studies
Abstract
Artists, designers, architects and engineers work together as interdisciplinary and collaborative teams in order to accomplish innovative yet challenging projects that implement kinetic materials and user experiences. Outstanding projects have been selected from different fields including product design, arts, architecture, fashion design, and exhibit design. Most of these projects have been materialized in the last two decades although some projects go back as early as 1986. These case studies aim to provide certain details about the design process, material selection, technical difficulties and how they were solved, integration of kinetic materials or components, as well as aesthetic or artistic concerns. The particular role of kinetic materials in these projects are also discussed.
Murat Bengisu, Marinella Ferrara
Metadata
Title
Materials that Move
Authors
Prof. Murat Bengisu
Prof. Marinella Ferrara
Copyright Year
2018
Electronic ISBN
978-3-319-76889-2
Print ISBN
978-3-319-76888-5
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-76889-2

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