2010 | OriginalPaper | Chapter
Mechanisms of Adhesion in Adult Barnacles
Authors : Anne Marie Power, Waltraud Klepal, Vanessa Zheden, Jaimie Jonker, Paul McEvilly, Janek von Byern
Published in: Biological Adhesive Systems
Publisher: Springer Vienna
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Barnacles belong to the phylum Crustacea (following the taxonomy of
Newman, 1987
), which makes them segmented animals with jointed limbs, an exoskeleton that periodically moults, and a complex lifecycle involving metamorphosis between larval and adult forms. The group of crustaceans to which barnacles belong, the Cirripedia, has a unique larval form — the cyprid. This life history stage is adapted to locate a spot on which to permanently settle, develop, grow, and survive for the rest of its life. Barnacles have a worldwide distribution and various lifestyles, from parasitic species on the gills of decapod crustaceans to free-living groups. The free-living groups are adapted to permanently attach
via
cement onto other living organisms, rocks or man-made materials, and barnacle “fouling” on marine installations and cargo ships is increasingly of economic concern (
Adamson and Brown, 2002
). Within the free-living barnacles, a further division is recognized between acorn (Order Sessilia) and stalked (Order Pedunculata) forms. Certain stalked species are termed “pleustonic” due to a lifestyle at the air/water interface (see
Bainbridge and Roskell, 1966
) and these are the species which will be emphasized in this chapter (
Fig.9.1A-C
).
Fig.9.1
(A)
Lepas anatifera
showing capitulum (
cap
) and peduncle (
p
), scale bar 1 cm; (B) pleustonic species
L. Anatifera
attached to glass and
Dosima fascicularis
with glue fl oat; (C)
D. Fascicularis
with fl oat (
f
), scale bar 1 cm; (D) transverse section of peduncle in
L. Anatifera
stained using AZAN (Kiernan, 1999) showing position of the cuticle lining of the peduncle (
c
), circular and longitudinal muscle layers (
mu
), ovarioles (o), hemocoelic space (
h
) and glue gland cells (
g
), scale bar 500 µm; (E) schematic of glue apparatus in
L. Anatifera
including the position of the ovarioles/glue glands (
o/g
) in the peduncle and principal canal (
pc
); (F) schematic of detailed glue glands in
L. Anatifera
including mature cement gland (
mcg
), young cement gland (
ycg
), lumen (
lu
) of the principal canal, vacuole (
vac
), collector canal (
cc
), secondary canal (
sc
), intracellular canal (
ic
), large nucleus with numerous nucleoli (
n
). Schematic in B is reproduced with permission from Ankel (1962) and drawings in E and F are reprinted with permission of Lacombe and Liguori (1969)