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2024 | OriginalPaper | Chapter

9. Menschliche Einflüsse

Author : Ulrich Sommer

Published in: Süßwasser- und Meeresökologie

Publisher: Springer Nature Switzerland

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Zusammenfassung

Menschen haben von Anfang an Oberflächengewässer genutzt, zunächst für Trinkwasser und für die Ausbeutung von Fischen und anderen Meeresfrüchten. Später in der Menschheitsgeschichte wurde Süßwasser für die Bewässerung und für Produktionszwecke abgezogen. Seen, Flüsse und Ozeane wurden zu wichtigen Transportwegen, zunächst regional, dann global. Wasserflächen wurden physisch verändert und neue Wasserflächen durch den Bau von Wasserwegen und Staudämmen geschaffen. Der Bau von Infrastrukturen für den Schiffsverkehr und den Küstenschutz veränderte die Oberflächengewässer weiter. In jüngerer Zeit wurde der Tourismus eine weitere Nutzung der Oberflächengewässer. Während wir all diese „Ökosystemgüter und -dienstleistungen“ in immer größerer Menge und Intensität genießen, wurden die Oberflächengewässer auch als Müllkippe für menschliche Abfälle aller Art genutzt, was die Wasserqualität verschlechterte und zu negativen Auswirkungen auf das Ökosystem führte. Abfälle, die in die Atmosphäre freigesetzt werden, insbesondere CO2, das aus Verbrennungsprozessen resultiert, beeinflussen schließlich indirekt durch den Klimawandel oder landen direkt in den Oberflächenwassern.
Unter den vielen menschlichen Auswirkungen auf aquatische Ökosysteme wurden fünf global besonders wichtige Auswirkungen als Beispiele für dieses Buch ausgewählt: Eutrophierung, Klimaerwärmung, Versauerung, Überfischung und Transport invasiver Arten. All diese Beispiele und weitere menschliche Aktivitäten an Land führen zu einer Dominanz der Erdoberfläche durch den Menschen. Diese Dominanz wird als Rechtfertigung dafür genommen, unsere Periode als eine neue geologische Epoche, das Anthropozän, zu definieren.

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Appendix
Available only for authorised users
Glossary
acidification (Versauerung)
Verbrauch der Alkalinität des Wassers durch erhöhte Zufuhr von sauren Komponenten
alkalinity (Alkalinität)
Fähigkeit, Säure zu puffern
anthropocene (Anthropozän)
vorgeschlagener Name für die aktuelle geologische Epoche, die durch menschliche Dominanz gekennzeichnet ist
Bergmann’s rule (Bergmannsche Regel)
Regel, dass die Größe innerhalb ähnlicher Arten von Organismen in Richtung der Pole/in kälteren Klimazonen zunimmt
bloom (Blüte)
Zeitraum auffälliger hoher Biomasse, Begriff wird normalerweise auf Phytoplankton angewendet
bycatch (Beifang)
versehentlicher Fang von Wassertieren, die nicht Ziel der Fischerei sind
calcification (Kalzifizierung)
Bildung von Skelett- oder Schalenstrukturen aus Calciumcarbonat
catch-per-unit-effort (Fang pro Anstrengungseinheit)
Fang von Fischen in Bezug auf einige Maßnahmen des Aufwands wie Anzahl der Schiffe, verbrachte Zeit, verwendete Ausrüstung, beteiligtes Personal; ein Indikator für die Effektivität der Fischerei
colonization pressure (Kolonisierungsdruck)
Anzahl der nicht-einheimischen Arten, die in einer Empfängerregion ankommen
enemy release (Feindentlastung)
natürliche Feinde während des Invasionsprozesses zurücklassen
environmental envelope method (Methode der Umwelthüllen)
Versuch, geographische Verteilungen auf Umweltbedingungen abzubilden, um zukünftige Verteilungen vorherzusagen
eutrophic (eutroph)
nährstoffreich
eutrophication (Eutrophierung)
Prozess der Erhöhung der Nährstoffreichtums (hauptsächlich N und P) von Gewässern
fish kill (fischsterben)
episodisches Massensterben von Fischen
fishing down the food web
Abnahme der trophischen Ebene der gefangenen Fische
greenhouse effect (Treibhauseffekt)
Erwärmungseffekt von erhöhten Konzentrationen von Gasen, die infrarote Strahlung in der Atmosphäre stark absorbieren (CO2, CH4, Stickoxide)
HABs (harmful algal blooms) (schädliche Algenblüte)
Blüten von giftigem Phytoplankton oder Phytoplankton mit anderen schädlichen Auswirkungen
invasive species (invasive Art)
nicht-einheimische Arten (→NIS), von denen vermutet wird, dass sie negative Auswirkungen auf das Ökosystem haben
lake restoration (Seenrestaurierug)
Reduzierung der Eutrophierung eines Sees oder Reduzierung negativer Eutrophierungssymptome
loading (Belastung)
Transport von Nährstoffen (oder anderen Substanzen) zu einem Gewässer, normalerweise normalisiert auf Volumen oder Fläche
mass extinction (Massenaussterben)
globales Aussterbeereignis, das zum Verlust von >75 % der Arten führt
mismatch
Ungleichzeitigkeit von hohem Angebot und hoher Nahrungsnachfrage zwischen Räuber und Beute
NIS (non-indigenous species) (nicht-einheimische Art)
neu in einer Region etablierte Arten
oligotrophic (oligotroph)
nährstoffarm
oligotrophication (Oligotrophierung)
Erholung von Eutrophierung durch Nährstoffreduktion
overfishing (Überfischung)
Fischerei, die dieFähigkeit zur natürlichen Erholung eines Bestandes überschreitet
propagule pressure (Propagulendruck)
Anzahl der Propagulen einer nicht-einheimischen Art, die in einer Empfängerregion ankommen
red tide
rötliche Verfärbung des Wassers durch Dinoflagellatenblüten
stock (Bestand)
Zielpopullation der Fischerei
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Metadata
Title
Menschliche Einflüsse
Author
Ulrich Sommer
Copyright Year
2024
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-64723-9_9