Skip to main content
Top
Published in: Journal of Materials Engineering and Performance 6/2014

01-06-2014

Metal Additive Manufacturing: A Review

Author: William E. Frazier

Published in: Journal of Materials Engineering and Performance | Issue 6/2014

Log in

Activate our intelligent search to find suitable subject content or patents.

search-config
loading …

Abstract

This paper reviews the state-of-the-art of an important, rapidly emerging, manufacturing technology that is alternatively called additive manufacturing (AM), direct digital manufacturing, free form fabrication, or 3D printing, etc. A broad contextual overview of metallic AM is provided. AM has the potential to revolutionize the global parts manufacturing and logistics landscape. It enables distributed manufacturing and the productions of parts-on-demand while offering the potential to reduce cost, energy consumption, and carbon footprint. This paper explores the material science, processes, and business consideration associated with achieving these performance gains. It is concluded that a paradigm shift is required in order to fully exploit AM potential.

Dont have a licence yet? Then find out more about our products and how to get one now:

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

  • über 102.000 Bücher
  • über 537 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

  • Automobil + Motoren
  • Bauwesen + Immobilien
  • Business IT + Informatik
  • Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
  • Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
  • Finance + Banking
  • Management + Führung
  • Marketing + Vertrieb
  • Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe
  • Versicherung + Risiko

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Springer Professional "Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

  • über 67.000 Bücher
  • über 390 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

  • Automobil + Motoren
  • Bauwesen + Immobilien
  • Business IT + Informatik
  • Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
  • Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
  • Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe




 

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Literature
1.
go back to reference J. Alcisto, A. Enriquez, H. Garcia, S. Hinkson, T. Steelman, E. Silverman, P. Valdovino, H. Gigerenzer, J. Foyos, J. Ogren, J. Dorey, K. Karg, T. McDonald, and O.S. Es-Said, Tensile Properties and Microstructures of Laser-Formed Ti-6Al-4V, JMEP, 2011, 20(2), p 203–212 J. Alcisto, A. Enriquez, H. Garcia, S. Hinkson, T. Steelman, E. Silverman, P. Valdovino, H. Gigerenzer, J. Foyos, J. Ogren, J. Dorey, K. Karg, T. McDonald, and O.S. Es-Said, Tensile Properties and Microstructures of Laser-Formed Ti-6Al-4V, JMEP, 2011, 20(2), p 203–212
2.
go back to reference D.L. Bourell, M.C. Leu, and D.W. Rosen, Ed., Roadmap for Additive Manufacturing, University of Texas at Austin, Austin TX, 2009 D.L. Bourell, M.C. Leu, and D.W. Rosen, Ed., Roadmap for Additive Manufacturing, University of Texas at Austin, Austin TX, 2009
3.
go back to reference W.E. Frazier, “Digital Manufacturing of Metallic Components: Vision and Roadmap”, Solid Free Form Fabrication Proceedings, University of Texas at Austin, Austin TX, 2010, p 717–732 W.E. Frazier, “Digital Manufacturing of Metallic Components: Vision and Roadmap”, Solid Free Form Fabrication Proceedings, University of Texas at Austin, Austin TX, 2010, p 717–732
4.
go back to reference E. Herderick, Additive Manufacturing of Metals: A Review, Proceedings of MS&T’11, Additive Manufacturing of Metals, Columbus, OH, 2011 E. Herderick, Additive Manufacturing of Metals: A Review, Proceedings of MS&T’11, Additive Manufacturing of Metals, Columbus, OH, 2011
5.
go back to reference NIST, “Measurement Science Roadmap for Metal-Based Additive Manufacturing,” US Department of Commerce, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Prepared by Energetics Incorporated, May 2013 NIST, “Measurement Science Roadmap for Metal-Based Additive Manufacturing,” US Department of Commerce, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Prepared by Energetics Incorporated, May 2013
6.
go back to reference J. Scott, N. Gupta, C. Weber, S. Newsome, T. Wohlers, and T. Caffrey, Additive Manufacturing: Status and Opportunities, IDA, Science and Technology Policy Institute, Washington, DC, 2012 J. Scott, N. Gupta, C. Weber, S. Newsome, T. Wohlers, and T. Caffrey, Additive Manufacturing: Status and Opportunities, IDA, Science and Technology Policy Institute, Washington, DC, 2012
8.
go back to reference S.M. Kelly and S.L. Kampe, Microstructural Evolution in Laser-Deposited Multilayer Ti-6Al-4V Builds: Part II. Thermal Modeling, Metall. Trans. A., 2004, 35A, p 1869–1879CrossRef S.M. Kelly and S.L. Kampe, Microstructural Evolution in Laser-Deposited Multilayer Ti-6Al-4V Builds: Part II. Thermal Modeling, Metall. Trans. A., 2004, 35A, p 1869–1879CrossRef
9.
go back to reference F. Wang, S. Williams, P. Colegrove, and A.A. Antonysamy, Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Wire and Arc Additive Manufactured Ti-6Al-4V, Metall. Trans. A., 2013, 44A, p 968–977 F. Wang, S. Williams, P. Colegrove, and A.A. Antonysamy, Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Wire and Arc Additive Manufactured Ti-6Al-4V, Metall. Trans. A., 2013, 44A, p 968–977
10.
go back to reference B. Zheng, Y. Zhou, J.E. Smugeresky, J.M. Schoenung, and E.J. Lavernia, Thermal Behavior and Microstructural Evolution during Laser Deposition with Laser-Engineered Net Shaping: Part I. Numerical Calculations, Metall. Trans. A., 2013, 39A, p 2237–2245 B. Zheng, Y. Zhou, J.E. Smugeresky, J.M. Schoenung, and E.J. Lavernia, Thermal Behavior and Microstructural Evolution during Laser Deposition with Laser-Engineered Net Shaping: Part I. Numerical Calculations, Metall. Trans. A., 2013, 39A, p 2237–2245
11.
go back to reference T. Vilaro, C. Colin, and J.D. Bartout, As-fabricated and Heat-Treated Microstructures of the Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Processed by Selective Laser Melting, Metall. Trans. A., 2011, 42A, p 3190–3199CrossRef T. Vilaro, C. Colin, and J.D. Bartout, As-fabricated and Heat-Treated Microstructures of the Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Processed by Selective Laser Melting, Metall. Trans. A., 2011, 42A, p 3190–3199CrossRef
12.
go back to reference B. Zheng, Y. Zhou, J.E. Smugeresky, J.M. Schoenung, and E.J. Lavernia, Thermal Behavior and Microstructure Evolution during Laser Deposition with Laser-Engineered Net Shaping: Part II. Experimental Investigation and Discussion, Metall. Trans. A., 2008, 39A, p 2228CrossRef B. Zheng, Y. Zhou, J.E. Smugeresky, J.M. Schoenung, and E.J. Lavernia, Thermal Behavior and Microstructure Evolution during Laser Deposition with Laser-Engineered Net Shaping: Part II. Experimental Investigation and Discussion, Metall. Trans. A., 2008, 39A, p 2228CrossRef
13.
go back to reference P.A. Kobryn and S.L. Semiatin, The Laser Additive Manufacturing of Ti-6Al-4V, JOM, 2011, 53, p 40–43CrossRef P.A. Kobryn and S.L. Semiatin, The Laser Additive Manufacturing of Ti-6Al-4V, JOM, 2011, 53, p 40–43CrossRef
14.
go back to reference L.E. Murr, E. Martinez, S.M. Gaytan, D.A. Ramirez, B.I. Machado, P.W. Shindo, J.L. Martinez, F. Medina, J. Wooten, D. Ciscel, U. Ackelid, and R.B. Wicker, Microstructural Architecture, Microstructures, and Mechanical Properties of a Nickel-Base Superalloy Fabricated by Electron Beam Melting, Metall. Trans. A., 2011, 42A, p 3491–3508CrossRef L.E. Murr, E. Martinez, S.M. Gaytan, D.A. Ramirez, B.I. Machado, P.W. Shindo, J.L. Martinez, F. Medina, J. Wooten, D. Ciscel, U. Ackelid, and R.B. Wicker, Microstructural Architecture, Microstructures, and Mechanical Properties of a Nickel-Base Superalloy Fabricated by Electron Beam Melting, Metall. Trans. A., 2011, 42A, p 3491–3508CrossRef
15.
go back to reference S.G. Lambrakos and K.P. Cooper, An Algorithm for Inverse Modeling of Layer-by-Layer Deposition Processes, JMEP, 2009, 18(3), p 221–230 S.G. Lambrakos and K.P. Cooper, An Algorithm for Inverse Modeling of Layer-by-Layer Deposition Processes, JMEP, 2009, 18(3), p 221–230
16.
go back to reference S.G. Lambrakos and K.P. Cooper, A General Algorithm for Inverse Modeling of Layer-by-Layer Deposition Processes, JMEP, 2010, 19(3), p 314–324 S.G. Lambrakos and K.P. Cooper, A General Algorithm for Inverse Modeling of Layer-by-Layer Deposition Processes, JMEP, 2010, 19(3), p 314–324
17.
go back to reference F. Wang, S. Williams, P. Colegrove, and A.A. Antonysamy, Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Wire and Arc Additive Manufactured Ti-6Al-4V, Metall. Trans. A., 2013, 44A, p 968–977CrossRef F. Wang, S. Williams, P. Colegrove, and A.A. Antonysamy, Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Wire and Arc Additive Manufactured Ti-6Al-4V, Metall. Trans. A., 2013, 44A, p 968–977CrossRef
18.
go back to reference AMS 4999 Specification, Titanium Alloy Laser Deposited Products 6Al-4V Annealed, SAE, Warrendale, PA 2002 AMS 4999 Specification, Titanium Alloy Laser Deposited Products 6Al-4V Annealed, SAE, Warrendale, PA 2002
19.
go back to reference S. Rengers, Electron Beam Melting [EBM] vs. Direct Metal Laser Sintering [DMLS], Presented at SAMPE Midwest Chapter, Direct Part Manufacturing Workshop, Wright State University, Nov 2012 S. Rengers, Electron Beam Melting [EBM] vs. Direct Metal Laser Sintering [DMLS], Presented at SAMPE Midwest Chapter, Direct Part Manufacturing Workshop, Wright State University, Nov 2012
20.
go back to reference M. Svensson, Ti6Al4V manufactured with Electron Beam Melting (EBM): Mechanical and Chemical Properties, Presented at Aeromat 2009, Dayton OH, Jun 2009 M. Svensson, Ti6Al4V manufactured with Electron Beam Melting (EBM): Mechanical and Chemical Properties, Presented at Aeromat 2009, Dayton OH, Jun 2009
21.
go back to reference M.K.E. Ramosoeu, G. Booysen, T.N. Ngonda, and H.K. Chikwanda, Mechanical Properties of Direct Laser Sintered Ti-6Al-V4, MS&T’11, Columbus, OH, 2011 M.K.E. Ramosoeu, G. Booysen, T.N. Ngonda, and H.K. Chikwanda, Mechanical Properties of Direct Laser Sintered Ti-6Al-V4, MS&T’11, Columbus, OH, 2011
22.
go back to reference B. Baufeld, Mechanical Properties of INCONEL 718 Parts Manufactured by Shaped Metal Deposition (SMD), JMEP, 2012, 21(7), p 1416–1421 B. Baufeld, Mechanical Properties of INCONEL 718 Parts Manufactured by Shaped Metal Deposition (SMD), JMEP, 2012, 21(7), p 1416–1421
23.
go back to reference K.S. Chan, M. Koike, R.L. Mason, and T. Okabe, Fatigue Life of Titanium Alloys Fabricated by Additive Layer Manufacturing Techniques for Dental Implants, Metall. Trans. A., 2013, 44A, p 1010–1022 K.S. Chan, M. Koike, R.L. Mason, and T. Okabe, Fatigue Life of Titanium Alloys Fabricated by Additive Layer Manufacturing Techniques for Dental Implants, Metall. Trans. A., 2013, 44A, p 1010–1022
24.
go back to reference D. Greitemeir, K. Schmidtke, V. Holzinger, and C. D. Donne, Additive Layer Manufacturing of Ti-6Al-4V and Scalmalloyrp© Fatigue and Fracture, 27th ICAF Symposium, Jerusalem, June 2013 D. Greitemeir, K. Schmidtke, V. Holzinger, and C. D. Donne, Additive Layer Manufacturing of Ti-6Al-4V and Scalmalloyrp© Fatigue and Fracture, 27th ICAF Symposium, Jerusalem, June 2013
25.
go back to reference R. Martukanitz and T. Simpson, The Center for Innovative Materials Processing through Direct Digital Deposition (CIMP-3D), Brief at the Technology Showcase, ARL Penn State, State College, PA Jan 2013 R. Martukanitz and T. Simpson, The Center for Innovative Materials Processing through Direct Digital Deposition (CIMP-3D), Brief at the Technology Showcase, ARL Penn State, State College, PA Jan 2013
26.
go back to reference C. Charles, “Modeling microstructure evolution of weld deposited Ti-6Al-4V,” Ph.D. thesis, Lulea University of Technology, Lulea, Sweden, 2008 C. Charles, “Modeling microstructure evolution of weld deposited Ti-6Al-4V,” Ph.D. thesis, Lulea University of Technology, Lulea, Sweden, 2008
27.
go back to reference S.M. Kelly, “Thermal and Microstructure Modeling of Metal Deposition Processes with Application to Ti-6Al-4V,” Ph.D. thesis, Virginia Polytechnic Institute, VA, 2004 S.M. Kelly, “Thermal and Microstructure Modeling of Metal Deposition Processes with Application to Ti-6Al-4V,” Ph.D. thesis, Virginia Polytechnic Institute, VA, 2004
28.
go back to reference J. Beuth and N. Klingbeil, The Role of Process Variables in Laser-Based Direct Metal Solid Freeform Fabrication, JOM, 2001, 53, p 36–39CrossRef J. Beuth and N. Klingbeil, The Role of Process Variables in Laser-Based Direct Metal Solid Freeform Fabrication, JOM, 2001, 53, p 36–39CrossRef
29.
go back to reference W.E. Frazier, D. Polakovics, and W. Koegel, Qualifying of Metallic Materials and Structures for Aerospace Applications, JOM, 2001, 53, p 16–18CrossRef W.E. Frazier, D. Polakovics, and W. Koegel, Qualifying of Metallic Materials and Structures for Aerospace Applications, JOM, 2001, 53, p 16–18CrossRef
30.
go back to reference Metallic Materials Properties Development and Standardization (MMPDS-02). FAA, Battelle Memorial Institute, Atlantic City, NJ, 2005 Metallic Materials Properties Development and Standardization (MMPDS-02). FAA, Battelle Memorial Institute, Atlantic City, NJ, 2005
31.
go back to reference ASTM F2921-11, Standard Terminology for Additive Manufacturing-Coordinate Systems and Test Methodologies, ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, 2011 ASTM F2921-11, Standard Terminology for Additive Manufacturing-Coordinate Systems and Test Methodologies, ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, 2011
32.
go back to reference ASTM F2792-12a, Standard Terminology for Additive Manufacturing Technologies, ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, 2012 ASTM F2792-12a, Standard Terminology for Additive Manufacturing Technologies, ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, 2012
33.
go back to reference ASTM F2915-12, Standard Specification for Additive Manufacturing File Format (AFM) Version 1.1., ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, 2012 ASTM F2915-12, Standard Specification for Additive Manufacturing File Format (AFM) Version 1.1., ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, 2012
34.
go back to reference ASTM F2924-12, Standard Specification for Additive Manufacturing Titanium-6 Aluminum-4 Vanadium with Powder Bed Fusion, ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, 2012 ASTM F2924-12, Standard Specification for Additive Manufacturing Titanium-6 Aluminum-4 Vanadium with Powder Bed Fusion, ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, 2012
35.
go back to reference M. Maher, Open Manufacturing, Brief Presented at the SAMPE Direct Part Manufacturing Workshop, Dayton OH, 2012 M. Maher, Open Manufacturing, Brief Presented at the SAMPE Direct Part Manufacturing Workshop, Dayton OH, 2012
36.
go back to reference T.H. Benson Tolle, and G.A. Shoeppner, Accelerating Materials Insertion by Evolving the DoD Materials Qualification-Transition Paradigm, AMMITAC Q., 2002, 6(1), p 3–6 T.H. Benson Tolle, and G.A. Shoeppner, Accelerating Materials Insertion by Evolving the DoD Materials Qualification-Transition Paradigm, AMMITAC Q., 2002, 6(1), p 3–6
37.
go back to reference M. Ruffo, C. Tuck, and R. Hague, Cost Estimation for Rapid Manufacturing: Laser Sintering Production for Low to Medium Volumes, J. Eng. Manuf. Proc. IMech E, 2006, 220B, p 1417–1427CrossRef M. Ruffo, C. Tuck, and R. Hague, Cost Estimation for Rapid Manufacturing: Laser Sintering Production for Low to Medium Volumes, J. Eng. Manuf. Proc. IMech E, 2006, 220B, p 1417–1427CrossRef
38.
go back to reference A. Gunasekaran, Design of Activity-Based Costing in a Small Company: A Case Study, Comput. Ind. Eng., 1999, 37, p 413–416CrossRef A. Gunasekaran, Design of Activity-Based Costing in a Small Company: A Case Study, Comput. Ind. Eng., 1999, 37, p 413–416CrossRef
39.
go back to reference T. Wen-Hsien, Activity-Based Costing Model for Joint Products, Proc. 18th International Conference on Computers and Industrial Engineering, Vol. 31(3/4), Computers Industrial Engineering, 1996, p. 725–729 T. Wen-Hsien, Activity-Based Costing Model for Joint Products, Proc. 18th International Conference on Computers and Industrial Engineering, Vol. 31(3/4), Computers Industrial Engineering, 1996, p. 725–729
40.
go back to reference A. Gunaesekaran, R. McNeil, and D. Singh, Activity Based Management in a Small Company: A Case Study, Prod. Plan. Control, 2000, 11(4), p 391–399CrossRef A. Gunaesekaran, R. McNeil, and D. Singh, Activity Based Management in a Small Company: A Case Study, Prod. Plan. Control, 2000, 11(4), p 391–399CrossRef
41.
go back to reference Materials KTN, Shaping Our National Competency in Additive Manufacturing, 27th ed., Additive Manufacturing Special Interest Group for the Technology Strategy Board, UK, 2012 Materials KTN, Shaping Our National Competency in Additive Manufacturing, 27th ed., Additive Manufacturing Special Interest Group for the Technology Strategy Board, UK, 2012
42.
go back to reference M. Gnam, R. Plourde, and T. McDonald, “Laser Engineered Net Shaping (LENS),” Paper Presented at the National Center for Manufacturing Sciences, JTEG Business Meeting, 2000 M. Gnam, R. Plourde, and T. McDonald, “Laser Engineered Net Shaping (LENS),” Paper Presented at the National Center for Manufacturing Sciences, JTEG Business Meeting, 2000
43.
go back to reference S.M. Kelly, Cost Benefit Analysis of Direct Digital Manufacturing, Private Communications, ARL Penn State University, 2010 S.M. Kelly, Cost Benefit Analysis of Direct Digital Manufacturing, Private Communications, ARL Penn State University, 2010
44.
go back to reference S. Phinazee, Efficiencies: Saving Time and Money with Electron Beam Free Form Fabrication, Fabricator, 2007, p 15–20 S. Phinazee, Efficiencies: Saving Time and Money with Electron Beam Free Form Fabrication, Fabricator, 2007, p 15–20
45.
go back to reference M.E. Kinsella, Additive Manufacturing of Superalloys for Aerospace Applications, WPAFB AFRL, Report Number AFRL-RX-WP-TP-2008-4318, Dayton OH 2008 M.E. Kinsella, Additive Manufacturing of Superalloys for Aerospace Applications, WPAFB AFRL, Report Number AFRL-RX-WP-TP-2008-4318, Dayton OH 2008
46.
go back to reference C.A. Brice, S.D. Needler, and B.T. Rosenberger, Direct Manufacturing at Lockheed Martin Aeronautics Co., Paper Presented at AeroMat Conference, Seattle Washington, 2010 C.A. Brice, S.D. Needler, and B.T. Rosenberger, Direct Manufacturing at Lockheed Martin Aeronautics Co., Paper Presented at AeroMat Conference, Seattle Washington, 2010
47.
go back to reference A. Drizo and J. Pegna, Environmental Impacts of Rapid Prototyping: An Overview of Research to Date, Rapid Prototyp. J., 2006, 12(2), p 64–71CrossRef A. Drizo and J. Pegna, Environmental Impacts of Rapid Prototyping: An Overview of Research to Date, Rapid Prototyp. J., 2006, 12(2), p 64–71CrossRef
48.
go back to reference W.R. Morrow, H. Qi, I. Kim, J. Mazumder, and S.J. Skerlos, Environmental Aspects of Laser-Based and Conventional Tool and Die Manufacturing, J. Clean. Prod., 2007, 15, p 932–943CrossRef W.R. Morrow, H. Qi, I. Kim, J. Mazumder, and S.J. Skerlos, Environmental Aspects of Laser-Based and Conventional Tool and Die Manufacturing, J. Clean. Prod., 2007, 15, p 932–943CrossRef
49.
go back to reference Y. Luo, Z. Ji, M.C. Leu, and R. Caudill, Environmental Performance Analysis of Solid Freeform Fabrication Processes, IEEE 0-7803-5495-8/99, 1999 Y. Luo, Z. Ji, M.C. Leu, and R. Caudill, Environmental Performance Analysis of Solid Freeform Fabrication Processes, IEEE 0-7803-5495-8/99, 1999
50.
go back to reference K. Kellens, E. Yasa, Renaldi, W. Dewulf, J.P. Kruth, and J.R. Duflou, Energy and Resource Efficiency of SLS/SLM Processes, Proceedings Twenty-Second Annual International Solid Freeform Fabrication Symposium, 2011 K. Kellens, E. Yasa, Renaldi, W. Dewulf, J.P. Kruth, and J.R. Duflou, Energy and Resource Efficiency of SLS/SLM Processes, Proceedings Twenty-Second Annual International Solid Freeform Fabrication Symposium, 2011
51.
go back to reference M. Goedkoop, R. Heijungs, M. Huijbregts, A. De Schryver, J. Struijs, and R. van Zelm, ReCiPe 2008 A Life Cycle Impact Assessment Method Which Comprises Harmonised Category Indicators at the Midpoint and the Endpoint Level, Ruimte en Milieu Ministerie van Volkshuisvesting, Ruimtelijke Ordening en Milieubeheer, http://www.mech.kuleuven.be/co2pe, 2013 M. Goedkoop, R. Heijungs, M. Huijbregts, A. De Schryver, J. Struijs, and R. van Zelm, ReCiPe 2008 A Life Cycle Impact Assessment Method Which Comprises Harmonised Category Indicators at the Midpoint and the Endpoint Level, Ruimte en Milieu Ministerie van Volkshuisvesting, Ruimtelijke Ordening en Milieubeheer, http://​www.​mech.​kuleuven.​be/​co2pe, 2013
52.
go back to reference R.R. Unocic and J.N. DuPont, Process Efficiency Measurements in the Laser Engineered Net Shaping Process, Metall. Trans. B, 2004, 35B, p 143–152CrossRef R.R. Unocic and J.N. DuPont, Process Efficiency Measurements in the Laser Engineered Net Shaping Process, Metall. Trans. B, 2004, 35B, p 143–152CrossRef
53.
go back to reference R. Sreenivasan and D. Bourell, Sustainability Study in Selective Laser Sinterin: An Energy Perspective, Conference Proceedings, University of Texas at Austin, Austin TX, 2009, p 257–265 R. Sreenivasan and D. Bourell, Sustainability Study in Selective Laser Sinterin: An Energy Perspective, Conference Proceedings, University of Texas at Austin, Austin TX, 2009, p 257–265
54.
go back to reference ATKINS, Manufacturing a Low Carbon Footprint, Loughborough University Project No: N0012J, 2007 ATKINS, Manufacturing a Low Carbon Footprint, Loughborough University Project No: N0012J, 2007
Metadata
Title
Metal Additive Manufacturing: A Review
Author
William E. Frazier
Publication date
01-06-2014
Publisher
Springer US
Published in
Journal of Materials Engineering and Performance / Issue 6/2014
Print ISSN: 1059-9495
Electronic ISSN: 1544-1024
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11665-014-0958-z

Other articles of this Issue 6/2014

Journal of Materials Engineering and Performance 6/2014 Go to the issue

Premium Partners