3. Methods and Techniques for Microplastic Detection and Identification in Water and Wastewater—A Methodology Review

Water as a main resource of the food supply is decreasing in quantity and quality, thus exposing to danger human health. Urban and industrial wastewaters coming to the receiving environment in river basins create point source pollution, while agricultural fertilizer and pesticide use, livestock activities and atmospheric movements create diffuse source pollution load. It is necessary to identify risks and enhance measures in the context of defining, protecting, and developing water resources in the ecosystem. In this regard; it is important to monitor contaminants in water and wastewater with sustainable methods. Water resources contain a wide range of contaminants, including organic/inorganic and biological, that create a sustainable life risk. In parallel with the changing climatic and ecosystem conditions in the new century, the fauna and remains of living things show quite a difference. A newly recognized class of contaminants in all environmental compartments with the usage of plastic matters in the late 1950s are Microplastics (MPs) less than 5 mm in diameter. Microplastics, extremely small plastic particles, reflect a significant environmental issue of our time. These microscopic plastics raise substantial questions concerning both ecosystems and human health due to their widespread presence in the environment, long-lasting nature and ability to interact with living organisms. Despite the importance of understanding the complexity of microplastics, limited information exists regarding their identification and detection. Various techniques, including spectroscopy, microscopy and chromatography, are employed to examine microplastics. These analyses are of critical importance for monitoring microplastic pollution, identifying its sources and developing mitigation strategies. The chemical composition, size and morphology of microplastics are determined through these analyses, forming the basis for a better understanding of future water resource sustainability and the fight against microplastic pollution. Research in this field aims to assess the potential risks associated with microplastics and develop strategies to reduce their presence in water sources. The current study emphasizes the sources of microplastic pollution and commonly used methods for combating this pollution. It also provides insights into the potential risks posed by microplastics, focusing on their presence in the global water cycle, fundamental insights into the relationship between microplastics and ecosystems and measures to combat this pollution. Finally, it offers perspectives to guide future research efforts in this critical area.