Micro-Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering

Table of Contents

1. Design and Fabrication of Flexible Antenna Using Foam Substrate for WiMAX Applications

   M. Pandimadevi, R. Tamilselvi

   Abstract

   In present scenario, world interoperability for microwave access (WiMAX) is gaining great momentum among broadband wireless technologies. Employing flexible antenna will enable high-performance of radio frequency transmission as well as cost effective for such wireless applications. In this work, a flexible antenna is designed, simulated, and fabricated using foam substrate material for world interoperability for microwave access (WiMAX) band applications. The operating frequency is chosen as 3.5 GHz. The proposed antenna is bendable, wearable, low cost, and smaller in size, reduced reflection co-efficient, greater directivity, and wider bandwidth. The antenna is simulated using computer simulation technology software and is fabricated using vector network analyzer. The return loss value obtained in measurement is −24.95 dB which is in good agreement with simulated value of −34.6 dB. The gain and directivity obtained are 3.096 and 4.93 dBi, respectively. The radiation pattern obtained is omnidirectional. Thus, the designed antenna is compact enough with the dimensions of 50 × 36 × 2.2 mm³ to place inside any new technology wireless device. Since the directivity of the antenna under bending condition is 4.672 dBi, it can also be used for wearable applications.

2. Breast Cancer Prediction Through Multilayer Artificial Neural Network

   Kumari Alka, Rajeev Kumar Gupta

   Abstract

   In the current era, neural networks are playing a significant role in many sectors, especially in health care. In this work, the neural networks will be used for the diagnosis of disease, i.e., cancer. The proposed work designs a multilayer deep neural network to predict whether the person is a cancer patient (malign) or a healthy person (benign). This work evaluates the performance of the two-layer neural network and multilayer neural network with diverse activation functions like rectified linear unit (ReLU), softmax, and sigmoid. The proposed model uses ReLU activation function in the hidden layer and sigmoid activation function in the output layer. After evaluating the result, it can be stated that a multilayer neural network is performing better as compared to the two-layer neural network and achieved an accuracy of 97.7%.

3. Smart Model for Big Data Classification Using Deep Learning in Wireless Body Area Networks

   Pradeep Bedi, S. B. Goyal, Rohit Sharma, Dileep Kumar Yadav, Monika Sharma

   Abstract

   Deep learning is an innovative set of machine learning algorithms and requires human engineering effort in data collection. It can find the optimum set of parameters for network layers by means of a back-propagation algorithm and thereby model complex data distribution structures. In addition, the deep learning architecture has led to enormous achievements in the most recent challenges of machine learning involving sequential information such as text and series data. Big data technology is an asset in this context for modern companies. Smart automation is useful if it is used. The big data consists of large datasets which can, for example, be analysed by machine learning to find comprehensive models and trends. Thanks to new machine learning and big data techniques, businesses are far more effective than ever before in creating long-term market value. Big data’s potential real-life applications are not confined to medical, retail, financial and automotive industries. This makes a great impact of the profound learning on the analysis of patient data generated by wireless body area network (WBANs). WBAN is the emerging healthcare technology to help monitor essential signs of the use of biomedical sensors for patients. The tracked data is forwarded to the doctor for an optimum processing under life risks. We need to develop an intelligent model for the classification of large data using deep learning on wireless body networks.

4. Automated Rocker Rover for Terrain Surface Surveillance

   R. Vallikannu, B. Meenakshi, Venkata Subhash, Basha, Chandra KiranKumar

   Abstract

   The methodology used in the Mars exploration and curiosity rover by Mars Science Laboratory is rocker bogie. The term rocker derives from the suspension system with large forward leg on each side of the vehicle chassis on either side which exhibits automated wheel movement, henceforth when one side of the vehicle rocker goes up, the other side goes down and maintain an average pitch level. Earlier research has envisaged that the Rocker-Rovers are much suitable for conducting scientific experiments like travelling to many meters to tens of kilometres. However, the recent mobility designs are complex, using many wheels or legs. Moreover, such rocker bogies can achieve only minimum distance transverse on field like agriculture land, rough land, inclined, stairs and obstacle surfaces which concludes that greater mobility experiments need to be conducted. There are most cases noted that mechanical failures were caused due to harsh environment. Hence, for surveillance in rough terrains, a robust design of rover is required. This paper focused on development of an efficient high mobility suspension system that is capable of travelling through rough terrain using a four wheeled rover. The primary mechanical feature of the rocker bogie design is arrived by using only two motors for mobility and drive line easiness. Motors are located inside the body for increased reliability and efficiency, while considering the thermal variation to be minimum. Increased stability requires both front wheels to be climb first, put forth the necessity of four wheels for driving the rover. The Rocker-Rover suspension system has a vigorous capability to overcome the uneven terrain because of its equal distribution of the pressure over its six wheels. Moreover, this article has implemented a rover with TSM (Total Surveillance Manager) which is an intelligent surveillance and security robot system, designed for monitoring behaviours and activities in the region of interest. The proposed prototype utilizes multiple types of surveillance devices including robots, CCTV cameras, and sensors

5. Study of MIMO Antenna Design and Challenges—State of Art

   Rasika Verma, Rohit Sharma, Dhirendra Kumar Diwedi

   Abstract

   This paper discusses about the Design and challenges associated with multiple input multiple output (MIMO) antenna. Additional degree of freedom is provided by MIMO with multiple antenna placed near to each other. As UWB technology suffers from Multipath fading, this problem is easily resolved with MIMO technology. Mutual coupling is another problem associated with MIMO systems, this reduces antenna efficiency. MIMO technology is advantageous for data transmission problems so there are great challenges in this technology In this paper study of various parameters like isolation, ECC, peak gain, mutual coupling etc. has been done. Here we present a comprehensive survey on MIMO antenna for wireless communication. Another important issue related with compact MIMO (multiple input multiple output) is space constraint and structure of antenna array. as MIMO antennas are closely spaced, performance of MIMO antenna is reduced due high signal correlation as well as antenna efficiency is reduced. The main aim of the work is to give an idea regarding the recent trends and technologies used in MIMO antenna design and challenges.

6. FPGA Based Implementation of Hamming Encoder and Decoder

   K. Umapathy, S. A. Yuvaraj, K. Gunasekaran, D. Muthukumaran

   Abstract

   Communication is among the vast and fast-growing engineering fields. Improving communication efficiency by overcoming external electromagnetic and noise sources is a difficult task. Different methods for detecting and resolving errors are implemented to reduce data loss during transmission. A novel approach that uses cyclic redundancy tests is proposed in this paper. In the field of communication, there have been many developments in the digital world. In most fields of communication, the input message or data is encoded and transmitted through a medium of transmission. Data are obtained at the receiver and the original data is successfully retrieved after decoding the received data. The paper aims to explain the hammer code design cycle with VLSI, as FPGA is cheaper than the other device. The hamming algorithm for encoding and decoding was discussed in this paper and the results were obtained by implementing hamming error detection and the correction code. Compared to the traditional Narayanan and Ramesh (Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences 12:6281–6285, 2017 [1]) hamming parity checking process, hamming code is an improved version and used in Verilog to transmit n-bit information with redundancy bits. A hamming to find out how important these redundant bits.

7. Spatial Specification of Grid Structures by Petri Nets

   Dmitry A. Zaitsev, Tatiana R. Shmeleva, Werner Retschitzegger

   Abstract

   To deal with models in grid computing (and systems biology as well), two basic ways of specifying spatial structures with Petri nets are considered—a colored Petri net and a parametric expression. We present a composition of hypertorus grid models in a form of parametric expression and colored Petri net, their mutual transformations, and unfolding into a place/transition net; the parameters are the number of dimensions and the size. The rules of mutual transformations of Petri net spatial specifications are studied. Colored Petri nets are convenient for the state space analysis. The main advantage of parametric expressions is the ability to obtain linear invariants and other structural constructs of Petri nets, for instance, siphons and traps, in parametric form that allows us to draw conclusions on Petri net properties for any values of parameters. Thus, we say that infinite grids (Petri nets) with definite spatial structure are investigated.

8. Enhanced Spanning-Tree Adder Structures Using Carry Increment Adders

   D. Muthukumaran, K. Umapathy, S. A. Yuvaraj, K. Gunasekaran

   Abstract

   This paper is aimed primarily at reducing the overall amount of time and increasing efficiency on FPGA platforms. They are proving their applicability in high-performance computing to decide the field of FPGA’s use. The paper defines the tree adder with variable data path sizes of eight bits to 64 bits, which is the parallel implementation prefix. VHDL was used to develop P.P.A. topology, and Xilinx was synthesized with the FPGA chip machine. Intensive experiments and measurements have been performed, and design costs such as total path delay time and the use of hardware have been checked and assessed. The results for code synthesis demonstrated the best values of delays for spanning tree adder, which was suggested over the existing method Price and Stine (IEEE 62nd International Midwest Symposium on Circuits and Systems (MWSCAS), pp 223–226, 2019 [1]), which has brought new creativity in the field of digital arithmetic. Such designs take the best part of many applications and improve performance in terms of area and delay. This work implements a 64-bit hybrid adder with the carrying increment algorithm using a spanning tree structure. In contrast to an existing design, the results showed promising data.

9. Design and Implementation of High Value Itemsets from Online Trade

   Hare Ram Singh, S. K. Yadav, Sheo Kumar

   Abstract

   Data mining, a technique to understand and change over unrefined data into supportive information, is dynamically being used in an arrangement of fields like publicizing, business information, intelligent revelations, biotechnology, Internet look, and blended media. Data mining is an interdisciplinary field merging considerations from bits of knowledge, AI, and standard language getting ready. High utility itemsets mining (HUIM) is an intriguing subject with regards to datamining which may be important in a numeral of vocations, for instance, in online disclosure of sold items giving high compensation, low rate, etc. Before long, High utility itemsets mining just examinations utility estimations of itemsets/things that may be inadequate to watch mentioning behavior of customers. To address this issue, here we present an Algorithm to incorporate consistency basic into high utility itemsets mining. Grounded on these lines, sets of co-occasion things with high utility characteristics and standard occasion, named high utility-uncommon itemsets (HURIs), are viewed as fascinating itemsets. We have so many algorithms available for deferent purposes, but The Sh_Ku algorithm is intended to propose customer interesting from different itemsets.

10. A New Embedding and Extraction Algorithms for Robust Video Watermarking in Wavelet Domain

    Suman Mishra, S. Poongodi, K. Karthik

    Abstract

    Watermarking is an innovation that is utilized for giving the security to the multimedia/digital information and digital media copyright assurance. Late years, there are numerous scientists who had created watermarking algorithms based on LeaSe noteworthy Bit (LSB), Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT), Discrete Sine Transform (DST), Discrete Cosine Transform (DCT), Discrete Wavelet Transform (DWT) and Principle Component Analysis (PCA) and so on., Here, we proposed “a new embedding and extraction algorithms for robust video watermarking in wavelet domain”. In terms of consistency, the proposed algorithm indicates that the proposed algorithm was superior to the current algorithms. such as Structural Similarity Index (SSIM), CoVariance (CV) and Peak Signal To Noise Ratio (PSNR).

11. FPGA Implementation of 3D NOC Using Anti-Hebbian for Multicast Routing Algorithm

    G. P. Ramesh, S. Prabhu

    Abstract

    This work shows that a novel 3-Dimensional (3D) vertically incorporated adaptive computing structure. This FPGA for 3D is a mix of best in class dealing with and interconnection development. It includes the vertical joining of two chips of Configurable Array Processor. The Configurable Array Processor is a variety of heterogeneous manufacturing components while the Intelligent Configurable Switch contains a switch controller, on-chip program, and data memory, information outline support alongside a Direct Memory Access controller. The FPGA for 3D architecture for constant communication and mixed media flag preparing as a next-generation computing system and programming execution and check philosophy including abnormal level demonstrating and design investigation of FPGA for 3D utilizing System to decide the ideal equipment detail in the early outline organize. It can deal with a few goals addresses in the meantime, recombine the packages, sent similar information to the diverse goal hubs, and maintain a strategic distance avoid from the congestion. The innovative multicast 3D NoC router performs the proposed algorithm, NoC can be designed in the Verilog HDL, and the operation is computed in the ModelSim software. All these samples and modulation taken and it has been synthesized in FPGA.

12. Wearable Jacket for Posture Correction Using Flexible Fabric Stretch Sensor for Working Age Groups

    B. V. Santhosh Krishna, J. Jijin Godwin, A. Aline Gratia, K. Keerthanaa, B. Kiruthika

    Abstract

    Generally, IT professionals and people who are engaged with working in a long duration sitting postures are affected by musculoskeletal disorder. Our device is designed to help the people who are affected by this kind of health issue. Usually the people suffering from this disorder cannot give attention to their postures due to their full concentration in their respective work. This jacket will help in alerting the patient by the warning or stimulus which is given to them whenever the angle of the bend of the spinal cord has reached the pre-determined value or the threshold value of spinal cord angle in comparison with posture indication position. The sensor used in this device is flexible and thereby can be fixed to the fabrics so that the patients can wear them regularly. The trigger or stimulus given by our system which is done by using IOT will make the people to change their postures to prevent themselves from this disorder. Overall, the analysis performed implements the proposed idea as a monitoring system that can be used to identify body posture variations related to different levels of engaged users while performing cognitive tasks. Our model is also embedded with a pulse monitoring facility for easy diagnosis. Since it is a wearable one it can be used by young age people, middle age people as well as older age people.

13. Design of Multistar Fractal Microstrip Patch Antenna for Multiband Application

    R. Jothi Chitra, M. Mukesh Khanna, M. Rakesh, A. Praveen Kumar, J. Jerin Godbell, R. Nivetha, C. H. Amulya Nissy

    Abstract

    A new multistar fractal microstrip patch antenna is introduced in this paper for multiband applications. The proposed antenna is designed to resonate within the frequency range of the WiMAX, WLAN, S and C bands. The action of a multiband is studied by constructing five star-shaped structures in the same Substrate. The proposed antenna uses FR-4 substrate which has a dielectric constant ε_r = 4.4 and loss tangent of 0.02. Increasing the number of iterations will greatly improve the operating bandwidth. By changing the size of the transmitter, the antenna can work for multiband mode by adding additional four star-shaped structures. The parameters of the antenna such as return loss, VSWR, radiation pattern and gain are simulated and then described using CST Microwave Studio.

14. Design of a 48 V BLDC Motor for Military Application

    G. Moorthy, G. Shanmugaraj, R. Sankar Raj, J. Swetha, P. Gunavathi, R. Jeyaprakashini

    Abstract

    Electromechanical actuators are increasingly used in aerospace applications, particularly for all electrical and space aircraft. In the recent years, unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV) have gained widespread applications. Here an electromechanical actuator is used to control the speed and position of the nose landing gear for military purpose. The hydraulic actuators had been replaced into electromechanical actuators (EMA) which has the ability to control and monitor torque. The EMA consists of a BLDC motor which has an advantage of high efficiency and excellent controllability. The main challenge of using BLDC motor in this application is that it should have good size and torque ratio with reasonable efficiency. For this reason, design has to be made analytically and motor FEA analysis has to be done with transient electromagnetic analysis for motor effectively before prototype. In this project, a 48 V BLDC motor is designed by using JMAG-Designer software. This software provides to verify the FEA analysis under transient condition. The JMAG software has the ability to evaluate all the motor characteristics like torque–speed characteristics, loss characteristics, inductance characteristics, etc. Finally, the results are inferred how the efficiency is improved with the proposed design, and the graphs generated are used to infer the design proficiency.

15. Enhanced SURF- and Wavelet-Based Underwater Image Stitching

    G. Babu, B. Sridevi, T. Divyani, M. Monisha, D. Pavithra

    Abstract

    Underwater images are used in numerous scientific applications in the fields of marine geology, archaeology, military reconnaissance, finding underwater resources, detection of temporal changes under the sea, environment damage assessment, etc. Stitching these underwater images to obtain a clear view is a challenging and interesting problem for researchers. Several advances have been made to stitch normal images, but the problem of stitching underwater images has been poorly exploded because underwater images suffer from poor visibility conditions. Since underwater images are captured by unmanned underwater vehicles (UAVs), the orientation of the images obtained also introduces an difficult problem. An effective underwater image stitching technique is proposed in this paper. The images obtained from a particular location are oriented in correct angle using self-organizing map (SOM). The features of the oriented images are obtained with the help of speeded-up robust feature (SURF) registration technique. Hessian matrix plays the role of obtaining the feature points because it augments the number of feature points. From the obtained feature points, the overlapping regions in the images are identified. These regions are then eliminated using random sample consensus (RANSAC) algorithm. Finally, the pre-processed images are fused to obtain the overview of that particular area, thus provides a helping hand for researchers in various fields.

16. Multilevel Inverter-Based Power Quality Improvement in Grid-Connected DVR System

    Gundala Srinivasa Rao, S. Sampath Raju

    Abstract

    In the transmission and distribution system, the major issues are power quality which is a concern in recent years. The problems that are occurred in the power system are swell, sag, voltage flickers, harmonics. To compensate such problems, the traditional power devices are used. In this paper, the dynamic voltage restorer is discussed with the multilevel inverter to prevent the equipment failures and protect sensitive loads. The cascaded multilevel inverter is interfaced with the DC link capacitor as a source. In this system, seven levels are achieved with multilevel inverter to compensate the power quality problems. This result is achieving the better quality of power improvement in voltage sags. To control the MLI inverter-based dynamic voltage restorer, the hysteresis control (HC) method is used. The MLI-based system is achieving the compensation in distribution network and which results are analyzed and verified using in Simulink environment.

17. Era of Small Satellites: Pico, Nano and Micro-satellites (PNM Sat)—an Over View of Frugal Way to Access Low Earth Orbit

    Dušan Radosavljević, Lazar Jeftić, L. V. Muralikrishna Reddy, K. Gopalakrishnan, S. Mohankumar

    Abstract

    Every nation, be it a small or big, aspires to launch their own satellite to space and wishes to provide an opportunity to their scientists/students, in order to encourage them to continue space research. For the majority of the nations and academic institutions/universities, it is still a distant dream! including former Yugoslavian countries (Bosnia and Herzegovina, Macedonia, Montenegro, Croatia, Serbia and Slovenia). Committee for Space Programme Development (CSPD), Serbia, has been striving hard to provide an opportunity for building and launching satellites for former Yugoslavian countries. In continuation of their sustained efforts since last 2–3 years, CSPD has succeeded in establishing a working relationship with India and paved the way for Indo-Serbian Collaborative Research leading to the realization of the launching of satellites of small nations. This paper highlights the opportunities opened up globally during Space 2.0 era and need for the Pico, Nano and Micro-Satellites (PNM Sat) as a frugal way to access space and sustain space research by academic institutions and small nations to realize their dream in a more frugal way!

18. Pulse Shaping Filter for CP-OFDM PAPR Reduction

    Rajmohan Madasamy, Himanshu Shekhar

    Abstract

    Cyclic Prefix Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (CP-OFDM) waveform is emerging as the best candidate for the 5G technology in downlink and uplink transmission due to its spectral efficiency and multiple access capability. In this paper, the modified parametric exponential pulse (MPEXP) filter is used in the CP-OFDM to improve the spectrum efficiency and to reduce the PAPR. The clipping and the filtering PAPR technique are combined together and applied to the proposed system. The result shows that the PAPR of the CP-OFDM system with MPEXP filter along with the combined clipping and filtering reduction technique offers low PAPR value when compared with the selective mapping technique.