Microbial Niche Nexus Sustaining Environmental Biological Wastewater and Water-Energy-Environment Nexus

Table of Contents

1. Frontmatter

2. Chapter 1. Advanced Development in Biomass Valorization for Biofuels, Value-Added Products and Energy Production

   Loubna Ahsaini, Anass Ait Benhamou, Mehdi Mennani, Youness Abdellaoui, Said Sair, Abdeslam El Bouari, Zineb Kassab

   Abstract

   The quest for sustainable and renewable energy solutions is driving a growing awareness in biomass valorization for biofuels, value-added products, and power generation. This chapter offers an overview of the latest developments concerning biomass conversion technologies and their potential applications. It explores various biomass feedstocks, including lignocellulosic biomass, algal biomass, and waste biomass, highlighting their potential as renewable resources. The chapter discusses pretreatment methods to enhance biomass conversion efficiency and explores production routes for biofuels such as bioethanol, biodiesel and biogas. It also focuses on the generation of value-adding materials from biomass, with an emphasis on platform chemicals and bioplastics. Advanced conversion technologies, including pyrolysis, gasification, and hydrothermal processing, is examined for their contributions to energy generation. Furthermore, the concept of integrated bio-refineries and their benefits are discussed. The chapter concludes by addressing environmental and economic considerations, along with future perspectives and emerging trends in biomass valorization.

3. Chapter 2. Unravelling the Microbial Niches for Enhanced Biological Wastewater Treatment, Nutrient Removal, and Resource Recovery

   P. Sampath, S. Hemapriya, P. Sankar Ganesh

   Abstract

   The increasing global population and industrialization have led to a significant rise in wastewater generation, necessitating the development of sustainable, efficient, and eco-friendly wastewater treatment methods. A profound investigation is required to study the complex interactions between diverse microbial communities that play a vital role in the biodegradation of pollutants and nutrient removal. The microorganisms widely involved in the biological wastewater treatment process include nitrifying bacteria, denitrifying bacteria, phosphate-accumulating microorganisms, anammox bacteria, methanogenic archaea, sulphate-reducing bacteria, and fermentative bacteria. This chapter describes the exploration of microbial niches as a promising approach to enhance biological wastewater treatment, focusing on resource recovery and nutrient removal. In addition, it highlights the critical challenges and limitations of employing microbial niche-based wastewater treatment. The key challenges discussed include the microbial communities’ sensitivity to complex environmental parameters such as pH, temperature, dissolved oxygen, substrate availability, and toxicity inhibitors. Process engineering is critical in effectively screening the potent microorganisms in treating wastewater. On this basis, various reactor systems, such as membrane bioreactors, fixed bed biofilm reactors, and sequential batch reactor systems, were designed to enable microbial growth. Providing suitable microbial niches can produce value-added products such as bioplastics, bioenergy, and biofertilizers during wastewater treatment, leading to a circular economy. In conclusion, understanding microbial niches enables sustainable and efficient biological wastewater treatment.

4. Chapter 3. Advanced Technologies in Desalination and Waste Water Treatment

   Puspendu Choudhury, Soma Nag

   Abstract

   The chapter highlights a diverse range of innovative approaches and technologies aimed at addressing the global challenge of water scarcity and improving water desalination and treatment processes. Environment in modern society, especially the water bodies are contaminated with variety of organic and inorganic pollutants, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PHAs), micro plastics, pharmaceutical and personal care products, enzymes and other bio-reactive materials. They are difficult to detect and treat in conventional treatment processes. A large number of technical progresses have been emerged in the field of wastewater treatment in last few years. In this book chapter, the new advanced technologies in desalination and waste water treatment, including direct and indirect methods, are comprehensively presented. Solar-driven methods, such as solar water evaporation desalination, leverage abundant sunlight to provide sustainable solutions for freshwater production, particularly in arid regions. Efficient brine disposal methods play a crucial role in mitigating environmental concerns associated with desalination by reducing pollution and waste. A number of membrane based systems, electro dialysis, porous ceramic membranes and polymer composites offer unique solutions for both desalination and wastewater treatment. The chapter will provide useful information on the environment friendly advanced technologies in desalination and wastewater treatment processes to meet the world’s increasing demand for clean and accessible water resources.

5. Chapter 4. Cultivating Power: A Conceptual Review on Harnessing Bio-derived Activated Carbon for Advanced Electrical Energy Storage in the Environmentally Conscious Era

   Matbiangthew Shadap, Sakunthala Ayyasamy

   Abstract

   In this Chapter, we will perform an overview of the application of activated carbon solely derived from bio sources in the field of storage of electrical energy. From previous studies and literature survey, activated carbon has proven to be a very vital material renowned for its large surface area and its adsorption abilities and have a very significant role in influencing the electrical energy storage capability. In the first section of this chapter, a fundamental and foundational understanding is provided of the characteristics of activated carbon and its degree of relevance to the energy storage mechanism. A part of this chapter is also devoted to the emerging use of bio-sourced materials, including wood, coconut shells, agricultural residues, forestry waste, Aquatic waste, and many more as eco-friendly sources for activated carbon production. A comprehensive survey and review are also done on the activation processes involving both physical and chemical methods elucidating the direct influence of activation conditions on pore structure and surface properties. Characterization techniques to assess pore distribution and surface area are expounded upon, with an emphasis on the interplay between the precursor used, the activation process, and the final material attributes. Since energy storage is a vast ocean, the chapter narrows down to the realm of supercapacitors which has seen a rapid increase in research in recent decades, illustrating how bio-derived activated carbon contributes to swift charge cycle, high power density, and sustainable energy solution. Hybrid energy storage is also briefly touched, amalgamating supercapacitors and batteries which emerges as an exciting frontier delivering augmented energy and power densities for specific applications. The role of activated carbon derived from bio-sources is explored showcasing its potential enhancement of the anode performance and stability. Furthermore, the chapter also provides a glance at how bio-based activated carbon can be integrated into renewable energy systems for enhancing grid stability and efficiency. The chapter also makes an immense emphasis on environmental consideration, and existing challenges about avenues for future advancement which further advocates for sustainable practices and innovative approaches. In conclusion, this chapter will shed light on the untapped potential of activated carbon from bio-sources, in the hope that it will serve as a beacon and provide valuable insight and directions for enthusiastic researchers and practitioners in the dynamic landscape of electrical energy storage.

6. Chapter 5. Innovative Bio-Green Technologies for Sequestration of Carbon Dioxide and Utilisation for Sustainable Energy

   Prasann Kumar, Joginder Singh

   Abstract

   The urgent need to address global carbon dioxide (CO₂) emissions has spurred the development of innovative bio-green technologies that capture and sequester CO₂ from various sources and leverage this captured carbon for sustainable energy generation. This abstract explores the paradigm of harnessing nature-inspired processes to sequester CO₂ and concurrently produce renewable energy, contributing to both carbon reduction and energy sustainability. Innovative bio-green technologies encompass diverse approaches that capitalise on natural processes, such as photosynthesis and microbial metabolism, to sequester CO₂ while creating valuable energy products. This abstract delves into the conceptual foundation of these technologies, outlining how they integrate principles from biology, chemistry, and engineering to achieve a harmonious balance between environmental benefits and energy needs. The abstract discusses vital techniques, including bioelectrochemical systems, algal biorefineries, and microbial electrosynthesis, which utilise living organisms to drive CO₂ sequestration and energy production. These technologies leverage the inherent capabilities of microorganisms and plants to capture CO₂, convert it into biofuels, chemicals, and electricity, and contribute to a circular carbon economy. Furthermore, the abstract highlights the role of advanced materials, such as nanostructured catalysts and electrode materials, in enhancing the efficiency and scalability of bio-green technologies. These materials catalyse electrochemical reactions, enabling higher conversion rates and optimising energy production. These bio-green technologies’ societal and environmental implications are discussed, emphasising their potential to address multiple sustainability challenges simultaneously. By converting CO₂ emissions into valuable energy resources, these approaches mitigate climate change, reduce dependence on fossil fuels, and promote a more resilient energy infrastructure. Challenges such as system integration, scalability, and economic viability are acknowledged, underscoring the importance of continued research and development. Collaboration between academia, industry, and policymakers is essential to advance these technologies from the laboratory to large-scale implementation. In conclusion, this chapter underscores the transformative potential of innovative bio-green technologies in sequestering carbon dioxide while simultaneously meeting energy demands. By mimicking and enhancing natural processes, these technologies bridge the gap between environmental preservation and sustainable energy generation. As the global imperative for carbon reduction intensifies, these bio-green solutions offer a promising pathway towards a more sustainable and resilient future.

7. Chapter 6. Microbial Stoichiometry of Ethylene Glycol in Polyethylene Terephthalate Wastewater Treatment Plant

   Saikat Banerjee, Sivamani Selvaraju

   Abstract

   A type of polyester called polyethylene terephthalate (PET) is used to make plastic bottles and containers for food, drink, and cosmetics. IN this manuscript, the focus will be on overview of PET manufacturing process and treatment plant of PET wastewater, and stoichiometry of microbial reactions in sequencing batch reactor (SBR) of PET wastewater treatment plant. PET is generally produced via two different routes: (i) Transesterification of dimethyl terephthalate (DMT) with ethylene glycol (EG) to produce 2-hydroxyethylterephthalate (HET) (also called diglycol terephthalate, DGT) and methanol. The reaction of 2-hydroxyethyl terephthalate (HET) with a further ethylene glycol molecule leads to bis(2-hydroxyethyl) terephthalate (BHET), which in turn polycondensed to produce PET; and (ii) Direct esterification of purified terephthalic acid (TPA or PTA) with EG to produce DGT and water. The product from the first step is subjected to a further reaction stage known as polycondensation (PC) which produces PET of fibre-forming molecular weight. Wastewater treatment plant of PET involves the process of anaerobic digestion to break larger molecules tonon-toxic substances in the presence of microorganisms. Finally, a stoichiometric analysis is performed for microbial reactions taking place in SBR of PET wastewater treatment plant.

8. Chapter 7. Microalgae: A Green Revolution for Biofuels, Value-Added Products, and Sustainable Energy

   M. Shanthi, P. Sivashanmugam

   Abstract

   This chapter explores the cutting-edge developments in microalgae biotechnology with a focus on their uses in the biofuel production, value enhanced products and sustainable energy. As the world seeks a shift to cleaner, more sustainable sources of energy, microalgae are offering promising and flexible solutions. Their speedy growth rate and greater lipid concentration have positioned them as a promising basis for biofuels, with ongoing research focusing on optimizing cultivation techniques, genetic engineering, and strain selection to enhance lipid productivity and reduce dependence on fossil fuels. Microalgae act as versatile biorefineries, producing valuable bioactive compounds, nutraceuticals, and proteins through metabolic engineering. This promotes a circular economy, optimizing resource utilization and minimizing waste. Innovative approaches like photobioreactors and integrated wastewater-based cultivation also harness microalgae’s potential for sustainable energy generation, yielding biofuels and energy-rich biogas while facilitating wastewater treatment. Despite challenges in scaling up to commercial levels, collaborative efforts between researchers, policymakers, and industry stakeholders are poised to unleash the complete capacity of microalgae, driving a greener and more sustainable future with reduced environmental impact and enhanced energy security.

9. Chapter 8. Utilization of Bio-based Materials from the Food Industry for Food Application

   Hong Minh Xuan Nguyen, Tuyen Chan Kha

   Abstract

   It is well-known that huge amounts of bio-based materials are generated in the food industry, leading to an increase in concern for the environment and economy. However, the benefits gained from bio-based materials that are classified as proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, and bioactive compounds should be critically considered. The chapter presents an overview of bio-based materials from the food industry, conventional, novel, and combined novel processing methods, and applications in various food products. Furthermore, in order to successfully utilize bio-based materials in the food industry, strategies toward industrial ecology are also discussed. Finally, several examples of successful utilization of bio-based materials and recommendations for further studies of the utilization and applications throughout the chapter are also reported.

10. Chapter 9. Synergistic Removal of Toxic Contaminants from Effluent

    D. Angelene Hannah Jebarani, Abdul Azeez Nazeer, Sudarshana Deepa Vijaykumar

    Abstract

    In this book on the potential of microbes in effluent treatment and energy production, this chapter focuses on the synergistic approaches to enhance the remediation of toxic contaminants in effluents. Effective removal of variable toxic wastes (inorganic and organic) from industrial effluents is not possible with a preset spectrum of microbial agents. Various synergistic approaches are being tested across the globe wherein the metabolic degradation of toxic wastes by microbes is enhanced by physical support, chemical catalysis, or mechanical acceleration. The microbial remediation technology provides the advantage of removing unknown contaminants that cannot be optimally removed by conventional methods. Hence this chapter will deliberate the niche of microbes in the removal of toxic contaminants integrated with advanced technologies. The innovative technologies coupled with microbial remediation are the advanced oxidation process (AOP), microbial fuel cells (MFCs), biogenic nanoparticles, membrane systems, and plant–microbe synergism. All these integrated technologies have proved to be better than their counterparts. The chapter also discusses the pros and cons of these strategies and suggests ways to optimize the cost-effectiveness of these synergistic strategies.

11. Chapter 10. Synergistic Potential of Microbial Communities and Artificial Intelligence in Strengthening Sustainable Wastewater Treatment Solutions

    Anshika Gupta, Akriti Verma, Kalpana Katiyar

    Abstract

    Wastewater treatment is a crucial procedure for preserving the environment and public health, but conventional techniques frequently face difficulties with regard to efficacy, affordability, and sustainability. Efficient wastewater treatment and bioremediation remedies are intrinsically linked to microorganisms and their enzymatic activity, which are crucial. A vast spectrum of microbes may metabolize a wide range of complex organic molecules, degrading them down through their metabolic processes. Artificial intelligence (AI) and Machine learning algorithms (MLA) provide novel techniques for analyzing, forecasting and managing uncertainty in wastewater treatment operations. The idea of utilizing microbial communities and AI to transform wastewater treatment technology has gained popularity in recent years. This premise explores into novel techniques, processes, and the possible benefits of combining several disciplines. It demonstrates how this fusion has the potential to change wastewater treatment, opening the path for a more ecologically friendly and optimized future.

12. Chapter 11. Recycling of Waste into Useful Materials and Their Energy Applications

    Arpita Srivastava, Shalini Pandey, Richa Shahwal, Arunima Sur

    Abstract

    The exponential growth of industrialization and consumerism has led to a significant increase in waste generation worldwide, posing severe environmental challenges. In response to the escalating concerns of waste management, recycling has emerged as a vital approach to mitigate environmental impact and promote sustainable practices. Thisprovides an overview of the recycling process, particularly focusing on converting waste into useful materials and harnessing energy from these recycled resources. The chapter delves into the various methods and technologies employed in recycling waste materials. It discusses traditional recycling practices such as mechanical recycling, which involves the reprocessing of plastics, glass, and metals, and how these processes can yield high-quality secondary materials suitable for manufacturing industries. Moreover, it explores the application of innovative technologies such as chemical recycling, pyrolysis, and biodegradation, which enable the conversion of complex waste streams into valuable feedstocks or energy sources. Furthermore, the chapter highlights the energy applications derived from recycling processes. It explores how waste-to-energy technologies are being employed to extract energy from organic waste, municipal solid waste, and biomass. The generation of electricity, heat, or biofuels from these sources not only reduces landfill waste but also contributes to cleaner energy generation and curtails greenhouse gas emissions as well as underscores the importance of public awareness and policy support to boost recycling initiatives. Recycling waste into useful materials and its energy applications as a pathway towards a more sustainable and environmentally conscious future. By harnessing the potential of recycling and waste-to-energy technologies, society can address pressing environmental challenges while fostering economic growth and promoting responsible resource management. However, it also highlights the importance of continued research, innovation, and public awareness to optimize recycling practices and maximize their positive impacts on the environment and society. mentally conscious and resource-efficient future.

13. Chapter 12. Recovery of Bioactive Compounds from Fruit and Vegetable Wastes

    Kumari Guddi, Isha Biswas, Bipasa Koch, Rajashree Patra, Angana Sarkar

    Abstract

    Fruit and vegetable wastes from the agricultural food sector are produced in vast quantities, and because of their high moisture content and microbial load, they have the potential to seriously pollute the environment. Fruits and vegetables are abundant sources of extremely advantageous bioactive substances that have historically been employed for therapeutic purposes. Recently, these compounds have been employed extensively in nutraceuticals and functional meals. It has been discovered that fruit or vegetable processing byproducts such as peels and seeds contain significant levels of bioactive substances. The fruit and vegetable seed fractions, peels, and leaves can be used as a feedstock for the extraction, separation, and recovery of bioactive substances such as flavonoids, pectin, polyphenols, essential oils, and pigments. Researchers have been motivated to conduct experiments in an original manner to extract these important chemicals by the unexplored potentials (antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antibacterial) of these bioactive-containing wastes. There are many widely used traditional techniques for removing bioactive compounds from the trash. The extraction of these essential bioactive components from waste is a vital step toward sustainable development. One of the earliest methods is fermentation, which may take three different forms (solid state, submerged, and liquid) and is used to turn raw materials into products with added value using microorganisms. Fermentation process choices depend on the type of product. This book chapter provides insight into the different waste generated from fruits and vegetables, their bioactive components and prospective applications, and methods of extraction of these components using microorganisms through fermentation.

14. Chapter 13. Microalgae as Biorefineries for Biofuel and Bioenergy Production: Recent Developments and Future Prospects

    Arjun K. Sudheesh, Alwin Antony, Alwin George, C. Kavana Somaiah, Mridul Umesh, Basheer Thazeem

    Abstract

    Microalgae boasts unique advantages regarding biofuel production, where researchers have made significant strides in increasing biofuel yields while reducing costs by improving lipid profiles in various microalgal strains, incorporating nano-additives, and improving extraction techniques. They have achieved this through genetic engineering, nanotechnology, and innovative cultivation techniques, optimizing the entire process. Moreover, microalgae are rich in bioactive compounds, and this chapter emphasizes advanced methods for extracting and purifying compounds like carotenoids, phycobiliproteins, polysaccharides, and omega-3 fatty acids, which have broad applications in food, medicine, and various industries. In energy production, microalgae generate renewable and eco-friendly energy through microbial fuel cells, employing techniques such as thermochemical liquefaction and producing energy from fermentation processes. Advancements in microalgae-based photobioreactors and strategies to improve photosynthetic efficiency further contribute to the efficiency and scalability of energy production. The book chapter highlights the importance and sustainability of microalgae in addressing energy and environmental challenges. By harnessing the latest advancements in biofuel production, valuable product synthesis, and renewable energy generation, microalgae have the potential to steer in a greener and brighter future. Their rapid growth, carbon dioxide absorption, and valuable compound synthesis make them a powerful tool in our pursuit of sustainable solutions. Embracing the potential of microalgae can lead us to an environmentally friendly and economically prosperous future.

15. Chapter 14. Bioremediation for Food Wastes in Industrial Production

    Tuyen Chan Kha, Linh Thi Phuong Le

    Abstract

    Industrial food waste is currently a significant global issue, impacting environmental, economic, and food security systems. Enzymatic bioremediation, well-known as the biological treatment of organic waste under controlled conditions to immobilize or transform it into simpler and less toxic substances, is widely applied in the food processing industry to address food waste. This chapter provides a general overview and classification of food waste generated at different points in the food chain. It explores the applications of enzymes in bioremediation for treating various food wastes originating from industrial food production. Furthermore, the chapter outlines several directions for future studies on enzymatic bioremediation for the treatment of industrial food waste.

16. Chapter 15. Recent Trends in the Valorization of Value-Added Biomass from Microbes for Sustainable Development

    Sakshi, Pratichi Singh, Abhay Prakash Mishra, Priyanka Mishra, Manisha Nigam, Sudarshan Singh

    Abstract

    Value-added biomass from microbes is biomass, and yeast, are microscopic, single-celled organisms that are used to create a range of biomaterials, biofuels produced by microorganisms that have additional commercial or industrial value. Microbes, which include fungi, algae, and other important substances. The production of bioethanol, biodiesel, and biohydrogen from modified microbes is the result of numerous efforts. Similar to how bioplastics, health care biofertilizers, animal feed, metal mineralization, nutraceuticals, antibiotics, vaccines, various treatments, and medicines have all been developed utilizing or with the assistance of microbes, several sectors have undergone a huge revolution. Additionally, to maximize the yields of microorganism products, scientists and engineers apply methods like metabolic engineering, synthetic biology, and fermentation technology. This allows them to fully utilize the potential of value-added biomass from microbes. Moreover, the use of inexpensive and renewable feedstocks is crucial to making these processes economically viable and environmentally sustainable. Therefore, the development of biodegradable polymeric materials and their utilization in various drug delivery systems is explored. Exopolysaccharides are polymeric materials with enhanced orspecialized properties that are produced from extracellular polysaccharides ofmicroorganisms and offer economic or industrial value. Exopolysaccharides are complex carbohydrates produced by certain microorganisms and secreted into their surroundings. Theproduction of exopolysaccharides involves cultivating specific microorganisms under controlled conditions to optimize exopolysaccharides production. The chosen microorganism is determined by the desired exopolysaccharide characteristics. Common microbial sources for exopolysaccharide production include several bacteria such as Xanthomonas pseudomonas, Aspergillus, Aureobasidium, Spirulina, and Chlorella. Though exopolysaccharides from microbes have a wide range of applications across various industries and offer sustainable alternatives to synthetic additives and materials in this chapter their pharmaceutical application has been elaborated on.

17. Chapter 16. Impacts of Water and Antioxidants on the Storage Stability of Microalgae Biodiesel: An Experimental Study

    A. Prabu, A. Pradeep

    Abstract

    Usage of stored biodiesel as fuel in engine may impact engine’s functioning and enduringness. The prolonged storage of biodiesel head towards the fuel degradation and oxidizes into gums and acids. In order to cease the issues associated to degradation and oxidation of fuel, antioxidants are used. Though numerous works disclosed the potential characteristics of antioxidants for its oxidation stability of fuels, merely few works addressed the characteristics of antioxidants on dry, wet and humid conditions. Three antioxidants namely butylated hydroxy toluene, pyrogallol and tert-butylhydroquinone are selected for the study. The antioxidants proportion of 500, 1000 and 2000 parts per million were selected for individual dispersion with microalgae biodiesel using an ultrasonicator apparatus and its influence of water on its oxidation stability was studied for the storage period of 21 weeks. This research disclosed the oxidative stability of biodiesel within its storage conditions (dry, wet and humid) and observed longer stability for dry conditions than wet and humid storage conditions. The loss in stability of fuels was identified not because of fuel oxidation, but also depends on its polarity of antioxidants.

18. Chapter 17. Perspective and Challenges of Synergistic Removal of Toxic Contaminants from Effluent Using Different Treatment Techniques

    Prasann Kumar, Joginder Singh

    Abstract

    Dealing toxic contaminants into effluent streams poses significant environmental and public health concerns. In response, research has turned towards innovative approaches to efficiently and comprehensively remove these contaminants from wastewater. This abstract explores the concept of synergistic removal, a novel strategy that combines various techniques to achieve enhanced and multifaceted contaminant removal from effluent. Synergistic removal leverages the complementary strengths of different treatment methods to address the limitations of individual approaches. This holistic approach targets a broader spectrum of contaminants and maximises removal efficiency. By integrating physical, chemical, and biological processes, synergistic removal techniques capitalise on the interactive effects among treatment components, leading to improved contaminant adsorption, transformation, and degradation. This abstract delves into the fundamental principles of synergistic removal, highlighting the advantages and challenges associated with its application. The concept is illustrated through case studies showcasing the successful implementation of synergistic strategies in real-world scenarios. These studies encompass diverse contaminants, including heavy metals, organic pollutants, and emerging micropollutants, and demonstrate the versatility of synergistic removal across various effluent sources. Furthermore, the abstract emphasises the role of advanced materials, such as nanomaterials and functionalised adsorbents, in augmenting synergistic removal approaches. These materials provide tailored surfaces for efficient contaminant adsorption, catalysis, and electron transfer, contributing to the overall effectiveness of synergistic treatment systems. The abstract also sheds light on the environmental benefits of synergistic removal, including reduced sludge generation, minimised chemical usage, and improved energy efficiency. Moreover, the potential for resource recovery, such as metal retrieval and energy capture, adds an economic dimension to the sustainability of these approaches. Despite its promise, challenges such as system optimisation, potential secondary pollution, and scalability must be addressed for the widespread adoption of synergistic removal strategies. Robust monitoring and control measures are essential to ensure these systems’ efficiency, reliability, and safety in various operational conditions. In conclusion, the abstract underscores the significance of synergistic removal as a forward-looking solution for addressing the complex challenge of toxic contaminant removal from effluent streams. This approach offers a pathway towards more efficient, environmentally sustainable, and economically viable wastewater treatment solutions by harnessing the synergistic effects of diverse treatment methods and advanced materials. As research advances and technology matures, synergistic removal can revolutionise contaminant management strategies and safeguard aquatic ecosystems and human well-being.

19. Chapter 18. Recent Trends in Biomass Valorization for Energy

    Mehdi Mennani, Anass Ait Benhamou, Mounir EI Achaby, Amine Moubarik, Zineb Kassab

    Abstract

    The search for viable solutions for valorizing biomass is at the forefront of research and innovation in the current era of sustainable development. The underlying principles and recent developments in biomass conversion for energy applications are closely examined in the present context. The emergence and evolution of biomass conversion processes are scrutinized, highlighting the potentials and difficulties associated with this transformative approach, with particular emphasis on biomass availability and sustainability. In-depth research into improved biomass-to-energy technologies, such as thermochemical and biochemical conversion techniques, reveals the synergistic advantages of biorefinery processes in the energy sector. The design of cutting-edge catalysts for biomass energy conversion is put forward for the functionalization of biomass for energy purposes in the real world. Biomass energy applications incorporating nanotechnology reveal the potential for creative and efficient solutions. Furthermore, the extent to which artificial intelligence influences bioenergy implications is being considered, opening up a promising new field for improving bioenergy systems. To ensure the viability of adopting these strategies on a larger scale, practical factors such as biomass-based energy technologies’ replication and extension potential are addressed. The chapter explores bioenergy’s social and environmental effects while highlighting the value of sustainability and responsible growth. Attractively, this synthesis provides a thorough and instructive survey of many aspects of biomass-based energy.

20. Chapter 19. Recent Trends on Mining of Microbial Tannase from Waste Water Recycling Units of Tannery

    Jeyaraj Pandiarajan, Muthukalingan Krishnan, Thangaiyan Suganya

    Abstract

    Leather tanning is a hard-hitting process where enormous amount of organic load was subscribed to treat the effluent; the treatment was carried out through the Common effluent treatment plant constituting physical, chemical and biological treatments. Apparently, the biomass which thrives in this extreme environment will own the ability to utilize the effluent i.e. the pollutants as the sole carbon source for its survival. Hence to explicit the nature of tannery effluent treatment setup and to employ the different modalities of molecular techniques for the identification of novel organism/gene for the treatment of the tannery effluent. The ultimate aim of the present chapter is to unmask the environmental genomes of tannery effluent at its different stages represents the different modalities on estimating the population richness and diversity with respect to their physicochemical parameters and treatment. The diversity of the population defined by conventional 16S rDNA sequencing majorly represents genera already reported in the public databases. However, diversity analysis using Next Generation Sequencing (NGS) tools reveals the presence of bacterial genus which is uncultivable in laboratory. Therefore, we conclude that it is essential to use both culture-dependent and culture independent methods to analyze the bacterial diversity as well as for their functional genes in any environmental niche.

21. Chapter 20. Applications of Microalgae for Biofuels, Value-Added Products and Future Prospects

    Parama Das Gupta, Rini Roy

    Abstract

    Depletion of fossil fuels, rising demands, and emission of greenhouse gases have upsurged considerable global interest in the pursuit of alternative renewable energy resources. Microalgae have recently emerged as a potential candidate for renewable energy production. They sequester a large amount of lipids in their cell which make them suitable agents for the production of biofuels like biodiesel, bioethanol, and biohydrogen. They are fast-growing and require no agricultural land or fresh water for cultivation. Their growth can be increased several fold irrespective of seasonal changes. Being a third-generation feedstock, microalgae generally do not hamper the human food chain. Furthermore, the absence of lignocellulosic materials in their cell wall makes the pretreatment processes easier and reduces the overall production cost. In addition, they produce a large array of high-value products which gain considerable interest in healthcare and biopharmaceutical industries. Despite microalgae being a potential source of bioenergy and value-added products, this industry is still present in its early days. The use of recombinant DNA technology can make great advances in algal strain improvement for the large-scale or industrial production of biofuels or other value-added products. In this study we will focus on the role of microalgae in biofuel and energy production, various value-added products produced by microalgae and their applications and the future prospects of the microalgae industry.

22. Chapter 21. Sustainable Carbon Management: Exploring Innovative Bio-green Technologies for CO2 Sequestration and Energy Utilisation

    M. Shanthi, P. Sivashanmugam

    Abstract

    During this human-centric era, global warming has become a significant concern for humanity. The continuous increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO₂) levels is the primary driver behind global warming, which in turn triggers changes in weather system and earth climate. The swift in human-induced activities, such as urbanization and industrialization, have resulted in a rise in environmental CO₂ levels. This CO₂ is harnessed and employed as a carbon source in the synthesis of several value enhanced products using physical and chemical approaches. Nevertheless, these chemical and physical methods don’t provide a cost efficient and eco-friendly procedure. Certain cutting-edge and ecofriendly pioneering approaches such as those based on photobiosynthesis, bacterial electrochemical synthesis, bacterial gas fermentation processes and advancing bioenergy technologies like systemic biological approaches, hold the potential to cleanse the atmosphere by capturing CO₂ and generate value-enhanced products from it. These methods have the ability to decrease greenhouse gas emissions, upsurge productivity and foster economic growth. By analysing the challenges and opportunities, this chapter illustrates the feasibility of upscaling these technologies for industrial implementation and their integration with existing energy systems. Ultimately, these bio-green technologies provide an essential pathway to combat climate change and pave the way for a more sustainable and greener future.

23. Chapter 22. Emerging Pollutants and Their Bioremediation with the Help of Fungi

    Prabu Rajagopalan, Manish Tripathi, Raksha Sunhare

    Abstract

    Industrial waste, contaminated materials, and toxic waste being released into the environment is one of the most problematic aspects of continuous activities and industrialization. Such contaminants are known to cause disruption in nature which eventually manifests itself in ecological and environmental processes. These contaminants have a fatal impact on a variety of organisms including humans. Fertilizers, pesticides, dyes, pharmaceuticals, explosive waste, and PAHs are examples of environmental contaminants. Polyaromatic hydrocarbons consist of at least two aromatic ring structures and occur majorly in fossil fuels. Some widely present PAHs include phenanthrene, anthracene, naphthalene, fluoranthene, and dibenzofuran. Organometallic compounds consist of bonds between a metal and carbon atom. These compounds consist of both metals and metalloids. There are several degradation techniques of these pollutants such as phytoremediation which makes use of different types of plants in degradation of toxic wastes. Besides, rhizoremediation uses plants and rhizospheric microorganisms in remediating industrial waste. Among all the techniques, microbial remediation has proved to be the most effective one. Bioremediation is a natural process of removal of contaminants, pollutants, and toxins from soil, water, and various other environments. The use of microorganisms’ bioremediation ability in such a way that it can fasten the processes proves their worth in clarifying the ecosystem. There mediation of these pollutants by fungi is known as mycoremediation. These are diverse organisms and have multiple roles in degradation of contaminants. There are certain classes of enzymes which are derived from fungi and can be used in effective degradation of industrial waste. The present review gives an overview of the sources, nature, fate, and classification of PAHs and organometallic pollutants, fungal degradation of these pollutants by different species.

24. Chapter 23. Fruit Peel Waste: A Potential Substrate for Production of Value-Added Products

    Preethi Kathirvel, Koushika Saravanan, Mridul Umesh

    Abstract

    Fruit wastes are considered as a major class of food processing waste that has turned to be a global crisis due to issues associated with its disposal and treatment. It majorly consists of large fractions of solid or semi-solid waste generated during the separation of desired products from undesired ones in early stages of processing.

25. Chapter 24. Recent Advances in Microalgae Process for Post-combustion CO2 Capture

    Ashish Gautam, Monoj Kumar Mondal

    Abstract

    The world’s population has increased drastically in recent years, and various human activities have deteriorated the earth’s atmosphere. In this sequence, carbon dioxide (CO₂) emission is a challenging problem in the current scenario, and every country is trying to eliminate this problem by implementing the concept of net-zero emissions. There are a few techniques available to capture CO₂ from major industrial sectors: absorption, adsorption, chemical looping combustion, cryogenic separation, membrane separation, and microalgae process. Amongst all, the microalgae process is becoming very popular in recent years due to its large CO₂ absorption capacity, high photosynthesis rate, economical and eco-friendly operation, etc. Microalgae are microscopic organisms that use photosynthesis in which CO₂ is absorbed, and no special attention is required for their growth. It is well known that microalgae grow 100 times faster than terrestrial plants, and its end product is biomass that can be converted into valuable biofuel, i.e., bio-diesel and bio-ethanol. One of the most significant advantages of this process is that CO₂ capture and biofuel production occur simultaneously. Therefore, the motivation of this study is mainly to target the basic concepts of the microalgae process used in CO₂ capture, their recent advancements, their advantages and disadvantages, and their application.

26. Chapter 25. Bioprospecting of Microalgae: Unveiling Their Promise in Food and Therapeutic Applications

    Tanvi Nagda, Ravishankar Patil

    Abstract

    Microalgae are single-celled microorganisms that can be found in both marine and freshwater ecosystems, particularly in benthic and littoral habitats. Microalgae are known to produce a wide range of bioactive ingredients that have applications in various industries such as pharmaceuticals, food, cosmetics, bioenergy etc. Moreover, microalgae are also being used in the treatment of municipal and industrial wastewater. Research evidences suggests that, microalgae are nutrient rich and possesses bioactives with therapeutic potential to treat acute and chronic diseases. These microorganisms can also be used as functional foods due to their high content of protein, essential amino acids, fatty acids like eicosapentaenoic acid, docosahexanoic acid and pigments such as fucoxanthin, β-carotene, lutein, astaxanthin and protein. Against this backdrop, the current chapter explores diverse bioactive compounds sourced from microalgae. We examine multifaceted applications of microalgae within the food sector, as well as their promising therapeutic potential in mitigating various diseases. To conclude, we offer a comprehensive overview of the current landscape and future possibilities surrounding the integration of bioactive compounds from microalgae into the domains of both food and pharmaceutical industries.

27. Chapter 26. Potentials for Biotechnological Applications of Keratin Degrading Microorganisms and Their Nutritional Improvement of Feathers and Feed Resources

    Thangavel Sivakumar, Ramasamy Thangaraj, Kaliappan Nalini, Jeyaraj John Wilson, Shanmugiah Mahendran

    Abstract

    The current study has been designed to investigate the possible biodegradation of native keratin by bacteria isolated from chicken feathers collected from chicken farms in and around Sivakasi. Out of 28 bacterial isolates, two species showed different degrees of keratinolytic activity, with Bacillus cereus FJ 377887 and Bacillus thuringiensis FJ 377886 showing the highest keratinase productivity (20.15 U/ml) as well as the highest value of specific activity for keratinase (165.90 U/mg protein) indicating a great degree of purity for the enzyme. Our present study indicates that the highest production of keratinase by Bacillus cereus and Bacillus thuringiensis was recorded at pH 8, 9 and a temperature of 35 °C, during a period of 48 days. In addition to that the optimal value of ionic strength for keratinase production was 100 mM NaCl. Monitoring the influence of constituents deprivation from basal salt medium on production of keratinase enzyme showed that K⁺, Fe²⁺, Mg²⁺, Ca²⁺ and Zn²⁺ were necessary for keratinase production. Sulphur deficiency has no significant influence on keratinase production. Keratinase activity of Bacillus cereus and Bacillus thuringiensis showed that, the optimal values of temperature and ionic strength were 35–40 °C and 80 mM NaCl, separately. The optimum pH range was (9–10). These promising findings demonstrate a high potentiality of Bacillus cereus and Bacillus thuringiensis enzyme in keratin proteolysis and lead to act as Plant growth promoting bacteria, feed additives, stain remover, goat dehairing suggesting that keratinase producing isolates of Bacillus cereus and Bacillus thuringiensis may be appropriate as a biodegradation agent.

28. Chapter 27. Microbial Ecology to Manage Processes in Environmental Biotechnology

    Suchismita Nivedita, Subhransu Sekhar Behera, Pratyush Kumar Behera, Zahra Parwez, Seemon Giri, Sourav Ranjan Parida, Lopamudra Ray

    Abstract

    Microbial ecology plays a crucial role in environmental biotechnology, offering innovative and sustainable solutions for various challenges. It emphasizes the intricate interactions between microorganisms and their environment, shaping microbial communities in different ecosystems. Microbial ecology enhances biodegradation processes, aiding microorganisms in efficiently degrading pollutants and facilitating effective bioremediation strategies. The concept of microbial consortia is highlighted as a powerful approach, fostering cooperative interactions and synergistic effects to address complex environmental issues. Additionally, microbial ecology contributes to nutrient cycling and soil fertility, optimizing agricultural practices and enhancing soil health. Furthermore, it impacts bioenergy production, driving advancements in anaerobic digestion, biofuel synthesis, and biogas generation. The chapter also delves into synthetic microbial ecology, where engineered microbial communities are designed for specific functions, promising targeted environmental solutions and optimized biotechnological processes. Overall, microbial ecology serves as a cornerstone in environmental biotechnology, providing valuable insights and approaches for sustainable solutions in diverse ecosystems.