Skip to main content
Top

2015 | OriginalPaper | Chapter

6. Microdamage Modeling in Laminates

Activate our intelligent search to find suitable subject content or patents.

search-config
loading …

Abstract

During service life structures made of laminated composites are subjected to complex combinations of thermo-mechanical and environmental loads. The final macroscopic failure of composite laminate is preceded by initiation and evolution of several microdamage modes in layers. This is because the transverse tensile strain to failure of unidirectional composites is lower than other failure strain components. Therefore transverse cracking of layers with off-axis orientation with respect to the main load direction, caused by combined action of transverse tensile stress and shear stress, is usually the first mode of damage (Parvizi and Bailey, J. Mater. Sci. 13:2131–2136, 1978 [1]; Jamison et al., ASTM STP 836:21–55, 1984 [2]).

Dont have a licence yet? Then find out more about our products and how to get one now:

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

  • über 102.000 Bücher
  • über 537 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

  • Automobil + Motoren
  • Bauwesen + Immobilien
  • Business IT + Informatik
  • Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
  • Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
  • Finance + Banking
  • Management + Führung
  • Marketing + Vertrieb
  • Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe
  • Versicherung + Risiko

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Springer Professional "Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

  • über 67.000 Bücher
  • über 390 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

  • Automobil + Motoren
  • Bauwesen + Immobilien
  • Business IT + Informatik
  • Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
  • Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
  • Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe




 

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Appendix
Available only for authorised users
Literature
1.
go back to reference Parvizi, A., Bailey, J.E.: On multiple transverse cracking in glass fibre epoxy cross-ply laminates. J. Mater. Sci. 13, 2131–2136 (1978)CrossRef Parvizi, A., Bailey, J.E.: On multiple transverse cracking in glass fibre epoxy cross-ply laminates. J. Mater. Sci. 13, 2131–2136 (1978)CrossRef
2.
go back to reference Jamison, R.D., Schulte, K., Reifsnider, K.L., Stinchcomb, W.W.: Characterization and analysis of damage mechanisms in tension-tension fatigue of graphite/epoxy laminates. In effects of defects in composite materials. ASTM STP 836, American Society for Testing and Materials, pp. 21–55. (1984) Jamison, R.D., Schulte, K., Reifsnider, K.L., Stinchcomb, W.W.: Characterization and analysis of damage mechanisms in tension-tension fatigue of graphite/epoxy laminates. In effects of defects in composite materials. ASTM STP 836, American Society for Testing and Materials, pp. 21–55. (1984)
3.
go back to reference Ogin, S.L., Smith, P.A., Beaumont, P.W.R.: Matrix cracking and stiffness reduction during the fatigue of a [0/90]s GFRP laminate. Compos. Sci. Technol. 22, 23–31 (1985)CrossRef Ogin, S.L., Smith, P.A., Beaumont, P.W.R.: Matrix cracking and stiffness reduction during the fatigue of a [0/90]s GFRP laminate. Compos. Sci. Technol. 22, 23–31 (1985)CrossRef
4.
go back to reference Kashtalyan, M., Soutis, C.: Analysis of composite laminates with intra and interlaminar damage. Prog. Aerosp. Sci. 41, 152–173 (2005)CrossRef Kashtalyan, M., Soutis, C.: Analysis of composite laminates with intra and interlaminar damage. Prog. Aerosp. Sci. 41, 152–173 (2005)CrossRef
5.
go back to reference Takeda, N., Ogihara, S., Kobayashi, A.: Microscopic fatigue damage progress in CFRP cross-ply laminates. Composites 26, 859–867 (1995)CrossRef Takeda, N., Ogihara, S., Kobayashi, A.: Microscopic fatigue damage progress in CFRP cross-ply laminates. Composites 26, 859–867 (1995)CrossRef
6.
go back to reference Bechel, V.T., camping, J.D., Kim, R.Y.: Cryogenic/elevated temperature cycling induced leakage path in PMCs. Compos. B Eng. 36(2), 171–182 (2005)CrossRef Bechel, V.T., camping, J.D., Kim, R.Y.: Cryogenic/elevated temperature cycling induced leakage path in PMCs. Compos. B Eng. 36(2), 171–182 (2005)CrossRef
7.
go back to reference Nairn, J., Hu, S.: Matrix microcracking. In: Pipes, R.B., Talreja, R. (ed.) Computational Materials series. Dam. Mech. Comp. Mater. vol. 9, pp. 187–243. Elsevier, Amsterdam (1994) Nairn, J., Hu, S.: Matrix microcracking. In: Pipes, R.B., Talreja, R. (ed.) Computational Materials series. Dam. Mech. Comp. Mater. vol. 9, pp. 187–243. Elsevier, Amsterdam (1994)
8.
go back to reference Berthelot, J.-M.: Transverse cracking and delamination in cross-ply glass-fiber and carbon-fiber reinforced plastic laminates: static and fatigue loading. Appl. Mech. Rev. 56(1), 111–147 (2003)CrossRef Berthelot, J.-M.: Transverse cracking and delamination in cross-ply glass-fiber and carbon-fiber reinforced plastic laminates: static and fatigue loading. Appl. Mech. Rev. 56(1), 111–147 (2003)CrossRef
9.
go back to reference Peters, P.W.M.: The strength distribution of 90-plies in 0/90/0 Graphite-Epoxy laminates. J. Compos. Mater. 18, 545–556 (1984)CrossRef Peters, P.W.M.: The strength distribution of 90-plies in 0/90/0 Graphite-Epoxy laminates. J. Compos. Mater. 18, 545–556 (1984)CrossRef
10.
go back to reference Varna J.: Quantification of damage and evolution modeling in multidirectional laminates. In: Proceedings of the 27th RISÖ International Symposium on Material Science, Roskilde, Denmark, pp. 349–356 (2006) Varna J.: Quantification of damage and evolution modeling in multidirectional laminates. In: Proceedings of the 27th RISÖ International Symposium on Material Science, Roskilde, Denmark, pp. 349–356 (2006)
11.
go back to reference Huang, Y., Varna, J., Talreja, R.: The effect of manufacturing quality on transverse cracking in cross ply laminates. In: Bhattacharyya, D., Lin, R., Srivatsan, T. (eds.) Processing and Fabrication of Advanced Materials. Centre for Advanced Composite Materials, vol. XlX, s. 552–559, 8 s. University of Auckland, Auckland (2011) Huang, Y., Varna, J., Talreja, R.: The effect of manufacturing quality on transverse cracking in cross ply laminates. In: Bhattacharyya, D., Lin, R., Srivatsan, T. (eds.) Processing and Fabrication of Advanced Materials. Centre for Advanced Composite Materials, vol. XlX, s. 552–559, 8 s. University of Auckland, Auckland (2011)
12.
go back to reference Allen, D.H., Yoon, C.: Homogenization techniques for thermo-viscoelastic solids containing cracks. Int. J. Solids Struct. 35, 4035–4053 (1998)CrossRefMATHMathSciNet Allen, D.H., Yoon, C.: Homogenization techniques for thermo-viscoelastic solids containing cracks. Int. J. Solids Struct. 35, 4035–4053 (1998)CrossRefMATHMathSciNet
13.
go back to reference Smith, P.A., Wood, J.R.: Poisson’s ratio as a damage parameter in the static tensile loading of simple cross-ply laminates. Compos. Sci. Technol. 38, 85–93 (1990)CrossRef Smith, P.A., Wood, J.R.: Poisson’s ratio as a damage parameter in the static tensile loading of simple cross-ply laminates. Compos. Sci. Technol. 38, 85–93 (1990)CrossRef
14.
go back to reference Hashin, Z.: Analysis of cracked laminates: a variational approach. Mech Mater. 4, 121–136 (1985)CrossRef Hashin, Z.: Analysis of cracked laminates: a variational approach. Mech Mater. 4, 121–136 (1985)CrossRef
15.
go back to reference Varna, J., Berglund, L.A.: Multiple transverse cracking and stiffness reduction in cross-ply laminates. J. Compos. Technol. Res. JCTRER 13(2), 97–106 (1991)CrossRef Varna, J., Berglund, L.A.: Multiple transverse cracking and stiffness reduction in cross-ply laminates. J. Compos. Technol. Res. JCTRER 13(2), 97–106 (1991)CrossRef
16.
go back to reference Varna, J., Berglund, L.A.: Thermo-elastic properties of composite laminates with transverse cracks. J. Compos. Technol. Res. 16(1), 77–87 (1994)CrossRef Varna, J., Berglund, L.A.: Thermo-elastic properties of composite laminates with transverse cracks. J. Compos. Technol. Res. 16(1), 77–87 (1994)CrossRef
17.
go back to reference McCartney, L.N., Schoeppner, G.A., Becker, W.: Comparison of models for transverse ply cracks in composite laminates. Comp. Sci. Technol. 60, 2347–2359 (2000)CrossRef McCartney, L.N., Schoeppner, G.A., Becker, W.: Comparison of models for transverse ply cracks in composite laminates. Comp. Sci. Technol. 60, 2347–2359 (2000)CrossRef
18.
go back to reference Zhang, J., Fan, J., Soutis, C.: Analysis of multiple matrix cracking in [±θm/90n]s composite laminates. Part 1. In-plane stiffness properties. Composites 23(5), 291–304 (1992)CrossRef Zhang, J., Fan, J., Soutis, C.: Analysis of multiple matrix cracking in [±θm/90n]s composite laminates. Part 1. In-plane stiffness properties. Composites 23(5), 291–304 (1992)CrossRef
19.
go back to reference Lundmark, P., Varna, J.: Constitutive relationships for laminates with ply cracks in in-plane loading. Int. J. Damage Mech. 14(3), 235–261 (2005)CrossRef Lundmark, P., Varna, J.: Constitutive relationships for laminates with ply cracks in in-plane loading. Int. J. Damage Mech. 14(3), 235–261 (2005)CrossRef
20.
go back to reference Lundmark, P., Varna, J.: Crack face sliding effect on stiffness of laminates with ply cracks. Compos. Sci. Technol. 66, 1444–1454 (2006)CrossRef Lundmark, P., Varna, J.: Crack face sliding effect on stiffness of laminates with ply cracks. Compos. Sci. Technol. 66, 1444–1454 (2006)CrossRef
21.
go back to reference Loukil, M.S., Varna, J., Ayadi, Z.: Applicability of solutions for periodic intralaminar crack distributions to non-uniformly damaged laminates. J. Compos. Mater. 47(3), 287–301 (2012)CrossRef Loukil, M.S., Varna, J., Ayadi, Z.: Applicability of solutions for periodic intralaminar crack distributions to non-uniformly damaged laminates. J. Compos. Mater. 47(3), 287–301 (2012)CrossRef
22.
go back to reference McCartney, L.N., Schoeppner, G.A.: Predicting the effect of non-uniform ply cracking on the thermo-elastic properties of cross-ply laminates. Compos. Sci. Technol. 62, 1841–1856 (2000)CrossRef McCartney, L.N., Schoeppner, G.A.: Predicting the effect of non-uniform ply cracking on the thermo-elastic properties of cross-ply laminates. Compos. Sci. Technol. 62, 1841–1856 (2000)CrossRef
23.
go back to reference Joffe, R., Varna, J., Berglund, L.A.: Acoustic emission signals from composite laminates with well known fatigue damage characteristics. AECM-5, 10–14 July 1995, Sundsvall, Sweden, pp. 179–186 Joffe, R., Varna, J., Berglund, L.A.: Acoustic emission signals from composite laminates with well known fatigue damage characteristics. AECM-5, 10–14 July 1995, Sundsvall, Sweden, pp. 179–186
24.
go back to reference Varna, J., Berglund, L.A., Talreja, R., Jakovics, A.: A study of the crack opening displacement of transverse cracks in cross ply laminates. Int. J. Damage Mech. 2, 272–289 (1993)CrossRef Varna, J., Berglund, L.A., Talreja, R., Jakovics, A.: A study of the crack opening displacement of transverse cracks in cross ply laminates. Int. J. Damage Mech. 2, 272–289 (1993)CrossRef
25.
go back to reference Varna, J., Joffe, R., Akshantala, N.V., Talreja, R.: Damage in composite laminates with off-axis plies. Compos. Sci. Technol. 59, 2139–2147 (1999)CrossRef Varna, J., Joffe, R., Akshantala, N.V., Talreja, R.: Damage in composite laminates with off-axis plies. Compos. Sci. Technol. 59, 2139–2147 (1999)CrossRef
26.
go back to reference Loukil, M., Ayadi, Z., Varna, J.: ESPI analysis of crack face displacements in damaged laminates. J. Compos. Sci. Technol. 94, 80–88 (2014)CrossRef Loukil, M., Ayadi, Z., Varna, J.: ESPI analysis of crack face displacements in damaged laminates. J. Compos. Sci. Technol. 94, 80–88 (2014)CrossRef
27.
go back to reference Moore, A.J., Tyrer, J.R.: An electronic speckle pattern interferometer for complete in plane displacement measurement. Meas. Sci. Technol. 1, 1024–1030 (1990)CrossRef Moore, A.J., Tyrer, J.R.: An electronic speckle pattern interferometer for complete in plane displacement measurement. Meas. Sci. Technol. 1, 1024–1030 (1990)CrossRef
28.
go back to reference Parthenios, J., Katerelos, D.G., Psarras, G.C., Galiotis, C.: Aramid fiber: a multifunctional sensor for monitoring stress/strain fields and damage development in composite materials. Eng. Fract. Mech. 69, 1067–1087 (2002)CrossRef Parthenios, J., Katerelos, D.G., Psarras, G.C., Galiotis, C.: Aramid fiber: a multifunctional sensor for monitoring stress/strain fields and damage development in composite materials. Eng. Fract. Mech. 69, 1067–1087 (2002)CrossRef
29.
go back to reference Katerelos, D., Varna, J.: Secondary damage effect on stress redistribution in laminated composites. Int. J. Damage Mech. 22(5), 752–769 (2013)CrossRef Katerelos, D., Varna, J.: Secondary damage effect on stress redistribution in laminated composites. Int. J. Damage Mech. 22(5), 752–769 (2013)CrossRef
30.
go back to reference Varna, J., Berglund, L.A.: Two-dimensional transverse cracking in [0m/90n]s cross-ply laminates. Eur. J. Mech. A. Solids 12(5), 699–723 (1993)MATH Varna, J., Berglund, L.A.: Two-dimensional transverse cracking in [0m/90n]s cross-ply laminates. Eur. J. Mech. A. Solids 12(5), 699–723 (1993)MATH
31.
go back to reference Paris, F., Blazquez, A., McCartney, L.N., Mantic, V.: Characterization and evolution of matrix and interface related damage in [0/90]s laminates under tension. Part I: numerical predictions. Compos. Sci. Technol. 70(7), 1168–1175 (2010)CrossRef Paris, F., Blazquez, A., McCartney, L.N., Mantic, V.: Characterization and evolution of matrix and interface related damage in [0/90]s laminates under tension. Part I: numerical predictions. Compos. Sci. Technol. 70(7), 1168–1175 (2010)CrossRef
32.
go back to reference Berglund, L.A., Varna, J., Yuan, J.: Effect of intralaminar toughness on the transverse cracking strain in cross-ply laminates. Adv. Compos. Mater. (the Official Journal of the Japan Society for Composite Materials) 1(3), 225–234 (1991) Berglund, L.A., Varna, J., Yuan, J.: Effect of intralaminar toughness on the transverse cracking strain in cross-ply laminates. Adv. Compos. Mater. (the Official Journal of the Japan Society for Composite Materials) 1(3), 225–234 (1991)
33.
go back to reference Parvizi, A., Bailey, J.E.: On multiple transverse cracking in glass fibre epoxy cross-ply laminates. J. Mater. Sci. 13, 2131–2136 (1978)CrossRef Parvizi, A., Bailey, J.E.: On multiple transverse cracking in glass fibre epoxy cross-ply laminates. J. Mater. Sci. 13, 2131–2136 (1978)CrossRef
34.
go back to reference Flaggs, D.L., Kural, M.H.: Experimental determination of the in situ transverse lamina strength in graphite/epoxy laminates. J. Compos. Mater. 16, 103–115 (1982)CrossRef Flaggs, D.L., Kural, M.H.: Experimental determination of the in situ transverse lamina strength in graphite/epoxy laminates. J. Compos. Mater. 16, 103–115 (1982)CrossRef
35.
go back to reference Varna, J., Berglund, L.A., Björberg, H.: On the determination of transverse strain to failure in composites. In: 2nd European Conference on Composites ECCM CTS 2, 13–15 Sept 1994, Hamburg, pp. 267–276 Varna, J., Berglund, L.A., Björberg, H.: On the determination of transverse strain to failure in composites. In: 2nd European Conference on Composites ECCM CTS 2, 13–15 Sept 1994, Hamburg, pp. 267–276
36.
go back to reference Hull, D.: An Introduction To Composite Materials. 1st edn, Solid State Science Series, Cambridge (1981) Hull, D.: An Introduction To Composite Materials. 1st edn, Solid State Science Series, Cambridge (1981)
37.
go back to reference Joffe, R., Varna, J.: Damage evolution in multi-directional laminates and the resulting inelastic response. In: Proceedings of ICCM-12, CD, Paris, July 1999, 10p Joffe, R., Varna, J.: Damage evolution in multi-directional laminates and the resulting inelastic response. In: Proceedings of ICCM-12, CD, Paris, July 1999, 10p
38.
go back to reference Huang, Y., Varna, J., Talreja, R.: Statistical assessment of manufacturing quality for transverse cracking in cross ply laminates. J. Compos. Sci. Technol. (2014) Huang, Y., Varna, J., Talreja, R.: Statistical assessment of manufacturing quality for transverse cracking in cross ply laminates. J. Compos. Sci. Technol. (2014)
39.
go back to reference Joffe, R., Krasnikovs, A., Varna, J.: COD-based simulation of transverse cracking and stiffness reduction in [S/90n]s laminates. Compos. Sci. Technol. 61, 637–656 (2001)CrossRef Joffe, R., Krasnikovs, A., Varna, J.: COD-based simulation of transverse cracking and stiffness reduction in [S/90n]s laminates. Compos. Sci. Technol. 61, 637–656 (2001)CrossRef
40.
go back to reference Lundmark, Peter, Varna, Janis: Stiffness reduction in laminates at high intralaminar crack density: effect of crack interaction. Int. J. Damage Mech. 20, 279–297 (2011)CrossRef Lundmark, Peter, Varna, Janis: Stiffness reduction in laminates at high intralaminar crack density: effect of crack interaction. Int. J. Damage Mech. 20, 279–297 (2011)CrossRef
41.
go back to reference Loukil, M.S., Varna, J., Ayadi, Z.: Engineering expressions for thermo-elastic constants of laminates with high density of transverse cracks. Composites A 48, 37–46 (2013)CrossRef Loukil, M.S., Varna, J., Ayadi, Z.: Engineering expressions for thermo-elastic constants of laminates with high density of transverse cracks. Composites A 48, 37–46 (2013)CrossRef
42.
go back to reference Varna, J.: Modeling Mechanical Performance of Damaged Laminates. J. Compos. Mater. 47(20–21), 2443–2475 (2013)CrossRef Varna, J.: Modeling Mechanical Performance of Damaged Laminates. J. Compos. Mater. 47(20–21), 2443–2475 (2013)CrossRef
Metadata
Title
Microdamage Modeling in Laminates
Author
Janis Varna
Copyright Year
2015
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-04004-2_6

Premium Partner