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2021 | Book

Microelectronics, Electromagnetics and Telecommunications

Proceedings of the Fifth ICMEET 2019

Editors: Dr. P. Satish Rama Chowdary, Dr. V.V.S.S.S. Chakravarthy, Dr. Jaume Anguera, Prof. Suresh Chandra Satapathy, Prof. Vikrant Bhateja

Publisher: Springer Singapore

Book Series : Lecture Notes in Electrical Engineering

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About this book

This book discusses the latest developments and outlines future trends in the fields of microelectronics, electromagnetics and telecommunication. It includes original research presented at the International Conference on Microelectronics, Electromagnetics and Telecommunication (ICMEET 2019), organized by the Department of ECE, Raghu Institute of Technology, Andhra Pradesh, India. Written by scientists, research scholars and practitioners from leading universities, engineering colleges and R&D institutes around the globe, the papers share the latest breakthroughs in and promising solutions to the most important issues facing today’s society.

Table of Contents

Frontmatter
A Robust Architecture Based on Adaptive Recursive Filter for Gigabit Communications

This paper proposes a novel design which is capable of faster data recovery for high-speed communications such as serializer and deserializer (SerDes). The SerDes is an essential and widely used component in high-speed gigabit communications such as PCIe, Ethernet, passive optical networks (PON), MIPI and HD video streaming interfaces. The high-speed serializer/deserializer is the dominant implementation of I/O interfaces at speeds of 2.5 Gbps and higher. The SerDes works with a source-synchronous interface in which no synchronization clock will be present while transmitting/receiving the data. The SerDes receivers must have the clock and data recovery (CDR) circuit which dynamically extracts the clock and data from the receiving differential serial data. The design in this paper proposes a Nyquist sampling-based architecture that will simultaneously capture the serial data with high redundancy and without any bit loss. The architecture uses an algorithm which also features the adaptive sampling rate independent of the bit duration. The algorithm is capable of estimating the interleaving window between successive bits and significantly analyzes the samples of successive bits and dynamically filters the noisy samples and recovers the bit information and also has the ability to adjust the offset deviations occurred while sampling the serial data. The algorithm is implemented and verified on the SerDes serial receiver at 25 Gbps data rate at 14 nm technology node.

Kothapalli Roopa, R. V. Siva Krishna Addagattu, Kuppili Sunil Kumar
DGS-Based T-Shaped Patch Antenna for 5G Communication Applications

Technologies are advancing day by day after the successful implementation of 4G networks. Now, mobile technology is footed into 5G communication. To provide antenna solutions for 5G communications, a T-shaped multiband antenna has been proposed. The T-shaped microstrip patch antenna is intended to operate on 28/38 GHz frequency. T-shaped antenna has a compact size and planar geometry with high gain. To increase the bandwidth of the antenna, defected ground structures are used. These structures are formed by etching rectangular slots in ground.

Akash Kumar Gupta, Anil Kumar Patnaik, S. Suresh, P. Satish Rama Chowdary, M. Vamshi Krishna
Cascaded Operation of Hybrid Multilevel Inverter with Optimum Switching Angle Control for Power Quality Enhancement

Hybrid multilevel inverters (MLI) are popular for high-voltage and high-power applications with a reduced number of devices, for the purpose of cost optimization, ease of design, control, and maintenance. The minimum total harmonic distortion (THD) levels indicate power quality improvement to the maximum level. THD can be minimized by optimum switching angle control. In this paper, two 19-level hybrid multilevel inverters are cascaded to produce output voltage of 37 levels with optimum switching angle control for enhancing the power quality by reducing the THD. The system is simulated in MATLAB/Simulink. The THD of simulated output of is compared with the calculated values.

Hejeebu Prasad, R. Kameswara Rao, S. Kranthi Kumar
Performance Comparison Analysis of GTTPC and AHTPC Technique for WBAN with Mobile Scenario

An efficient energy transmission is a key factor to be considered for long-term and low-power operations for WBAN. Reactive and proactive are two important available transmit power control techniques that are chosen based on the channel condition but are present with drawbacks in terms of delays, errors and overhead. As a result, an adaptive hybrid transmit power control (AHTPC) algorithm is used against proactive or reactive technique to overcome its limitations. However, the AHTPC which is used also possesses some additional delays and overhead. Thus, the game theory-based adaptive hybrid transmit power control (GTTPC) technique is developed for mobile condition in WBAN. In this algorithm, both received signal strength indicator (RSSI), signal-to-interference noise ratio (SINR) and packet reception rate (PRR) values are taken for choosing the appropriate channel for controlling power. It is noted through the simulation results that the proposed GTTPC technique achieves reduced overhead, delay and energy consumption with enhanced delivery ratio and residual energy compared to AHTPC techniques.

M. Raj Kumar Naik, P. Samundiswary
A Comprehensive Study and Evaluation of Recommender Systems

This paper presents a brief study within the field of recommender systems and describes the current generation of recommender system tools and evaluation metrics. Recommender system comprises of three methods, namely content-based filtering, collaborative filtering, and hybrid filtering algorithms. It addresses two common scenarios in collaborative filtering: rating prediction and item recommendation. There are many well-known accuracy metrics which replicate evaluation goals. This paper describes a few framework and libraries of recommender system that implements a state-of-the-art algorithmic rule furthermore as series of evaluation metric. We tend to find which recommender system tool performs quicker than different, whereas achieving competitive evaluating performance with steering for the comprehensive evaluation and choice of recommender algorithm.

A. Vineela, G. Lavanya Devi, Naresh Nelaturi, G. Dasavatara Yadav
LBPH-Based Face Recognition System for Attendance Management

Facial recognition is the mostly used biometric technique for identification and acknowledgment of people automatically. This technology is widely used in fields, such as surveillance systems, criminal identification, law enforcement and banking. On the other hand, facial recognition systems do not need any direct contact and acceptance of the person/user. Surveillance cameras at various locations have helped to identify crimes/criminals. Also, this technology can be further used for many user-friendly applications like finding the participations of people at various programs, attendance monitoring at workplaces, universities/colleges, to restrict unauthorized entries, etc. Traditional manual attendance marking as well as biometric fingerprint methods is a time-taking procedure for instructors as well as students in academic fields. This paper discusses about the usage of facial recognition technique to label the participation of the student automatically. To reduce the faults of other systems, face recognition system using LBPH is implemented.

P. Lavanya, G. Lavanya Devi, K. Srinivasa Rao
Proposed Pipeline Clocking Scheme for Microarchitecture Data Propagation Delay Minimization

With the pipeline design, high data throughput is obtained. A pipeline works like an assembly line, before the prior data has finished, the new data can be processed. The core elements of the pipeline system are the flip-flops, and those flip-flops form the registers for the pipeline stages. In this paper, a proposed pipeline scheme is presented to avoid the halfway situation or unpredictable state due to the effect of flip-flops setup and hold times. A comparison with other pipeline schemes with respect to data propagation delay is also present. Conventional pipeline, wave pipeline and mesochronous pipeline systems are compared with the proposed pipeline system. The comparison process is considered with input pulses in the frequency range of 5 Hz–999 MHz and for three and four pipeline stages. The proposed pipeline system gives the best data propagation delay among the systems when the logic is introduced.

Wasim Ghder Soliman, P. V. S. Anusha, D. V. Rama Koti Reddy, N. Suresh Kumar, B. Keerthi Priya
Design of Metamaterial Loaded Dipole Antenna for GPR

A novel design of a dipole antenna for water detection is developed for ground-penetrating radar (GPR) system. The water decreasing day by day can increase the importance of the natural object water. Because of the degradation of surface water resources, the requirement for graphics of water resource is accumulated. GPR could be a promising machinery to find and establish formation of water. A dipole antenna incorporated with an inverted S-shaped metamaterial is proposed for GPR applications. The metamaterial-inspired antenna is designed on an FR4 substrate with overall dimensions of 100 × 300 mm. By placement of an inverted S-shaped metamaterial to induce additional resonance due to the occurrence of magnetic dipole moment, the antenna resonant frequency is changed from 1.88 to 1.71 GHz. The return loss and the VSWR plots have been studied along with the radiation patterns.

T. Pavani, A. Naga Jyothi, A. Ushasree, Y. Rajasree Rao, Ch. Usha Kumari
Low-Power and High-Speed 2-4 and 4-16 Decoders Using Modified Gate Diffusion Input (M-GDI) Technique

This paper introduces the design of 2-4 and 4-16 line decoders using modified version of gate diffusion input (M-GDI) technique as it reduces the area that is the number of transistors and also it reduces the dissipation of power. The Combinational circuits like decoders which are used in the periphery circuitry of memory arrays like Static RAM are designed by using Modified Gate Diffusion Input (M-GDI) technique which eradicate the disadvantages of the pass transistor logic (PTL) and CMOS logic. The decoders which are designed using modified GDI technique offer better characteristics in terms of average power and delay, and also the transistor count is reduced compared to the decoders which are designed using mixed logic technology which are static CMOS, pass transistor logic and transmission gate logic. Finally, the decoders which are designed by using two techniques in 90 nm technology using Cadence Virtuoso compared in terms of transistor count, average power, delay and power delay product (PDP) show an improvement when compared to the decoders of mixed logic.

Anusha Karumuri, Prema Kumar Medapati
A Sensitivity Based Approach for Optimal Allocation of OUPFC Under Single Line Contingencies

In this paper, a sensitivity based approach is proposed for optimal allocation of optimal unified power flow controller (OUPFC) under single line contingency to eliminate overloads on transmission lines. The approach is formulated based on ranking index (RI) and performance index (PI). After outage of a branch element, a unitary variation of power flow (PF) in every transmission line is attained through RI. It is formulated to quantify loading level of network after a given outage. Contingencies are organized in descending order depending on the value of RI. Sensitivity factors are attained by differentiating real power flow performance index (RPFPI) subjected to system parameters of OUPFC. Optimal allocation of OUPFC is based on sensitivity factors obtained by considering line outages in the order of their severities which is given by RI. The proposed approach is programmed on 5-bus and IEEE 14-bus networks under MATLAB environment.

Srinivasa Rao Veeranki, Srinivasa Rao Rayapudi, Ravindra Manam
Impact Analysis of Black Hole, Flooding Attacks and Enhancements in MANET Using SHA-3 Keccak Algorithm

In present-day wireless communication scenario, Mobile ad hoc network (MANET) plays a very important role, as it consists of many autonomous nodes which communicate together to form a proper communication network. Each node in a network will move in random path, so that nodes direction will change frequently. But, some of the nodes may misbehave which leads to many problems in that network. These nodes are called as malicious nodes which create severe data loss by dropping data packets, and network may loss its privacy due to these intruders. So, providing security is the major challenge, because the networks are more vulnerable to many attacks. Some major attacks like flooding and black hole affect the E2E delay, packet delivery ratio (PDR), and throughput of the network. So, this paper mainly explains on enhancements in security in AODV using efficient techniques called SHA-3 Keccak and dynamic threshold routing algorithm.

T. Sairam Vamsi, T. Sudheer Kumar, M. Vamsi Krishna
Reconfigurable Rectangular Microstrip Patch Antenna for S-Band Applications

A novel reconfigurable rectangular microstrip patch antenna (RMPA) is presented for S-band applications which can be switchable at two different radiation patterns. The designed antenna consists of eight parasitic elements which are connected to the rectangular patch using eight radio frequency micro-electromechanical system (RF MEMS) switches, and by controlling the switches, antenna has omnidirectional radiation pattern in OFF mode and monopole-like radiation pattern in ON mode. In OFF mode, the designed antenna resonates at 2.39 GHz in industrial, scientific and medical (ISM) band, and in ON mode, it resonates at 2.66 and 3.5 GHz. In both the modes, the return loss S11 < −10 dB and gain is more than 6 dBi. The antenna is simulated using CST MW studio and the simulated results are presented.

LalBabu Prasad, B. Ramesh, K. P. Vinay
Design and Development of Hindrance Application Using Vocal and Quick Responsible Code for Railway

According to the fast-growing world, people are completely dependent of technology and mobile applications. In this regard, a hindrance is required at all levels to provide the information about railways through the specific application. This application provides limited services related to railways like train details, passenger name record (PNR) status, live status, train routes, and ticket bookings. This application holds the basic vocal model using Google assistance and functions on analog involvement of the user. The authenticity required for this application is done through quick responsible (QR) code. Through this application, people can perform the operations as mentioned above. The user and detailed information of tickets were purchased, and inquiry is gathered through their Aadhaar card #number submission through QR. The output of this application would be in the form of voice generated by the application. This application is built using Android Studio.

Vadamodula Prasad, Kerru Jeevan Vamsi
Estimation from Censored Sample: Size-Biased Lomax Distribution

In this work, the scale parameter is derived with famous shape parameter from the censored sample victimization of the maximum likelihood technique for the size-biased Lomax distribution (SBLD). The predicting equations are changed to urge less-complicated and economical predictors. Two ways of modification are steered. The results are given.

A. Naga Durgamamba, Kanti Sahu
Fuzzy Controlled High Gain Nonisolated DC to DC Hybrid Boost Converter

DC to DC conversion at high voltage gain is an imperative feature for many applications particularly for photovoltaic grid-connected system. The voltage conversions at large gain in boost converter are restricted due to the diode reverse-recovery problem and the stress on the switch. In this paper, a hybrid boost converter (HBC) that operates at high voltage gain is analyzed. This converter topology has better features like large voltage conversion for the smaller duty cycles, reduced voltage and current stress on the active switches. Also, the dynamic performance of the HBC is analyzed in the closed-loop operation with fuzzy logic controller for the variations of supply voltages and load resistances. The simulation model of 400 V, 10 KW HBC is designed and implemented in MATLAB/Simulink, and the obtained results verify the better performance of HBC over boost converter.

M. V. Sudarsan, Ch. Sai Babu, S. Satyanarayana
Air Gap Coupled Microstrip Antenna for K/Ka Band Wireless Applications

A novel air gap coupled microstrip patch antenna is proposed for K/Ka band wireless applications. The antenna consists of defected ground structure and three-layer stacking of two FR4-epoxy and one air gap with two rectangular patches layered vertically with L-shaped slot. The dimensions of the antenna are 20 × 20 × 4 mm3. The proposed antenna operates in the frequency ranges of 16.89–33.89 GHz which covers the total K-band (18–26.5 GHz) and partial Ka band (26.5–40 GHz). The designed antenna is simulated by using HFSS EM simulator. The simulation result shows the proposed antenna gain of 9.34 dB and radiation efficiency of 76%.

K. S. Ravi Kumar, Yashpal Singh, K. P. Vinay
Electromagnetic Analysis of MEMS-Based Tunable EBG Bandstop Filter Using RF MEMS Switch for Ku-Band Applications

This paper presents an electromagnetic analysis of EBG Bandstop filter integrated with RF MEMS switch. The transmission line theory in microwave technology is used to analyze the proposed structure by studying isolation parameter of the filter. A fixed–fixed switch with low pull-in voltage of 4.05 V is designed and integrated on the signal line which is equidistant from the two EBG structures of filter. The filter resonates at 14.05 GHz without integrating the switches and is shifted to 15.85 GHz due to upstate capacitance of 41.56 µF when integrated with the switch at on-state. The frequency is tuned to 15.27, 14.5 and 11.4 GHz by actuating the beam to displace about 1, 2 and 3 µm. The switch produces a downstate capacitance of 19.11 pF during offstate and tunes the resonant frequency to 11.4 GHz. Thus, the tuning of the proposed EBG Bandstop filter is achieved by using RF MEMS switches and is efficiently used for Ku-band applications. The proposed electromagnetic analysis is carried out using HFSS 13.0v FEM tool.

G. Shanthi, K. Srinivasa Rao, K. Girija Sravani
Semi-circular MIMO Patch Antenna Using the Neutralization Line Technique for UWB Applications

In this paper, the semi-circular MIMO patch antenna is designed and reducing the mutual coupling between the MIMO patches by using neutralization line and bandwidth enhancement is done by monopole structure, and the proposed antenna is for UWB applications. The mutual coupling between the patches is reduced by inserting neutralization line. The dimensions of the semi-circular MIMO patch antenna are 50 × 25 mm2. The envelop correlation coefficient (ECC) value is 0.002 and the diversity gain is 10dBi. The efficiency of the reported antenna is 98%. The designed structure has reflection coefficients and transmission coefficients of ≤−10 dB and ≤−20 dB, respectively. The presented antenna has stable patterns of radiation, gain, diversity gain, and group delay. The proposed antenna is simulated using computer simulation technology MW studio (CST) software.

Gorre Naga Jyothi Sree, Suman Nelaturi
Multi-Beam Generation Using Quasi-Newton method and Teaching Learning Based Optimization algorithm

Satellite communication is extensively used in television broadcasting and mobile communications. Multi-beams are used in satellite communication to communicate different distinct locations with multiple users. Optimization methods like quasi-Newton method (QNM) and teaching–learning-based optimization (TLBO) are used to generate multi-beam pattern using linear antenna arrays. The desired amplitude and phase distributions are determined by using both QNM and TLBO algorithms. The desired multi-beam pattern is plotted in U domain where u = sin θ. QNM has converged much fast and with less number of iterations than TLBO algorithm in generating the multi-beam pattern. The convergence plots are generated for n = 60, 80 elements using QNM and TLBO algorithms.

R. Krishna Chaitanya, P. Mallikarjuna Rao, K. V. S. N. Raju
Type E Fault Performance Improvement of DFIG Using Lookup Table-Based Control Scheme

The low and high voltage grid faults are to be taken seriously because of low converter ratings of doubly fed induction generator (DFIG). During low voltage fault, using the developed technique, the rotor flux reference value transforms to a new value from synchronous speed to a lesser value or even to zero based on the decrease in the stator voltage. This reference speed increases in case of high voltage faults. This changing in speed is for injecting rotor current at a rotor slip frequency based on the change in speed of rotor during the fault. So, the stator flux DC-offset component is mitigated and making it decomposes quickly by controlling the deviation of rotor speed from a reference value with controlled flux decomposition. The torque ripples, current surges, and overall system performance are improved when the system is analyzed for 50 and 130% of the rated voltage under fault. The system is studied under simulation using MATLAB/Simulink software.

D. V. N. Ananth, G. Joga Rao, S. N. M. Venkatesh Gudela
Positioning Strategies: Implementation and Applications of Major Source Localization and Positioning Approaches Over Indian Subcontinent

The Indian subcontinent comprising of a number of countries has a long border and a large coastline. Hence, it is essential to have a strong surveillance and tracking system to locate and monitor the movements of unknown objects and sources from across the border. Global positioning (GP) of an unknown object and source localization (SL) of an unknown radiating source have thus become very critical from a defence point of view. There are many measurement techniques available for the purpose of global positioning and source localization such as time of arrival (TOA), time difference of arrival (TDOA), received signal strength (RSS) and angle of arrival (AOA). However, for any given application, the precision in the estimated position varies with the measurement uncertainty and measurement technique chosen. This brings about the problem of associating applications specific to Indian geographic conditions with the existing measurement techniques. Hence, this paper discusses the choice of the relevant technique for specific applications concerning diverse fields like defence, medicine, etc. To aid better understanding, this paper uses real-world data collected from GPS receiver located at Andhra University, Visakhapatnam, for validation of TOA and TDOA measurement techniques. The RSS and AOA techniques are validated using simulated data.

Ganesh Laveti, D. Eswara Chaitanya, P. Chaya Devi, T. Vinodh Kumar
Fast Nonlinear Filter-Based Local Phase Quantization for Texture Classification

Texture divides an image into subparts called regions. Texture analysis characterizes region using texture content. Local phase quantization is a conventional method, which gives highest classification accuracy. Bilateral filter is also a good approach to obtain smoothness of a digital image while preserving the edges. Also, fast bilateral filter is another approach for high dynamic range images. In this study, new approach is proposed by integrating local phase quantization and fast bilateral filter, which in turn results in good classification accuracy. Using different filter domain parameter and filter range parameter texture, features such as mean, standard deviation, entropy, skewness, and kurtosis are extracted. Finally, for classification, these features are given to k-nearest neighbor (K-NN) classifier. The new hybrid technique is for testing and training images from Brodatz database. The results of proposed technique are compared with conventional local phase quantization results. Best classification accuracy is obtained by hybrid method for different values of domain and range parameters with different window sizes.

Sonali Dash, Ayyagari Sai Ramya, B. Priyanka
Escalation of Energy Performance in Many User-Several Inputs and Several Output System with Spectral Ability Compulsion

During the system design, achieving energy performance (EP) has been a performance task for the operators, and spectral ability (SA) has always been a predominant metric of choice. In many user-several input and several output system, multiple users have received multiple streams from the base station that has major concerns and an idea of accomplishing both SA and EP. The two important major factors (EP and SA) contention with each other and attentive examine their trade-off which is compulsory. Commenced a resource allowance algorithm to examine benefit between EP and SA in DL-MU-SISO system, which is accepted by standard organization (3GPP). The SA obligation is stiff development trouble wherever the consideration renamed with cubical disparity is defined to exploit EP. Next to achieve maximum energy performance, unique reserve allowance algorithm has been designed. The capability of the planned scheme and the principle trade-offs among energy performance and spectral ability transmissions are validated and depicted by the simulation results.

Kommisetti Murthy Raju, Vemu Srinivas Rao
Nature-Inspired Biogeography-Based Optimization for Estimation of GPS Receiver Position in Low Latitude Regions of the Indian Subcontinent

The concept of biological species distribution in a geographical area laid a path to develop biogeography-based optimization (BBO) in order to solve real-time optimization problems. BBO is implemented on GPS receiver data that belongs to low latitude region of the Indian subcontinent in order to estimate the receiver position. 3D positional coordinates of the receiver obtained by using BBO algorithm are compared with the surveyed location coordinates to analyze the performance of BBO algorithm. From the estimated mean position errors, BBO is observed to be a better evolutionary computing algorithm in the estimation of any GPS receiver position which is located in low latitude regions of the Indian subcontinent. This algorithm can also be used for QZSS and IRNSS satellite systems.

N. Ashok Kumar, G. Sasibhushana Rao
Network-on-Chip Xilinx Implementation of WBCDMA System and Its AWGN Performance Analysis

Communication is a solution to achieve data transfer between various system components. In this paper, an efficient Walsh-code-based code division multiple access (WBCDMA) was implemented. The encoder and decoder blocks are developed using Walsh-code-based orthogonal codes. An eight-node WBCDMA network was developed and synthesized. WBCDMA Network-on-chip communication is realized by using Xilinx ISE 14.7 edition. The area requirements are obtained from the synthesis report and using Vivado estimation tool. The power requirements are analyzed. This paper also concentrates on the real-time applicability of the system that is possible with the help of mixed-signal processing. Xilinx system generator is used to analyze BER performance of the above system under AWGN channel condition. The simulation reveals that the 8-bit data can be simultaneously transferred to the corresponding nodes without the loss of information. The WBCDMA NoC data transfers latency of 20. The power requirements are also minimized (Ahmed et al. in IEEE Trans Very Large Scale Integr (VLSI) Syst 25(6), 2017). Noise impact on the data transfer between different nodes is almost negligible when SNR crosses above 20 dB. These systems can be used to validate the real-time implementation.

S. Rama Devi, T. Vedavyas, M. Satya Anuradha
Comparison of Conformal and Planar CPW-Fed Circularly Polarized UWB Square Slot Antennas for WLAN, WiMAX, and 5G Applications

In this article, a compact circular-polarized CPW-fed square slot antenna conformed on the cylindrical structure is designed to suit for WiFi, WiMAX, and 5G applications. The antenna is designed to resonate in the frequency band of 2–4.5 GHz, thus covering all major frequency bands of IEEE 802.11 (2.4–2.48 GHz), IEEE 802.16 (2.5–2.69 GHz/3.4–3.69 GHz), and 5G (3.3–3.69 GHz), with acceptable gain and radiation patterns for the above applications. Obtained 3-dB axial ratio bandwidth is in the range of 2.95–4.20 GHz. The antenna is designed using semi-flexible RT/duroid substrate having a dielectric constant $$\varepsilon_{r} = 2.2$$ with a loss tangent of tan δ = 0.0009. The proposed antennas consist of F-shaped feeding structure and L-shaped strip line connected to the square-ring ground plane. Initially, planar version of antenna is simulated with FR4 and RT/duroid substrate materials, and compared the performance of these two antennas in terms of impedance bandwidth, axial ratio, radiation patterns, and gain. Secondly, RT/duroid material is considered for conformal structure, and its performance is compared for various cylindrical curvatures. From the simulation results, the conformal antenna with different radii has achieved almost similar performance metrics, except a slight variation in the axial ratio and radiation patterns. The proposed antennas are designed and simulated on ANSYS HFSS 16.1 software.

Sateesh Virothu, M. Satya Anuradha
Design of a Quad-Band Annular Ring-Loaded Circular Patch Antenna with Meander Line Slot and DGS for Wireless Applications

In this paper, a quad-band antenna with circular patch antenna loaded with annular ring with CSRR DGS is presented. To improve the impedance bandwidth, a meander line structure is etched on the patch and complementary split ring resonator (CSRR) structure on ground plane of the antenna. The proposed antenna has resonated at quad-band for wireless applications. The operating frequencies are observed at 2.31 GHz, 3.05 GHz, 4.69 GHz and 5.6 GHz with reflection coefficients −9.47 dB, −22.80 dB, −18.87 dB and −25.27 dB, respectively. The gains at the resonating frequencies are 2.67, 3.74, 4.5 and 4.31 dB. The radiation patterns are also presented. The obtained frequency bands are suitable for wireless applications like WiMAX, WiBro and WLAN.

Mahesh Babu Kota, T. V. Rama Krishna, Ketavath Kumar Naik, E. Eswar Sai Yaswanth, G. Hanimi Reddy, K. Gowtam Chowdary
CPW Fed Hexa-to-Hexa Fractal Antenna for Multiband Applications

In this paper, a hexa-to-hexa-shaped fractal antenna with four iterations is presented for multiband applications. The substrate material employed for the design is FR-4 substrate with a dielectric constant of 4.4. The corresponding thickness is 1.6 mm and the other dimensions are 35 mm. The proposed antenna is designed and simulated with the help of electromagnetic tools. The observed parameters like reflection coefficient, VSWR, far-field patterns, fabricated prototype, and validated with vector network analyzer result up to 15 GHz. The antenna resonates at five different frequencies like 5.87 GHz, 9.83 GHz, 13.43 GHz, 14.63 GHz, and 18.6 GHz. The operating bands are referred as C-band/X-band/Ku-band applications.

K. Yogaprasad, V. R. Anitha
GA Tuned Kalman Filter for Precise Positioning

The Global Positioning System (GPS) plays a predominant role in various navigation applications; their precise position values are required. Kalman filter (KF) is a navigation solution, used to predict and estimate the anonymous state by suppressing the noise existing in aviation control systems. However, the effect is more susceptible to parameters of KF, whose choice purely based on previous experience of an operator. In this paper, the genetic algorithm (GA)-based KF approach is presented. GA technique is used to optimize the covariance values of error in initial state, measurement noise and process noise. For experimental validation, the data collected at Andhra University, Visakhapatnam, is used which is located at (706,970.9093, 6,035,941.0226 and 1,930,009.5821) (m).

Nalineekumari Arasavali, G. Sasibhushana Rao, N. Ashok Kumar
An Optimized Path Loss Model for Urban Wireless Channels

The mobile network planner relies on a signal propagation path loss model to enhance the wireless communication system in order to avail an acceptable limit of quality of service for the mobile users. Hence, it is very crucial to find a robust propagation model suitable for a range of environmental conditions which may be implemented as guidelines for planning of cell in wireless communication systems. Path loss is the regulating factor in limiting the performance of the system in urban areas. It is essential to develop an appropriate path loss model which predicts the path loss values depending on the received signal strength. In the present paper, the COST 231 propagation model has been optimized by making use of Newton’s method. The statistical measures like absolute average error and root-mean-square error were calculated for the frequencies 800 and 1800 MHz. From the simulation results, it is found that the optimized model best acclimatizes with a smaller mean relative error. The lesser value of mean error supports successful implementation of the optimization technique and therefore suggested that the present optimized model can be useful for telecommunication providers to improve the service for mobile user satisfaction.

Sreevardhan Cheerla, D. Venkata Ratnam, J. R. K. Kumar Dabbakuti
A Comprehensive Review on Effect of Band Selection on the Recital of Hyper-spectral Image Classification

In every research field algorithms have been realized by various authors. These algorithms like geo-spatial-based land cover and land use research are to reassess in day by day. The recital of land cover and land use (LCLU) nomenclature of hyper-spectral image chiefly depends on two principal concerns listed, namely (i) huge number of predictive pixels with hundreds of spectral bands as dimensionality and (ii) noisy and redundant bands that may mislead the classification accuracy. When compared with a number of spectral bands due to less training sample instances, they have sceptical collision on the accuracy of supervised classifiers which is called as the Hughes effect. This paper is to study the result of reduction in dimensionality by selecting relevant bands and eliminating irrelevant and redundant ones by varied feature selection techniques. Once the bands are selected, they will be supplied to unlike classifiers namely support vector machine (SVM), Bayes and decision tree classifiers to examine the effect on classification accuracy and also estimate the decency of fit. In this regard, we employ two hyper-spectral image data sets, namely Indian Pines and Botswana, which are used. With a minimal spectral bands subset, it can achieve maximum classifier accuracy with the help of support vector machine-REF, joint mutual information (JMMI) and high-dimensional model representation (HDMR), and the feature selection methods are proposed.

Kalidindi Kishore Raju, G. P. Saradhi Varma, Davuluri Rajyalakshmi
Study of Changes in Land Use and Land Covers Using Temporal Landsat-8 Images

Changes in land use and land cover play an important role in understanding the interactions of human activities with the environment. This makes it necessary to monitor and detect the changes happening over a period of time to maintain a sustainable environment. In this paper, an attempt has been made to study the changes in land use and land cover of Aurangabad district in Maharashtra, India. The study is carried out using multitemporal satellite images from Landsat-8 sensors for the period from 2013 to 2019. The results show changes occurring in different covers including green vegetation cover, settlement, bare land and water bodies. Different classification algorithms are applied to observe and record changes happening in different land covers. The classified maps provide information which can be used by district authorities and other government agencies to take future decisions for development and sustaining environment.

Parminder Kaur Birdi, Varsha Ajith
Maintenance Scheduling of Heavy Machinery Using IoT for Wide Range of Real-Time Applications

This proposed system presents the design of machinery maintenance scheduling system using Twitter feed with the use of ARM processor FRDMKL25Z, cloud service “ThingSpeak” and ESP8266 Wi-Fi module. The sensors in the system intensively monitor temperature, vibrations and smoke in the machinery. Measured parameters from sensors are sent to cloud for analysis through Wi-Fi module by the processor to monitor the data continuously. When the sensor data crosses certain safety level in the machinery, then an alert notification is sent to the Twitter feed. The sensor data is continuously monitored by the processor and is stored in the cloud service “ThingSpeak” which analyzes the data. When the data crosses certain safety levels, then a live Twitter feed notification is updated to the linked organizational Twitter account. We can also set a reminder for machinery service by giving date and time to ThingSpeak.

Jasti Lavanya, P. Kusuma Vani, N. Srinivas Gupta
A Tapered Microstrip-Fed Steering-Shaped Super-Wideband Printed Monopole Antenna

A super-wideband (SWB) steering-shaped printed monopole antenna (SPMA) having a ratio bandwidth (RBW) close to 11:1 is presented in this paper. Partial ground plane with rounded top corner and a rectangular notch are used to get wide bandwidth. Good impedance matching is achieved by a microstrip feed line with linear tapering. A 22.78 GHz bandwidth for S11 ≤ −10 dB is achieved from 2.22 GHz to 25 GHz. A 4 dB average peak gain and a variation from 96% to 57% in radiation efficiency are observed. The simulated far-field patterns in the two principal planes at different frequencies are presented. The proposed radiator can be used for different civilian and military applications.

Srinivasarao Alluri, Nakkeeran Rangaswamy
High-Throughput VLSI Architectures for VLSI Signal Processing

The purpose of this work is to develop VLSI DSP architectures for CRC-32 generator polynomial equation to improve better throughput with less number of clock pulses. In this paper, IIR filter-based design method is proposed. Different levels of architectures are proposed to achieve the requirement. LFSR is used in developing VLSI DSP architectures. These architectures had been implemented in Xilinx tool.

R. Ashok Chaitanya Varma, M. Venkata Subbarao, D. Ramesh Varma, G. R. L. V. N. S. Raju
Reform Initiatives for Electrical Distribution Utilities in Jharkhand, India

In order to lower the cost of power, many countries have started reforming their power sectors with the participation of private companies. The Jharkhand State Electricity Board (JSEB) has been restructured into four different companies in the year 2014. In this paper, the relative efficiencies of electrical distribution utilities (EDUs) of the state are evaluated for the period 2008–2011 through the application of data envelopment analysis (DEA). The analysis of the relative efficiencies reveals the need of efficient reform initiatives for the EDUs of JSEB. In this regard, the present work proposes few initiatives that are additionally useful for electrical distribution sector in the state Jharkhand, India. Grouping of similar types of EDUs and change of circle based on geographical nature are proposed as two efficient initiatives for the distribution sector of the state. The mean efficiency score is evaluated before and after the implementation of proposed initiatives to verify the effectiveness. The findings of the research show the improvement of efficiencies after the application of the proposed initiatives.

Palacherla Srinivas, Rajagopal Peesapati, Muddana Harsha Vardhan, Katchala Appala Naidu
FPGA Performance Evaluation of Present Cipher Using LCC Key Generation for IoT Sensor Nodes

IoT which enables data transmission through different kind’s interrelated networks, mostly the data is exchanged between wireless networks, and chances of hacking. Security is the most important aspect, and the data should be confidential to avoiding hacking. The cryptography solutions are utilized as an answer for improving security and the customary calculations because their limitation setting is not perfect for IoT gadgets. It is therefore possible to use the lightweight cryptographic algorithm as a solution to IoT security problems. However, there are a number of algorithms to choose from the distinctive execution criteria and conditions; the PRESENT cipher template in this paper is the encryption method using the 64-bit key for 64-bit data for hardware-level data protection input. To improve the security, Lorenz Chaotic Circuit with Dual-port Read Only Memory-based Present Algorithm (LCC-DROM-PA) architecture is proposed in this work, and for generating the key value, LCC is an essential design, and DROM is used for S-box design and P-layer design. After designing this architecture, FPGA performances are evaluated by the count of LUTs, flip-flops, slices, and frequency.

Srikanth Parikibandla, Alluri Sreenivas
Estimation of FSO Link Availability for Visakhapatnam Coastal Region

Free-space optical (FSO) communications provide high data rates, secure, license-free transmission and are immune to electromagnetic interference. However, the reliability of FSO link depends on given geographic location and atmospheric conditions. In this paper, FSO link availability is estimated for Visakhapatnam region using visibility data collected from IMD Visakhapatnam. Atmospheric attenuation is calculated by using Kim’s model. From the simulation results, it is observed that the atmospheric attenuation is as high as 30.26 dB/km, 22.77 dB/km and 20.24 dB/km for the transmission windows 850 nm, 1300 nm and 1550 nm, respectively.

Mogadala Vinod Kumar, G. Sasibhushana Rao, D. Amani, Ch. Babji Prasad
CPW-Fed Monopole Antenna for RCS Reduction in X-Band Applications

This paper presents the design of CPW-fed monopole antenna for RCS reduction in the X-band. A basic CPW-fed monopole antenna is designed using FR-4 substrate and parameters such as return Loss, VSWR, gain, and monostatic and bistatic RCS are analyzed. A single artificial magnetic conductor (AMC) cell of size 50 mm × 15 mm is introduced on the basic structure and its RCS is studied. The resultant RCS was found to be more than that of the basic antenna. The size of the AMC cell is diminished to 4 mm × 2 mm and the periodicity of the cells is increased on the surface of basic antenna. With the introduction of AMC cells, reactance on the surface of the antenna is modified resulting in the alteration of scattering properties and hence RCS is reduced. The simulation study has been done by incorporating HFSS 2016.1 platform. From the simulation results, monopole antenna with AMC cells exhibits more than 10 dB RCS (monostatic and bistatic) reduction when compared with the other two antenna designs and the remaining parameters are maintained at the same level (for all the three designs).

V. Suryanarayana, N. Uzwala, V. Sateesh, M. Satya Anuradha, S. Paul Douglas
Performance Improvement of Solar PV Maximum Power Point Tracking Using Sliding Mode Control Algorithm

The extraction of maximum power from solar photovoltaic (PV) is important for the performance improvement of the system. Maximum power point tracking (MPPT) algorithms are used to meet the above objective. In recent years, some control techniques along with MPPT are being investigated to further enhance the performance of the system. Among these control methods, a sliding mode control (SMC) technique is integrated to the power converter along with classical MPPT methods like perturb and observe (PO). In this paper, we compare the voltage level, power output and voltage tracking of the system with and without SMC. The system is modelled and simulated in the MATLAB/Simulink. The SMC gives fast convergence to the MPPT to track the reference voltage and gives maximum power output without much oscillation.

M. Ravi Kumar, S. Satyanarayana, V. Ganesh
Surfactant Effect on Bandgap and Crystallite Size of ZnO–TiO2–CeO2 Nanocomposites

Multiphase, mixed metal oxide material composites at nanosize with wide bandgap are capable of good electronic functionality at higher temperature compared with existing semiconducting materials. In this work, ZnO–TiO2 semiconducting metal oxide doped with 0.1 M CeO2 ternary composite is prepared by solid-state method and surfactants like hydroxypropyl cellulose (HPC) and Sodium dodecylbenzene sulfonate (SDBS) are used as reacting agents. Prepared nanocomposites were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), FESEM, and UV–Visible spectroscopy for the observation of crystallite size, surface morphology, and bandgap calculation sequentially. Crystallite size was calculated by using Debye–Scherrer method and was reconfirmed with Williamson–Hall and size–strain plot methods. The results revealed that mixed metal oxide composite generates a new energy level at 2.6 eV. Nanocomposite modified with hydroxypropyl cellulose (HPC) exhibits good optical absorption, around 16–20 nm crystallite size is obtained and also homogeneous distribution of particles is observed.

H. Srinivasa Varaprasad, P. V. Sridevi, M. Satya Anuradha
TEC Variation Analysis During Near Peak Solar Year Activity Over Indian Subcontinent

Earth’s atmospheric layers are subjected to continuous changes in near-earth space. Hence, the space weather needs to be investigated, and the most reliable method is using satellite system. Widely used technique is Global Positioning System (GPS) which is primarily designed for tracking and navigation. Ionosphere, one of the earth’s atmospheric layers which contains free electrons, is highly affected by space weather like solar flares, geomagnetic storms and seasons. Since the GPS satellite signal travels through the ionosphere, its propagation is affected, and signal gets delayed by plasma of free electron known as total electron content (TEC). TEC not only depends on space weather but also on geographic location, specially the low latitude region (23° above and below the equator). Indian subcontinent falls under this low latitude region, and hence, satellite system applications like precise positioning, navigation, tracking and satellite communication are affected. Hence to correct the GPS delay, accurate estimation of TEC is necessary. In this paper, TEC and rate of TEC (ROT) are calculated, and the variation of the TEC is analyzed. The ionospheric delay, TEC and ROT are calculated for GPS data received on March 10, 2013, from the dual-frequency GPS receiver of NovAtel make located in K L University, Guntur, India (Lat: 16.44° N/Long: 80.62° E). The analysis presented in this paper will help in precise estimation of composition of ionosphere which will improve navigational accuracy.

Bharati Bidikar, Rajkumar Goswami, G. Sasibhushana Rao, Ch. Babji Prasad
A Review on Schemes for Interconnecting Microgrids of Urban Buildings

Interconnected operation of microgrids is one of the prominent solutions to meet the increased demand of electricity by large consumer such as urban buildings. Besides, the present-day urbanization motivations further enhance the power crisis problem. So, this creates major burden on the utility grid and consequently leading to grid failures. So, these buildings can be integrated to share their generation and load appropriately. However, the microgrids deployed for all the individual buildings maybe equipped with heterogeneous energy sources and type of power generation with different capacities. So, clear understanding about the integration possibility has to be known to create above-mentioned integrating environment. Hence, this paper gives an overview of all the possible schemes for integrating microgrids of various urban community buildings.

S. N. V. Bramareswara Rao, Kottala Padma
Performance Analysis of Multiwalled Carbon Nanotube, Composite Multiwalled Carbon Nanotube, and Copper-Based Antenna in X-Band Applications

In this paper, three different materials, such as copper, MWCNT, and MWCNT composite PU/MWCNT (polyurethane C27H36N2O10), are used as conducting structures for the design of a rectangular patch antenna, which resonate in X-Band (8–12 GHz). These antenna structures are implemented using FR-4 substrate, having a dielectric constant of 4.4 and with a loss tangent of 0.02. This work concentrates on the comparison of these three antennas in terms of their performance metrics like return loss, VSWR, impedance bandwidth, gain, and radiation efficiency. Initially, these antennas are simulated using HFSS and fabricated. Their performance is tested using ROHDE&SCHWARZ ZVB 20 vector network analyzer. From the results, it is clear that among the three antennas, MWCNT-based antenna design provides wider impedance bandwidth when compared to composite MWCNT and copper-based structures, whereas PU/MWCNT exhibits similar bandwidth as of MWCNT, but it offers more mechanical strength, electrical conductivity, and thermal conductivity. Thus, both MWCNT and composite MWCNT are equally applicable in the X-band range. Both simulated and fabricated results are presented in this paper.

V. Suryanarayana, M. Satya Anuradha, S. Paul Douglas
Wideband Printed Antenna Design Techniques: A Comprehensive Study

Wideband (WB) antennas are extensively used in biomedical communication systems, due to their cost-effectiveness and high data rate handling capacity. In these applications, printed antennas are preferred due to their low power requirement; these antennas are ready to cover the wide range of frequencies, starting from 3.1 to 10.6 GHz; it has been possible to generate required omnidirectional radiation patterns, and such antennas are simple and small in configuration. In this work, an attempt is made to bring out to design and analyze methods of WB printed antennas in the comprehensive background representation which enables designers to go for suitable structures depending on the application and user specifications.

Gundapaneni Sri Latha, G. S. N. Raju
Comparison of Various Algorithms for Side Lobe Level Reduction in 5G Antenna Arrays

5G antenna arrays are being designed to generate dedicated stream of data to every single user. This results in more capacity and speed over the network along with the least possible latency rate. Depending upon the direction of the user demanding Internet access, the beam can be steered in that direction. Meanwhile, the occurrence of side lobes in such systems can be menacing. There are several algorithms that can be implemented to reduce side lobes. A comparison of three such algorithms—pattern search, simulated annealing and genetic algorithm—is made and the one which has the best side lobe level reduction is implemented. An 80-element uniform linear array is considered. MATLAB R2018b optimization toolbox has been used for simulation.

Y. Laxmi Lavanya, G. Sasibhushana Rao
Analysis of Electromagnetic Shielding Effectiveness Properties of Al6061 Metal Matrix Composites at X-Band for Aerospace Applications

Over the last few years to save consumption of fuel by the aeroplanes, aerospace industries prefer composite materials (fiber-reinforced plastic) with less weight, good mechanical properties like high strength and stiffness instead of metals. But, the major drawback of the fiber-reinforced materials is that they cannot conduct high impulse electric currents and electric filed forces through them which precipitates the structural damage of airplane when lightning strikes. Lightning strike protection (LSP) solution should be considered by the designer to easily allow the flow of current and field line through the surface to provide the aircraft with EMI shielding. In the present work, electromagnetic characteristics of metal matrix composite AL6061 was considered based on reinforcement fly ash particulates at different levels of percentages at X-band. The shielding effectiveness of the composites is improved by 25 dB.

Srinu Budumuru, M. Satya Anuradha
Design, Simulation and Experimental Validation of Patch Antenna in S-Band Satellite Communication

In worldwide, almost geosynchronous satellites are using radio communication from broadband to narrowband which include broadcasting, positioning and telecommunication. At present, there are different types of satellite communications starting from UHF to Ka-band. Out of these satellite communications, S-band and C-band satellite communications are the suitable for high speed data, voice and video transmissions. For communicating with a satellite, a special antenna is required, and it should have some unique characteristics such as low VSWR, circular polarization, high gain, reasonable axial ratio and higher beam width. For satellite communication, micro-strip patch antenna is appropriate because it can be designed to use as a circular polarized antenna by modifying its shape and easily developing a 90° phase shift in the antenna. Square patch antenna has been taken and designed for S-band satellite communication. This antenna is designed for receiving purpose. After designing, the antenna is simulated in simulated software for the different values like gain, axial ratio, VSWR and 3 dB beam width. After simulation, the antenna is fabricated and measured for the same characteristics. Moreover, the simulated results are obtained using CST MW STUDIO 2015 software, and the antenna is fabricated using CNC machine. Apart from this, experimental results are obtained using network analyzer and anechoic chamber. VSWR measurement of antennas has been carried out using network analyzer. Gain and radiation patterns have been carried out using anechoic chamber. Validation of the antenna has been done based on the comparison of simulation and measurement results in S-band satellite communication.

Karedla Chitambara Rao, P. Mallikarjuna Rao, B. Sadasiva Rao, Pavada Santosh
Performance Efficient Floating-Point Multiplication Using Unified Adder–Subtractor-Based Karatsuba Algorithm

The execution of multiplication consumes more time, power and also requires more area than other arithmetic operations. Hence, in floating-point multiplication, performance-optimized mantissa multiplication is necessary to get efficient response. In this paper, unified adder–subtractor-based 24-bit mantissa multiplication is designed. First, single precision floating-point multiplication is designed with Karatsuba algorithm to improve the speed, and later for more better performance, an unified adder–subtractor-based carry-select adder is introduced in Karatsuba algorithm. In this, Karatsuba algorithm is developed by using Vedic multiplication along with unified adder–subtractor logic. Further, the performance metrics are analyzed for the existing techniques with the proposed techniques. All modules are developed with Xilinx ISE.

K. V. Gowreesrinivas, P. Samundiswary
Implementation of Program Page, Read Page and Block Erase Operations in NAND Flash Memory Controller

In underwater, vehicles like AUV’S, submarines, etc., will travel underwater in hours or days depending on the requirement. The sensors and many subsystems are interfaced in these vehicles. The information from the sensors like direction, voltage and pressure parameter, etc., are collected and stored in the memory. These parameters from the memory and saved into the controlling system. The data is changed from min to min. Earlier NVRAMs used as a memory unit. It is heavy in size and suitable for larger ships and not for smaller in size vehicles. So the unit “NAND flash memory” is being used to store data and as chip. So it is suitable for all types of vehicles. Storage can be done in the form of bytes, pages and block types. “NAND flash memory controller” performs operations like program page, read page and block erase. A VHDL program is developed using a state machine for program page, read page and block erase operations. The simulation of the program and waveforms of program page, read page and block erase operations are using Xilinx software. The complete VHDL program testing is done in FPGA. A Xilinx Spartan-6 FPGA is used to interface the “NAND flash memory controller.”

Ch. Harini, B. Keerthi Priya, D. V. Rama Koti Reddy
Design of Low Standby Power 10T SRAM Cell with Improved Write Margin

There is a growing concern regarding the increased standby power and reduced stability of SRAM due to continued scaling in technology node. So, there is a necessity to design a new SRAM cell which addresses the concerns related to SRAM cell. So, 10T SRAM cell is proposed with reduced standby power and enhanced stability in read, write and hold modes of operation. There is a reduction in standby power because of the usage of stacked transistors. P10T SRAM cell has decreased the standby power while holding 1 by 4.9%, 15.99% and 1.68% compared to 8T, 8TG and 9T respectively at the worst process corner FF at 0.9 V VDD. There is an increase of 262.89, 47.566, 261.75% write margin compared to 6T, 8TG, 9T SRAM cells at 0.9 V supply voltage for TT corner. The influence of process and voltage variations on write margin was studied on available and proposed SRAM cells. All designs are designed using in cadence virtuoso in 45 nm CMOS technology node.

R. Manoj Kumar, P. V. Sridevi
Design and Analysis of Symmetric and Asymmetric Staircase Patch Antenna

The symmetric staircase patch antenna for multiband resonant frequencies is presented. The work is extended to an asymmetric staircase patch antenna to obtain a wideband frequency response and better impedance match. A clear improvement in the performance characteristics is observed. The staircase antennas are designed using FR4 epoxy material and Rogers-RT Duroid material using the simulator software and their performance characteristics are compared and analyzed. It is observed that the asymmetric staircase patch antenna gives an impedance bandwidth of about 5.1 GHz, which makes the design very attractive in terms of wider bandwidth.

Bammidi Deepa, P. Chaya Devi, M. Syamala
Performance Analysis of Multilevel Converter with Reduced Number of Active Switches

In a multi-level inverter, as the number of levels increases there exists the problem of an increase in the number of active power switches particularly in high-power and low-voltage applications such as wind energy conversion system, UPS and photovoltaic inverters. Hence, this paper presents a novel technology which is capable of providing the same or more number of levels as that of the fundamental with reduced number of active switches. The proposed topology utilizes a DC link which is the combination of number of DC cells. The DC interface provides a variable DC connection voltage along with the regulated path through floating capacitors and provides the required degree of control for all inverter phases. The numbers of levels of the converter are increased by connecting the DC cells in a multi-cell structure. The five-level reduced multi-level converter (RMC) is compared with various other topologies such as single-phase five-level and seven-level cascaded H-bridge inverter in terms of number of active switches, and the results are validated through the percentage total harmonic distortions.

Sudheer Vinnakoti, Venkata Lakshmi Vasamsetti
Reliability Assessment of a Hybrid PV/Battery Converter

Renewable energy systems with individual converters have drawn the attention of researchers in the recent past due to several reasons. However, individual converter for sources increases the size, control complexity and cost of the system. In this regard, this paper proposes a multiple input converter that integrates PV and battery. The proposed converter possesses the advantages like simple structure, high control flexibility and efficient integration of sources. Most of the emerging MIC topologies fail to estimate the lifetime of the converter which is an essential parameter for real-time implementation. Therefore, this paper aims to evaluate the reliability and effect of various parameters on reliability of the proposed MIC. Further, the reliability of the system depends on various factors such as on the on-state resistance of the switch, junction temperature and values of passive elements. In this regard, the effect of major factors on reliability has been discussed and the mean time to failure has been evaluated. This evaluation aids in estimating the failure rate of the components and thereby improving the reliability of the proposed MIC.

Shaik Daryabi, Allamsetty Hema Chander, B. G. Madhuri, V. Pramadha Rani
Speech Enhancement Using Beamforming and Kalman Filter for In-Car Noisy Environment

The effectiveness of the communication system gets seriously degraded in car by noises like engine sounds and ambient noise, thus decreasing the quality of speech. In modern cars, a lot of effort is put on reducing the background noise. In this paper, speech enhancement cascaded scheme named BEAM-KAL is developed to get the better intelligibility and quality of speech. For this, multichannel beamforming techniques are combined with single channel Kalman filter to get better quality of speech signals which suffer in-car noises. In beamforming, microphone arrays are used to extract the speech signal of interest from a specific desired direction, whereas signals contaminated with noises from various directions are attenuated. However, this technique does not appear to provide enough improvement by itself. Hence, the Kalman filter has been used for its further enhancement. Experiments are performed with real recordings taken while driving in a noisy automobile environment. The performance is investigated with SNR, PESQ and spectrograms and has been shown to produce a better quality of speech.

G. Ramesh Babu, G. V. Sridhar
Performance Evaluation of UWB Waveforms in High-Resolution Radar

The radar waveform design evaluates the target detection, range, and velocity. The performance depends on its structure and resolution. In this paper, ultra-wideband waveform (UWB) design techniques are presented in two-dimensional and three-dimensional scenarios. The ambiguity function is a three-dimensional and two-variable mathematical tool, which demonstrates both range and Doppler resolution capabilities of the waveform. The ambiguity function and autocorrelation functions are used to evaluate the target parameters by studying their surfaces. This paper demonstrates the important results of two-dimensional and three-dimensional plots of non-sinusoidal chirp signals and Barker code of length five. The three-dimensional plots are generated for the above UWB coded signals, UWB chirp signal, and Barker code of length five, and the results are presented. In this paper, range resolution plots of the UWB waveforms are presented and discussed their results in the applications of high-resolution radar for testing detection capabilities. The ambiguity surfaces of the above signals are plotted to determine the range–velocity resolution. The ultra-wideband nonlinear frequency modulated waveform can simultaneously achieve high peak energies and shows high a range and Doppler resolution performance. The delay-Doppler ambiguity function of Barker code of length five using UWB pulses is derived, and their surfaces are examined.

Ch. Srinivasu, D. Monica Satyavathi, N. Markandeya Gupta
Single-Stage AC-DC Integrated Double Buck-Boost LED Driver

The proposed converter is equivalent to the cascade connection of buck-boost converters, by using a single controlled switch between two stages. It is able to supply a lamp with good efficiency, high power factor and less %THD. In this paper, linear peak current mode control (LPCMC) technique is presented which is a simplified power factor correction technique for single-stage AC to DC converters, the advantages of this circuit include no multiplies are required and voltage sensing circuits. The implementation of this controller is made easy by the use of standard PWM control IC’s. From the AC mains, the IDBB converter will power the LED lamps which provides low ripple current through LED, less total harmonic distortion and high power factor.

Thanikonda Yedukondalu, Mopidevi SubbaRao, S. Satyanarayana, M. V. Sudarsan
Comparison of Incremental Conductance with Fuzzy Controller for a PLL-Less Scheme for Grid-Interfaced PV System

In modern days, necessity of electrical power has increased due to rapid industrial growth. With this, dependence on conventional energy increased, the depletion of its sources started, and here, renewable energy sources like solar, wind and tidal energy sources started to act as alternate energy source and are playing a crucial role among which solar is quiet important. The proposed scheme serves two purposes such as extraction of maximum power from a PV cell along with mitigation of harmonics. Secondly, a notch filter scheme is designed to eliminate phase-locked loop, and this filter extracts the real component of load current which is previously done by PLL. As phase-locked loop is eliminated, system dependence on PI controller tuning decreases and thereby dynamic response and robust nature of system increases. Along with this, a fuzzy logic-based maximum power point tracker (MPPT) is proposed and compared with incremental conductance-type power point tracker.

Alluvada Bala Raja Ram, T. Srinivas Sirish, M. V. Suresh Kumar, A. Sai Sita Ram Murthy
A Real-Time Audio Transmission and Reception Over Wireless Channel Using PXI System

Audio signal transmission is a significant part of wireless communication. There has been a great interest in transmission and reception of audio/video signals over wireless links for future mobile radio communication. In this paper, a simple VI has been developed for both transmission and reception of audio signal over the wireless channel by using LabVIEW and PXI systems (PXI-1065). The proposed scheme is based on real-time modulation and demodulation of the audio signal with LabVIEW and configuration of PXI module in real time.

M. Padmaja, K. Prasuna, K. Murali
A Safe and Cost-Effective Algorithm for Automation of LPG Cylinder Booking Using ESP8266

Toward a safe kitchen and stress-free LPG cylinder booking system especially in the case of illiterate households, we are proposing a cost-effective method for automation of LPG cylinder for both LPG consumer and LPG dealer along with gas leakage alert. In the current scenario of the LPG booking system, human intervention is required at the consumer end to book a cylinder. In this paper, a ESP8266 (System on Chip with onboard Wi-Fi from Espressif Systems) microcontroller with its inbuilt Wi-Fi through Internet updates the percentage of gas cylinder weight in a designated pre-designed Web site maintained by concerned LPG dealer, which makes LPG cylinder booking completely automatic. The ESP8266 microcontroller employs a load cell, whose objective is to calculate the force exerted by the LPG cylinder and generate an equivalent analog signal. This system also looks out for any gas leakage and warns the household the same.

Srinivasa Naidu Nalla, K. V. Gowreesrinivas
Intelligent Traffic Signal Control System Using Machine Learning Techniques

Traffic congestion is a huge problem in almost every developing country as the people using private vehicles are increasing each day and the capacity of the road networks is still not up to the mark. Vehicular traffic problem is very common in urban areas as both private vehicles and other public transportation services are huge in number due to the dense population. This problem affects the functioning of the city. Every individual has to schedule his/her day within the 24 hours time limit. However, traffic volumes in urban areas kill potential time of the individuals. Also, huge amounts of fuel is wasted due to the increasing waiting time, particularly at signal points. Additionally, many urban areas are facing severe air pollution issues. This has very high impact on the health and well-being of the society. To address this issue, we need better and efficient infrastructure of the city and proper management of road traffic. Nowadays, the artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) are playing an important role in solving many of the real-world problems. We may use these ML techniques to address road traffic management problem. As the manual maintenance is difficult and not sufficient with the increasing number of vehicles on roads, automation of traffic signal management with ML may result in better traffic conditions in urban areas. The idea is to divide the system into two phases. In the first phase, we classify the traffic signal junctions into one of the three different zones. High-level, medium-level, and low-level traffic zones. Support Vector Machine (SVM) algorithm is used for classification. In second phase, we optimize the signal configuration of high-level traffic zones to bring them to either medium-level or low-level traffic zones.

Mohammad Ali, G. Lavanya Devi, Ramesh Neelapu
An Analytical Review on Log Periodic Dipole Antennas with Different Shapes of Dipole Elements

Nowadays, for the current and future communication applications like radio wave direction-finding systems, 5G mobile and wireless communication, air-borne applications, UWB radar, and mobile imaging applications, the log periodic dipole array (LPDA) antenna is the most suitable, and it can be used as in either direction-finding applications or UWB applications based on its properties. In this paper, various miniaturization techniques of log periodic dipole array antenna are studied and analyzed. Summary of different types of LPDA structures such as dual-band elements, folded planar helix dipole, sinusoidal dipoles, T-shaped and H-shaped top loading dipoles with respect to operating frequency, bandwidth, type of substrate, gain, and dimensions of the antenna is presented at the end. Miniaturization of the antenna is achieved with these different configurations. A high gain and VSWR value which are less than 2 can be obtained by applying these miniaturization techniques. These antennas can be designed and simulated using electromagnetic tools like HFSS and CST MW Studio.

Swetha Velicheti, P. Mallikarjuna Rao
Adaptive Level Cross Sampling for Next-Generation Data-Driven Applications

Processing of sensor signals in modern wireless networks becomes a challenging task because of power limitation at sensor nodes. The data collected by sensors such as pressure, humidity, temperature, speech and electrocardiograms contains only low frequencies. These signals have very negligible variations for such a long time. Therefore, traditional uniform sampling analog-to-digital (A/D) converters make more samples even if no variations in the signal, which may result in the data processing system, becomes computationally complex and needs higher power. In order to overcome this, an adaptive level cross sampling scheme (ALCSS) is presented in this paper. An iterative algorithm is used in this paper in order to reconstruct the original signal. The performance of the proposed ALCCS is compared with the traditional level cross scheme (LCS) in terms of computational complexity.

Viswanadham Ravuri, Sudheer Kumar Terlapu, S. S. Nayak
Image Fusion of X-ray Mammography Using Weighted Averaging GA-Based SWT Technique

Nowadays, image fusion of medical images plays a crucial role and enables the radiologists to diagnosis the diseases. X-ray mammogram has become a universal practice for the identification of cancer cells in the breast. Sometimes, a single X-ray mammography is not alone sufficient to express full details about breast cancer to the radiologist. To overcome this problem, equalization of the histogram is chosen to improve the superiority of the X-ray mammography and then image fusion using weighted averaging genetic algorithm-based stationary wavelet transform is planned to enhance the quality of the fused image. An experimental result shows this proposed technique of medical image fusion which gives improved results w.r.t. existing methods.

M. Prema Kumar, V. Veer Raju, P. Rajesh Kumar
Comparison on Radar Echo Cancellation Techniques for SAR Jamming

To protect a target from detection by SAR, radar jamming is used. Echo cancellation of target is an inventive method which protects the target being detected by radar. There are different types of jamming methods which can prevent the target from detection. In this paper studied different types of echo cancellation methods, their advantages and disadvantages and also the difference between LFM and NLFM radar signals used in echo cancellation methods. Proposed jamming technique uses a nonlinear frequency modulation (NLFM) waveform to increase the output SNR and a nonperiodic interrupted sampling for generation of echo cancellation signal to produce high-amplitude side lobes to perform continuous jamming at the target area.

Ch. Anoosha, B. T. Krishna
Design of Nanoscale Square Ring Resonator Band-Pass Filter Using Metal–Insulator–Metal

In this paper, metal–insulator–metal (MIM)-based single-band plasmonic band-pass filters (BPF) design and analysis is presented. The basic design comprises a square ring resonator (SRR) which is coupled using straight waveguide with gap. The straight waveguide SRR is responsible for a single-band-operating wavelength (1355 nm, i.e., 221.24 THz). Design and simulations are carried out using finite-difference time-domain (FDTD)-based solver embedded in the Computer Simulation Technology (CST) Microwave Studio suite. The proposed filters are used for plasmonic single-band band-pass filter (BPF) applications in photonic integrated circuits (PICs).

Surendra Kumar Bitra, M. Sridhar
Comparative Analysis of Sentiment Analysis Between All Bigrams and Selective Adverb/Adjective Bigrams

Increase in the amount of unstructured data across different platforms serves as a valuable resource for predicting market trends, analyzing product features, and considering the customer sentiment in designing new features/products. The sentiment of unstructured data such as tweets, Facebook comments, and web reviews is calculated by using the polarity and intensity of the words, whereas polarity indicates positive or negative sentiment, and intensity indicates the strength of polarity. In this paper, a comparative study of sentiment analysis performance and accuracy between all bigrams and selective adverb/adjective bigrams is done. The outcome of this research will serve as a metric for both academia and industry to implement sentiment analysis projects.

Mounicasri Valavala, Hemalatha Indukuri
Compact Quad Band Radiator for Wireless Applications

Currently available wireless technologies require antenna of compact size, less cost and weight for multiple band operation. In this paper, a planar ring antenna with dimensions of 34 × 18 × 1.6 mm3 is proposed that can operate in quad band centred at 2.5 GHz (Bluetooth), 3.5 GHz (WiMAX), 5.5 GHz (WLAN) and 8.0 GHz (SAT com). The proposed antenna comprises fork-shaped strip carved inside a rectangular ring, fed by a microstrip line, having a ground plane that is defected in structure with three small rectangular slots and a parasitic rectangular patch placed behind the fork-shaped strip. It is observed that simulated and experimental results are in very good agreement.

V. Saritha, C. Chandrasekhar, K. Murali
Synthesis of Non-uniformly Spaced Linear Antenna Array Using Firefly Algorithm

In this paper, the radiation characteristics of a non-uniformly spaced linear antenna array are synthesized to reduce the sidelobe level (SLL) and increase the directivity of the main lobe. A firefly algorithm (FFA) has been used to determine the optimum spacing between the antenna elements. The computations are carried out for a different number of elements ranging from N = 40 to 80. Finally, it has been evident that for a fixed number of iterations, the sidelobe level has reduced.

Nagavalli Vegesna, G. Yamuna, T. Sudheer Kumar
Timeout-Aware Inter-Queuing for QoS Provisioning of Real-Time Secondary Users in Cognitive Radio Networks

Assurance of quality of service (QoS) to secondary users in cognitive radio networks is a challenge as the secondary users have to use the spectrum on an opportunistic basis, which is random. To address this challenge, the secondary users are classified into four priority classes by maintaining a separate queue for each priority class. The assignment of channels to secondary users starts from the highest priority queue towards the least priority queue. Further, the QoS to real-time secondary users is improved by introducing timeout-aware inter-queuing (TAIQ), in which shifting of the secondary user is allowed from low-priority queue to high-priority queue when its time deadline is about to reach the time deadlines of its next high level priority queue SUs. The results showed that the proposed four priorities with timeout-aware inter-queuing mechanism give less blocking to real-time secondary users with respect to conventional real-time and non-real-time secondary users.

K. Annapurna, B. Seetha Ramanjaneyulu
Inter-user Interference Mitigation Scheme for IEEE 802.15.4

Wireless sensor networks have a wide range of applications. However, these networks suffer interference from each other when many nodes belonging to different WSNs are deployed closely at the given geographical location. To mitigate this problem, a mechanism of prioritized access is proposed in this work. The proposed mechanism is carried out in two phases. In the first phase, requests received from the devices are analyzed. The analysis obtained in the first phase is applied to a dynamic slot assignment in the second phase. Simulation results show a considerable improvement in throughput performance, for high priority data. The effect of varying the active period in IEEE 802.15.4 superframe is also analyzed to know its impact on throughput.

C. K. Meghalatha, K. S. Sravan, K. Krishna Chaitanya, B. Seetha Ramanjaneyulu
Analysis of CPW-Fed Modified Z-Shaped Reconfigurable Antenna for Automotive Communications

In this article, a coplanar waveguide-fed planar antenna is proposed for vehicular communication applications. The proposed antenna consists of a modified Z-shaped radiator and designed on a FR4 substrate with a footprint of 40 × 30 × 1.6 mm3. The design is further made reconfigurable structure for providing switching among the operating bands of the antenna by incorporating the BAR64-03 W PIN diodes. The proposed antenna operates the switching among the complimentary operating bands exist under 2.39–2.8 GHz, 3.32–4.11 GHz, 7.34–9.03 GHz has been observed under different switching conditions. The proposed design also exhibits circularly polarized radiation characteristics under operating bands makes this antenna as a hybrid reconfigurable design. The measured results of fabricated antenna are in good correlation with simulated results. The radiation performance is analysed for stand-alone reconfigurable antenna and the virtual environment on a vehicle body.

T. Anilkumar, B. T. P. Madhav, R. Venkata Abhiram, K. Nikhil Sai Radhesh, J. Harish, M. Venkateswara Rao
Performance of Error Correction Codes for 5G Communications

The coded modulation scheme emerged as an efficient method to enhance the bandwidth utilization quality of the system in 5G communications. It typically makes use of both the channel coding as well as the simple modulation method. This process effectively adds to the performance of the modulation phenomenon comparatively with respect to un-coded. Among the coding schemes, the low-density parity check coding (LDPC) scheme is highly performing. In this paper, the performance analysis of the codes is carried for the BPSK system in AWGN environment.

B. Surendra babu, Idrish shaik, N. Venkateswar Rao
Pattern Recognition of Time-Varying Signals Using Ensemble Classifiers

A new classification approach for time-varying power quality (PQ) signals using ensemble classifiers (EC) is proposed in this paper. To achieve high performance, existing expert systems require several signal features so that these systems have more computational complexity. In order to reduce the computational cost and to improve the accuracy further, a new set of features called moments and cumulants are introduced in this paper to classify PQ events. Further, the performance of various ensemble classifiers is analyzed with the proposed feature set. Moreover, the analysis is carried out with different training and testing rates. Finally, the performance comparison is made with that of the existing techniques to prove the superiority of the proposed features and classifiers.

M. Venkata Subbarao, Sudheer Kumar Terlapu, V. V. S. S. S. Chakravarthy, Suresh Chandra Satapaty
Design and Analysis of Koch Fractal Slots for Ultra-Wideband Applications

In this paper, a design of a dual-band Koch fractal antenna is proposed. Patch antenna has dimensions of 30 mm × 18 mm × 0.76 mm which operates in ultra-wideband (UWB) with a notch band from 5 to 6 GHz. Further, the design is modified using different Koch fractal geometries to observe the multi-band resonant behavior of the antenna. The modified antenna has dimensions of 18 mm × 18 mm × 0.8 mm. By modifying the shape of radiating patch and ground with fractal shapes and by introducing slots, impedance bandwidth and radiation characteristics were improved. The proposed antenna works well for WiMAX and WLAN applications with approximately 95% radiation efficiency. The parametric analysis is carried out for various parameters in order to obtain better return loss characteristics. The design is simulated using HFSS software, and the performance is measured by obtaining the antenna parameters.

Sudheer Kumar Terlapu, M. Venkata Subba Rao, P. Satish Rama Chowdary, Suresh Chandra Satapaty
Pattern Recovery in Linear Arrays Using Grasshopper Optimization Algorithm

In this paper, the technique of restoring the pattern even after the element failure is demonstrated in linear arrays (LA). The process involves in determining the amplitude excitation coefficients of each element in the linear array using grasshopper algorithm (GHA). Linear array with 20 elements is considered for the implementation, while the analysis is carried out using the radiation pattern in terms of side lobe level. Two cases of element failure are considered. In the first case, second element failure is inflicted, while in the second case, the same is repeated with 30-element linear array. The simulation is carried out using MATLAB, and the results are analyzed using the corresponding radiation pattern plots and convergence plots.

V. V. S. S. S. Chakravarthy, P. Satish Rama Chowdary, Jaume Anguera, Divya Mokara, Suresh Chandra Satapathy
Exponential Fourier Moment-Based CBIR System: A Comparative Study

Content-based image retrieval (CBIR) is a technique for browsing, searching, and retrieving images from a large database of image collections. The availability of large amount of image collections necessitates powerful algorithms for image retrieval. CBIR system extracts image information known as features that are used to retrieve relevant images from image database that best match with query image. A moment-based content-based image retrieval system is explored in this paper. Exponential Fourier moment-based CBIR system, improved exponential Fourier moment-based CBIR system, and accurate and fast exponential Fourier-based CBIR system are developed. Comparative analysis is performed on three moment-based CBIR systems in terms of average precision and retrieval time for the two benchmark databases GT face and COIL-100. Among the three moment-based CBIR systems, it is observed that accurate and fast exponential Fourier-based CBIR system delivers good results.

J. Surendranadh, Ch. Srinivasa Rao
Quaternion Polar Complex Exponential Transform and Local Binary Pattern-Based Fusion Features for Content-Based Image Retrieval

The presented work is a sincere effort to exhibit content-based image retrieval (CBIR) system utilized for extracting images from large databases. It makes use of image features like texture and color. Local binary pattern (LBP)-based operator brings about the information related to image texture by taking into consideration the surrounding pixel values. In spite of having its own advantages, this feature is not that superior at capturing the image’s information related to color. The present work rectifies this disadvantage by incorporating an extra color feature by the name quaternion polar complex exponential transform (QPCET) in addition to the LBP-based feature in the image retrieval system. The integrated QPCET- and LBP-based CBIR system exhibits better average retrieval efficiency compared to other accessible techniques tested on different benchmark databases.

D. Kishore, Ch. Srinivasa Rao
FLM-Based Optimization Scheme for Ocular Artifacts Removal in EEG Signals

Neurophysiological analysis plays an important role in the diagnosis of various patients’ conditions. This analysis depends on the bio-potentials developed over the brain of an individual patient. These developed bio-potentials are acquired through the electrodes placed at various points on the brain scalp. Sometimes these acquired bio-signals are influenced by other unwanted signals commonly known as artifacts. These artifacts are due to environmental condition, electromyogram (EMG), electrocardiogram (EKG) and electro-oculogram (EOG). The optimization of these artifacts plays vital role in medical diagnosis, which is also a challenging task. Henceforth, a hybrid scheme based on firefly–Levenberg–Marquardt (FLM) algorithm is introduced here for optimization of the above artifacts available in EEG signals. When an EEG signal is applied to an adaptive filter based on FLM, then the proposed scheme is able to reduce the aforesaid artifacts. Finally, the performance of proposed model is analyzed by considering signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), computational time and mean square error. From the experimental results, it has been observed that the proposed model is an effective scheme for optimization of ocular artifacts present in EEG signals.

Shyam Prasad Devulapalli, Ch. Srinivasa Rao, K. Satya Prasad
Metadata
Title
Microelectronics, Electromagnetics and Telecommunications
Editors
Dr. P. Satish Rama Chowdary
Dr. V.V.S.S.S. Chakravarthy
Dr. Jaume Anguera
Prof. Suresh Chandra Satapathy
Prof. Vikrant Bhateja
Copyright Year
2021
Publisher
Springer Singapore
Electronic ISBN
978-981-15-3828-5
Print ISBN
978-981-15-3827-8
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-3828-5