Microplastics in African and Asian Environments

The global community has witnessed a significant and prominent issue of microplastics (MPs) contamination in the environments as a result of the ever-increasing and necessary plastic productions, which possess several beneficial mechanical and chemical properties. In recent years, the increasing environmental threat has been attributed to the inappropriate disposal of plastic garbage, namely plastic pollution and the presence of microplastics (plastic particles having < 5 mm diameter). This chapter present an overview of MPs and their environmental occurrences. Beside the sources, distributions and occurrences of MPs, plastic production and intricate global dynamics of MPs were discussed. In addition, various potential toxicities associated with MPs and the corresponding health effects were discussed. In conclusion, this chapter identifies potential areas for future research. It is imperative to implement strategies and initiatives that promote the widespread adoption of the “reduce-reuse-recycle” circular economy among individuals and companies. Such an approach offers a cost-efficient means of mitigating the influx and buildup of plastic objects and microplastic particles in aquatic/marine ecosystems.

Microplastics (MPs), which are smaller than 0.1–5 mm long, pose a major environmental threat. These compounds come from cosmetics, personal care, clothing, and industry. These particles have been found in remote places like the Arctic and Antarctic and survive for decades. Numerous studies show that MPs may harm biodiversity and ecosystems. For example, aquatic organisms like turtles, whales, and fish often mistake MPs for food and consume them. This can result in a range of health issues, including internal injuries, starvation, and reduced reproduction rates. MPs have the potential to cause harm to larger animals and humans who consume seafood by accumulating in the food chain. The presence of MPs can alter the physical and chemical properties of soil, which can negatively impact plant growth and soil health. These particles reduce water retention and nutrient availability, lowering soil quality. MPs may also change soil microbial community composition and function, affecting nutrient cycle dynamics and soil structure. Persistent organic pollutants (POPs) and heavy metals can stick to the surface of MPs, increasing their toxicity and posing a greater risk to organisms. MPs have the potential to transport these contaminants and cause harm to the environment. MPs have far-reaching impacts on ecosystems, making them a significant environmental concern. Additional investigation is required to completely understand the extent of the issue and develop feasible measures for reducing their discharge and alleviating their effects.

The impact of microplastics is profound, with repercussions for both marine and terrestrial ecosystems globally. In the African environment, the study of microplastics holds particular significance due to the continent's rich biodiversity and unique ecosystems. In this study, the trajectory of microplastics research in Africa within the past decade was explored, employing a bibliometric analysis facilitated by the Scopus database. It was revealed that a total of 697 publications have been published on the subject of microplastics in the African ecosystems from 2014 to 2023. The analysis further revealed an increase in research output, peaking at 211 publications in 2023, signalling heightened global awareness and commitment to studying microplastics in Africa. English predominates in 694 out of 697 publications, emphasizing global resonance. Top authors contributing to microplastics research in Africa, featuring both African and non-African scholars with commendable h-indices, populate this network, emphasizing the collaborative and diversified nature of efforts addressing microplastics challenges in Africa. The trajectory of citations exhibits a notable increase, reaching a pinnacle of 4119 in 2023. South Africa leads the top 20 countries, contributing significantly with 3876 total citations and an average of 29.58, reflecting the country’s commitment to understanding and addressing microplastics challenges. The insights presented in this chapter serve as a compass for navigating the future trajectory of microplastics research in Africa, steering it towards impactful and sustainable contributions to global environmental science.

There is no doubt that microplastics are currently one of the major pollutants in our ecosystem, especially in Asia and Africa. Despite the numerous studies delivering important information regarding microplastics in the environment, their effects on the ecosystem, and actions taken to tackle further pollution, there are still many challenges that needs to be solved for future studies. The number one challenge is the lack of comprehensive studies covering a wide geographical area to understand the extent of the issue. Currently, limited action is taken to monitor the microplastic pollution state in Asia and Africa due to the lack of certain sophisticated equipment and resources. In addition to the previous issue, there is no specific standardization for microplastic analysis, including no standard sampling method, no standard protocol for sample preparation, and no standard characterization. Moreover, many areas in Asia and Africa are struggling with inadequate solid waste management, pollution prevention, and the minimum development of alternatives to plastics, which leads to extensive microplastic pollution. Addressing these challenges in future studies may contribute to the knowledge of microplastics research and may tackle further microplastics pollution, especially in Asia and Africa.

The exponential growth in plastic manufacturing and consumption has led to the emergence of a novel class of environmental contaminants known as microplastics (MPs). These plastic particles, with a diameter smaller than 5 mm, originate from either primary or secondary sources. When bigger pieces of plastic break apart and fall to the ground, water, or air, they become secondary microplastics, or MPs. There is a narrow size range in which primary MPs are produced. Although there is a lot of research being conducted on MP contamination worldwide, India is not getting nearly as much attention. The majority of the research on the prevalence of MP in Indian ecosystems has focused on marine systems, while the freshwater, atmospheric, terrestrial, and human environments have received less attention. This study aims to provide an up-to-date perspective on the prevalence of microplastic pollution (MP) in India's air, waterways, landmasses, and food supply by conducting an extensive review of recent research. To better understand the behavior of these particles in the water environment, this study conducted a thorough review of the literature on the occurrence of microplastics in aquatic environments, divided into freshwater, wastewater, and seawater. To achieve pollutant management goals in diverse environmental contexts, it is imperative that we deepen our understanding of these emerging pollutants.

Microplastics are tiny plastic fragments <5 mm in size that form from the disintegration of plastic materials over a long period through biological and physicochemical processes and ultraviolet rays of the sun. These tiny particles are nondegradable and cause environmental and health concerns to humans and animals when ingested. The Nigerian ecosystems have been affected by microplastics that occur in surface water, sediments, and in the digestive system of marine organisms. This chapter analyzes previous studies on microplastics in Nigeria to better understand their main sources and distribution across the six regions of the country. Across Nigeria, microplastics were observed to be generated from six main sectors: (1) manufacturing industries, (2) medical institutions, (3) the agricultural sector, (4) households, (5) paints and coatings, and (6) public event centers. In Nigeria, microplastics are introduced into the environment through untreated effluent from manufacturing companies as well as from waste and wastewater treatment plants which are released into water bodies. They are also introduced to the ecosystem through film mulching and fertilizers from farmlands and poor disposal of single-use plastics from event centers. From this study, it was observed that there is an abundance of microplastics in southern Nigeria compared to the northern region. This could be due to the presence of numerous industries, topographic factors, and the interconnected dendritic drainage patterns that connect rivers and facilitate the distribution of microplastics. More studies are needed in the northern part to understand the impact of microplastics across the region. An understanding of the various sources of microplastics would enable an effective mitigation process.

Microplastic pollution is abundant in aquatic and land atmospheres. Nowadays, studies on microplastics impact in the human health have a global concern to the researchers, health authorities, policy makers, civil opinion, media, as well as environmental and non-governmental groups. Although, there is several confirmations that humans are contaminant with microplastics through ingestion of food and drink consumption and via inhalation. Therefore, the present chapter goals to illustrate the routes of exposure to microplastics in Himalayan region, its classification and sources, effect in human health, and recommendation for its management.

Plastic pollution is considered a severe anthropogenic threat in coastal and marine ecosystems worldwide. Plastic pollutants are being accumulated in aquatic ecosystems as a result of anthropogenic activities. In both direct and indirect pathways, this alters the structure and functionality of ecosystems, as well as their values and services. The present study focuses on the abundance, distribution, and transport of plastic litter on Lakshadweep Island's beaches (Agatti, Bangaram, and Kadmat). At each sampling site, two transects of 400 m² of foreshore and intertidal zone were sampled. All macro litter (size > 2.5 cm to 1 m) was collected and counted within each transect. A total of 852 litter items were recorded from 20 different categories. Kadmat Island has the highest average abundance (267 items/400 m²) of marine litter, followed by Bangaram Island (86 items/400 m²) and Agatti Island (73 items/400 m²). According to the Clean Coast Index (CCI), Kadmat Island indicates an extremely dirty beach (CCI: 26.7), while Bangaram (CCI: 8.6) and Agatti (CCI: 7.3) have moderately clean beaches. The transport pattern of floating particles for this region was carried out by using numerical modeling of particle tracking. The findings show that the principal sources of beach litter are most likely to be tourists and fishing-related activities. This study demonstrates plastic contamination in the island's environment to raise public awareness of the importance of a plastic-free, healthy blue ocean shortly.

Airborne microplastics, originating from diverse sources, are silently accumulating in ecosystems, posing a significant threat to biodiversity. This chapter explores their sources, accumulation, potential impacts on ecosystems, and the negative health effects they may have, underscoring the urgent need for preventive measures. Microplastics (MPs) in the atmosphere result from plastic fragmentation, industrial processes, and textile fiber breakdown, dispersing widely via wind. In developing countries in Asia, the presence of airborne MPs has been detected, but their risks and impacts have not been thoroughly examined. Nations with low environmental monitoring facilities and management capabilities will confront specific environmental crises and hazards due to the anticipated escalation in airborne MPs. These tiny particles enter the food web, potentially disrupting ecosystems and leading to bioaccumulation. Moreover, when inhaled, airborne MPs may cause respiratory and chronic diseases, and there are concerns regarding their ability to transport harmful chemicals, posing additional health risks. To address this emerging crisis, comprehensive research, plastic regulation, improved waste management, and air purification technologies are essential. Neglecting this issue not only threatens ecosystems but also poses a direct risk to human well-being, necessitating immediate action.

In Asia, where rapid industrialization, extensive coastal development, and dense urban populations converge, the prevalence of microplastics (MPs) poses a particularly acute environmental challenge. This chapter aims to delineate the extensive negative effects of MPs on Asia's diverse ecosystems, emphasizing their disruptive influence on natural systems. In the dynamic landscape of developing nations across Asia, vulnerability to MPs pollution unfolds through a series of interconnected factors. Studies have underscored the escalating concentrations of MPs in water bodies, adversely impacted aquatic life, and potentially infiltrated the food chain, thus posing risks to human health. China and India rank among the leading global sources of plastic waste, where both countries confront ecological and health hazards. Coastal communities in developing nations heavily depend on marine resources for food and livelihood. This reliance increases exposure to MPs as these pollutants infiltrate marine ecosystems, affecting fish and other seafood. Addressing this issue requires a multi-faceted approach, encompassing robust waste management practices, enhanced recycling infrastructure, and stringent regulations. Public education and awareness campaigns tailored to regional contexts are imperative to promote responsible plastic use and minimize the release of MPs into the environment. Implementing immediate and region-specific interventions, coupled with sustained research endeavors and widespread awareness initiatives, is vital to mitigate the profound ecological implications and ensure a sustainable future for the region.

Microplastics are small plastic particles that have evolved over the years as persistent contaminant in the environment and this have a detrimental effect on the environment. Plastics are abundantly produced worldwide and after immediate and subsequent use, they are released into the environment, therefore contributing to environmental pollution. These plastics degrade over time into microplastic, thus contributing to the secondary source of microplastic. Alternatively, microplastic can be manufactured primarily to meet specific needs. To be able to assess the environmental impact of these microplastics, there is a need to know how they are transported into the environment. This chapter aims to explore the transport mechanisms of microplastics in aquatic and terrestrial environments. Understanding the transport pathway of microplastics is important to predicting their environmental fate, assessing their potential ecological impact, and developing effective mitigation strategies. Wind and water are important agents for microplastic transport. They can be transported further by conditions of the environment or act as carriers of other pollutants.

The rate of microplastic build-up in our environment is a major concern to all stakeholders in the pursuit of environmental sustainability. Microplastic can adsorb and harbour other pollutants from the environment making them more harmful to aquatic life when ingested. The impact of microplastics affects the primary consumers of these polymers as well as secondary consumers and humans. Microplastics come from parent polymers such as high-density polyethene (HDPE), low-density polyethene (LDPE), cellophane, Polyethylene terephthalate (PET, PETE), nylon, polypropylene, polyurethane (PU) among others. This pollution has been impacted by changes in average weather conditions and long-term changes over time. The pattern of accumulation of this waste is dependent on the physical properties of the particular polymer in question, for instance, the density, crystallinity, biodegradability, and surface properties. The aging of microplastics can affect the soil biota leading to evolutionary consequences and greenhouse gas emissions. When compared with sea, ocean, and coastal pollution, terrestrial pollution is about 23-fold more than marine pollution. This chapter focused on the occurrence and the effect of microplastic on marine life and habitats across the African region as it relates to the changing climate. It also showed the distinction between the physical and chemical impact of these materials, and the biological effect over time on the marine ecosystem, especially remote areas. And succinctly pointed out the sources, abundance, and distribution pattern of the microplastics in the ecosystem.

Air pollution affects almost every aspect of human physiology. Microplastics (MPs) are emerging environmental contaminants. In recent years, MPs from all spheres have been largely overlooked. Their transport from aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems into the atmosphere is emerging as a serious issue. Current literature in atmospheric MPs is at its early stage, hence, lacks in sufficient data on composition, abundance and characterization, especially in case of remote areas. Not only outdoor air, but indoor air also possess an equal threat of developing life-threatening ailments and to the air quality. This study focuses on physical characteristics of MPs such as length, size and colour. It was found that most of the MPs were of fibre- and film-like morphology. The length and colour of the MPs might depend upon the source and/or transportation. Since, MPs may give rise to secondary MPs, its abundance and chemical characterization are highly necessitated. Moreover, it has been found that MPs tend to adsorb certain pollutants such as semi-volatile compounds and transition metals, hence, are a matter of concern. This study presents the contemporary understanding of usual approaches for characterization of MPs in the atmosphere. This study also provides a better insight of the currently used methods and would contribute to prospect on detecting atmospheric MPs. More investigations for its characterization and quantification are required in order to comprehend its abundance as well as transportation.

Microplastic (MP) transport mechanisms refer to the pathways through which MPs migrate within the environment, while MP remediation techniques encompass methods employed to mitigate their presence. Despite prior research efforts investigating various aspects of MPs, knowledge gaps persist in this emerging field. This book chapter contributes a novel perspective by exploring the nexus between MP transport mechanisms and their corresponding remediation strategies. The findings indicate that each environmental compartment is influenced by unique factors, but is interconnected. Airborne MPs are dispersed by wind currents, with their transport influenced by MP characteristics, anthropogenic activities, and climatic conditions. In terrestrial ecosystems, MPs are carried by water and biota, with environmental factors, MP properties, and soil characteristics exerting significant influence. Aquatic systems receive MP inputs from runoff and atmospheric deposition, with organisms, salinity levels, waves, and currents acting as key determinants. Optimal remediation approaches were identified for different settings based on their distinct transport mechanisms. In urban and industrial areas with elevated levels of airborne MPs, air filtration systems or phytoremediation techniques have proven effective. Regions prone to bioturbation by earthworms or other soil organisms may benefit from bioremediation strategies that exploit the metabolic capabilities of these organisms. In coastal and marine environments, where MPs are transported by ocean currents and waves, strategic interventions such as barrier installations or the creation of artificial eddies are vital tools. To effectively address the MP pollution challenge, further research is needed to identify effective remediation techniques for specific environmental compartments.

Microplastics (MPs) are widely acknowledged as a hazard to the biosphere, mediated by human activities, and are the subject of global discourse. Persistent contaminants, such as MPs, have a substantial impact on agricultural productivity, soil ecology, and the overall ecological environment. Substantial quantities of plastic detritus persist in the aftermath of crop cultivation. Over time, the residual plastic waste undergoes fragmentation, resulting in the formation of MPs, which are particles less than five millimeters in diameter. Physicochemical properties of the soil, including enzymatic and microbiological activity, porosity, plant development, and yield, are altered by MPs. Despite the potential harm they may cause, MPs in the soil environment have not been the subject of extensive research. MPs are capable of contaminating subterranean water through their extensive infiltration of the soil. Literature examining the origins and varieties of MPs in soil, their detrimental effects on soil health and functionality, methods of detection, preventative measures, and the possible future evolution of soil MPs has been compiled in this study. Additionally, it investigates the overarching concept of MP contamination and its potential environmental ramifications. This chapter will provide readers with a comprehensive comprehension of the soil pollution caused by MPs. It will also establish the scientific foundation for the development of novel management approaches that will protect and improve soils, promote the sustainable development of the environment, and pinpoint crucial domains that require additional research. In addition, it will address a number of the most crucial subjects for future research and significant policymaking stakeholders.

The most recent non-biodegradable contaminants in natural ecosystems are micro-plastics. Due to of its small diameters (less than 1 mm), it has an influence on both people and wildlife, especially aquatic species. In addition to being prevalent in freshwater ecosystems like those found in lakes, reservoirs, river basins, wetlands, and even moist agricultural areas and groundwater, micro-plastics are also frequently found in marine habitats. This study focuses on the main sources, identification, and estimation of micro-plastics in wetlands. Because microplastic pollution is pervasive in aquatic habitats and there is mounting proof that it has harmful biological impacts, this pollution is alarming. Micro-plastics are frequently found in the forms of fibres (thread), foams, and plastic pellets in wetland habitats. In the presence of the four types of micro-plastics, soil pH was not considerably impacted, but organic matter, potassium, total nitrogen, and phosphorus altered dramatically. The richness and diversity of algae on the soil surface greatly increased when polystyrene micro-plastics were introduced to the soil. So, when soil microbial communities are altered by micro-plastics, some unique soil microbial species engaged in nitrogen cycle are enriched. These findings show that plastic residues have both direct and indirect effects on the plant–microbe-soil system, with possible further repercussions on the health of wetland ecosystems. Our study aims to report the existence of microplastics in the wetland environment and how they are ingested by lifeforms. There is requirement of more research to completely analyse the impact of micro-plastic contamination in the wetland ecosystem.

Microplastics are ubiquitous environmental contaminants whose presence in terrestrial ecosystems has become a growing concern, particularly regarding their impact on plant species. This chapter provides an in-depth analysis of the effects of microplastic pollution on plant health and soil ecology. We explore the ways in which microplastics affect plant growth, soil properties, and nutrient cycling through both direct and indirect mechanisms. These were done by reviewing current literature on microplastic interactions with soil biota and the resulting changes in soil structure and function, which ultimately influence plant physiology. Further, we discuss the absorption and accumulation of microplastics in plant tissues. Evidence from both controlled experiments and field studies reveals the potential of microplastics to induce stress responses in plants, including reductions in seed germination, root elongation, and photosynthetic activity. The role of microorganisms in microplastic degradation and the subsequent effects on plant- microbe interactions are also addressed, thereby identifying gaps in current knowledge. In summary, this chapter underscores the urgent need to better understand the environmental implications of microplastics and develop sustainable practices for managing microplastic pollution. The findings presented call for increased research efforts to determine the long-term implications of microplastics on plant life, the resilience of ecosystems, and the broader implications for human well-being.

The Chapter explores the intricate relationship between food security challenges and the pervasive presence of microplastics. It discusses the multifaceted factors affecting food security, such as population growth and climate change, highlighting their profound impacts on global food production and distribution. Simultaneously, the paper delves into the sources, pathways, and potential health hazards of microplastics in the environment and their infiltration into the food chain. It emphasizes the urgent need to understand the impact of microplastics on food safety and security. The review also examines the direct and indirect consequences of microplastics on food security and discusses mitigation strategies and policy initiatives. In conclusion, the paper underscores the interconnection of these complex issues and the importance of holistic approaches, encompassing sustainable agriculture, effective policies, and ongoing research, to address the multifaceted challenges posed by food.

This book chapter delves into the intricate web of environmental risks and human health impacts stemming from the pervasive issue of microplastic pollution. Through a comprehensive analysis, the chapter explores the sources, pathways, and chances of microplastics in diverse ecosystems, shedding light on their profound implications for environmental health. Detailed examinations reveal the adversative effects of microplastics on aquatic life, terrestrial organisms, and even their presence in the atmospheric environment, stressing the broad consequences of this pollution. In the realm of human health, the chapter uncovers the pathways through which microplastics infiltrate the human diet, contaminating food and water supplies. It delves into the latent health jeopardies modeled by microplastic exposure, including toxicity, carcinogenicity, and endocrine disruption. Methodologies for detecting and quantifying microplastics are critically evaluated, elucidating the challenges and advancements in the field, and thereby providing valuable insights for future research endeavors. The chapter explores existing regulatory frameworks and policies, assessing their efficacy in mitigating microplastic pollution. It discusses innovative mitigation strategies, from advanced filtration technologies to public awareness campaigns, emphasizing the importance of proactive measures. By synthesizing current knowledge and highlighting gaps in understanding, this chapter offers a comprehensive perspective on the multifaceted challenges posed by microplastic pollution, serving as a valuable resource for researchers, policymakers, and environmentalists striving to address this pressing global issue.

In recent years, many studies have focused on the human consequences of contamination of the environment with micro-or nano-plastics (MNPs). However, the human health consequences of MNPs in the environment have not been studied extensively. In this chapter, we look at how plastic waste is broken down into fragments of the size micro-nano-plastics. Next, we look at the possible sources, fate and occurrence of MNPs in different environmental compartments. Lastly, we summarise the absorption of MNPs, their metabolism and their bioaccumulation in the human system, as well as the various health consequences associated with MNPs. We also look at the toxic effects of the chemical additives released by MNPs, as well as their role as vectors of other toxic chemicals. In conclusion, we have identified the potential areas of research that are necessary to understand the potential risks associated with MNPs pollution, and to lay the groundwork for future management and control.

Microplastics, ubiquitous in the environment due to their extensive use and persistence, pose emerging concerns for human health. This chapter explores the toxicological effects of ingested microplastics on human health within the specific socio-economic and environmental contexts of Asia and Africa. Emphasizing the unique challenges and vulnerabilities of these regions, this chapter navigates the complex pathways through which microplastics interact with the human body, addressing ingestion routes, including the consumption of seafood and contaminated drinking water, as well as the inhalation of airborne particles. Drawing upon a synthesis of international and region-specific studies, this comprehensive review aims to elucidate the complex dynamics of microplastic-induced toxicity in the Asia and Africa, addressing the urgency of understanding the immediate and long-term health consequences while proposing future research directions and effective mitigation strategies tailored to these regions. Through this contextual review, this chapter seeks to contribute to a holistic understanding of the interaction between microplastics and human physiology, taking into account the diverse characteristics and challenges present in the twenty-first century Asia and Africa.

Microplastics (MPs) have become a worldwide environmental concern that pose a threat to human health. An enormous increase in the manufacture and use of fossil-based plastics worldwide, coupled with improper waste management, causes plastic waste to deteriorate and produce MPs. MPs pose a severe health risk since they can infiltrate the body through a number of routes, including dermal contact, inhalation, and ingestion, eventually resulting in toxicity and a variety of disorders in humans. The presence of MPs has permeated the food chain, consequently intensifying the potential risk to human health. Moreover, the chemical components from the MPs can leach into the body, expanding their negative effects to trigger an immune response and induce oxidative stress reactions, genotoxicity, cancer, etc. Therefore, understanding the chemical composition of various synthetic plastics, which eventually transform into MPs and contribute to the onset of human disorders, is crucial. This chapter will also address the harmful impacts of MPs on several human organs and organ systems.

Throughout history, animals have been a vital source of protein and energy and have been utilized in agriculture to produce food for human consumption. The increasing global demands for protein are being met through the increased production of meat, milk, eggs, and other food items, and is facilitated by the rapid pace of industrialization. However, the increase in food production and new technologies has led to the release of novel environmental pollutants, including microplastics (MPs). Currently, MPs are found in diverse ecosystems, exerting adverse effects in both terrestrial and aquatic organisms. While scientific evidence supports that MPs can harm aquatic organisms, recent studies have also begun to investigate the effects of MPs on terrestrial ecosystems, marking a significant shift from the traditional focus on aquatic environments. This chapter aims to synthesize current knowledge on the occurrence and distribution of MPs in food and their presence in aquatic and terrestrial animals, in addition to discussing the potential consequences for human health. Evidence supports that plastic mulching and compost are prominent sources of MPs in agricultural fields, whereas irrigation channels act as vital sources of MP contamination in aquaculture systems. A high abundance of MPs has been found in soil-dwelling worms, livestock, companion animals, and wild animals. In Africa, the north Tunisian lagoons of Bizerte, Ghar El Mehl and Lake Victoria are prominent areas of MP contamination. In Asia, China contributes the highest abundance of MPs to the environment. Exposure to MPs cause oxidative stress, immunotoxicity, neurotoxicity, reproductive impairment, and endocrine disruption in both terrestrial and aquatic animals. Current evidence suggests the need for further investigation into the specific sources of MP exposure in animals and the routes through which it enters the human body. Legislators need to implement programs and collective actions to modify public behaviour and reduce MPs pollution in the natural environment.

Microplastic (MP) pollution has become a global concern due to its impact on ecosystems, wildlife, and potentially human health. Inferential and predictive modelling of this phenomenon using soft computational methods adds a valuable dimension to its research. This chapter contributes to the understanding of MPs contamination and provides valuable insights into the application of soft computational modelling in their study, with emphasis on Africa and Asia. Through a robust review, key findings were synthesized, emerging themes identified, and challenges in using soft computing methods for MP modelling discussed. The global perspectives contributed by research in Africa and Asia are emphasized. The chapter covers cutting-edge developments in MP contamination modelling, spanning from statistical models to advanced machine learning (artificial intelligence) algorithms. However, it highlights a significant imbalance in reported studies, with Asia leading over Africa in computational methods application to MPs. This discrepancy reveals crucial gaps demanding attention and further research. The identified challenges include data limitations, uncertainties in model parameters, the dynamic nature of environmental systems, and regional factors, etc. The review provides insights into the state-of-the-art and the immense potential and opportunities that soft computational methods offer in unraveling the complexities of MP pollution. By offering key perspectives, addressing challenges, and guiding future research and collaborations, this study serves as a valuable resource for researchers and policymakers navigating the intersection of soft computational methods and MP studies, towards achieving sustainable development goals.

The increasing issue of microplastic pollution in Asian countries requires the application of Geographic Information System (GIS) and Remote Sensing (RS) approaches. This integrated approach empowers researchers to proficiently map, monitor, and comprehend the dispersion of MPs in diverse Asian landscapes, spanning water bodies, soils, and urban areas. This chapter emphasizes the pivotal role of GIS and RS in pinpointing MPs pollution hotspots and assessing associated environmental and health hazards. The importance of tailored approaches is underscored, considering challenges like limited data access and regional variations. Leveraging GIS and RS facilitates the formulation of effective policies and promotes sustainable practices to prevent environmental degradation and mitigate potential health risks linked to MPs pollution in Asia. Good policies will standardize methodologies for data collection, encourage global cooperation, and integrate spatial insights into overarching policy frameworks. Beyond strengthening monitoring capabilities, this holistic approach empowers local communities to actively participate in the fight against MPs contamination.

The pervasive presence of microplastics in the environment has raised significant concerns regarding their impact on ecosystems and human health. This chapter begins by introducing the concept of microplastics, emphasizing their role as emerging pollutants and their detrimental effects on the environment. The core of this chapter focuses on the practical aspects of monitoring microplastics. It covers sampling and collection techniques, discussing considerations for different environmental matrices such as water, sediments, soils, and biological tissues. Furthermore, it investigates the various analytical methods, encompassing microscopy-based techniques, spectroscopy, and chemical methods. A thorough discussion of the strengths and limitations of these methods is provided, enabling readers to make informed choices for their specific monitoring needs. Data analysis and interpretation are crucial for drawing meaningful conclusions from monitoring efforts, and this chapter provides insights into best practices in data processing. It addresses the importance of data quality, statistical methods, and data visualization in understanding the extent of microplastic contamination. In addition, it offers a compilation of real-world case studies showcasing the application of monitoring and assessment techniques in diverse environmental settings, illustrating the relevance of these techniques in addressing the challenges of microplastic contamination. The chapter concludes by addressing current challenges and limitations in microplastic monitoring, presenting emerging trends and innovations in the field, and suggesting future research directions. Overall, this chapter underscores the paramount significance of monitoring and assessment techniques in understanding and mitigating the effects of microplastics on our environment, thereby contributing to a more sustainable and less polluted future.

The presence of microplastics (MPs) is becoming a significant environmental concern, as reports highlight their widespread occurrence in both urbanized areas and remote ecosystems. Microplastics smaller than 5 mm, have accumulated globally in the environment, because of the direct release of small plastic particles or due to the fragmentation of larger plastic items. The consumption of microplastics can lead to harmful toxicological and physical effects. In order to ensure precise comparisons, it is essential to utilize reliable and standardized methods during monitoring studies. Although microscopic techniques are frequently employed for microplastic identification, they may produce inadequate outcomes when analysing minuscule particles. The integration of chemical analysis techniques, such as spectroscopy, can overcome the current limitation in identifying polymer types. Visual observation can be combined with chemical analysis to enhance the identification process. Raman spectroscopy is extensively favoured for microplastics research due to its numerous advantages over Fourier-transform infra-red (FTIR) spectroscopy. Unlike FTIR, Raman spectroscopy is not affected by water, offers enhanced spectral resolution, and is less susceptible to fluorescence. Moreover, Raman spectroscopy is recognized for its minimal sample preparation requirements when compared to FTIR, making it a more efficient choice for this specific research area. Conventional Raman spectroscopy faces challenges in detecting these particles due to their inherently low scattering cross-section, particularly due to their small size. As a result, researchers have turned to surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) for nanoplastics (NPs) analysis. The Raman tweezers technique displays significant potential in capturing and chemically examining individual microplastics in a water-based context. This approach also has the capability to capture and chemically evaluate individual microplastics in an aqueous setting. The main objective of this study is to explore the potential use of Raman Spectroscopy methods for the analysis of microplastics present in our environment.

Non-renewable microplastics are tiny (< 5 mm) synthetic polymer particles essentially of carbon and hydrogen atoms that resulted from fragmentation, degradation or production of plastic materials. These particles are emerging as worldwide pollutants with devastating impacts on the environments and the human health. This chapter provides a basic understanding of microplastics, sources, migration, impacts, removal techniques, and future projections. Microplastics originated from industrial production of plastic materials from fossil to domestic usage down to wastewater treatment systems before being discharged into the environments. In this review, microplastic pollutants were divided into three types based on environmental considerations. They include airborne, marine and terrestrial pollutants. The main air pollutants are polyethylene, polyester, and polyethylene terephthalate and circulated by wind in form of particle dust. In marine pollution, polyethylene (PE) floats on water surface and interacts with aquatic organisms, whereas denser ones sink and affects the sea floor and biota at the bottom of the sea/ocean. Terrestrial pollutants like microfiber polyesters affect the physicochemical nature of the soil and disrupting activities of microorganisms. Three major removal methods of microplastics include (i) the natural (biological) techniques, (ii) the artificial (physical and chemical) techniques and (iii) the combination techniques. Numerous studies have been directed towards the removal of microplastics from wastewater. To date, no technique has completely removed microplastics from wastewater with high level of precision and consistency. Integrated and multi-disciplinary approaches remain key for effective removal from the sources, wastewater and the environment.

Microplastics (MPs) are a group of pollutants made of a complex mix of chemicals and polymers found in a wide range of ecosystems. Heavy metals and organic pollutants have also been proven to affect the ecosystem in many ways. The cumulative impact of MPs and other organic and inorganic contaminants poses a significant environmental threat. The present chapter aims to understand the interaction of organic and inorganic contaminants with MPs in various environments. The study was carried out by considering articles dealing with the transport and interaction of MPs with organic or inorganic contaminants. The review shows that MP adsorption characteristics change with particle size, surface area, polymer type, and aging. Adsorption is a necessary process governing the interaction of MPs with organic or inorganic pollutants. Organic contaminants adhere to MPs mainly through hydrophobic, π − π interactions, and electrostatic interactions. Inorganic contaminants get adsorbed specifically through π − π interactions and electrostatic interactions. Van der Waals and hydrogen bonding for organic pollutants and ion exchange for inorganic contaminants also play a significant role in interacting these components with MPs. As adsorption is the dominant process, these sites may be preferred by organic and inorganic contaminants simultaneously. A deep understanding of MPs’ interactions with organic and inorganic pollutants will help to enhance understanding of the processes governing the settling or releasing of these contaminants from MPs. This will also help to improve the management techniques for reducing the environmental impacts of these contaminants in the future.

In light of the escalating issue of microplastic (MP) pollution, it has become essential to seek inventive strategies for mitigating the presence of MP. The strategies utilized for MP elimination can be categorized into three categories: physical, chemical, or biological. Each procedure possesses its removal efficiency, operating circumstances, benefits, and constraints. The physical method encompasses the processes of filtration, adsorption, and flocculation. The selection of the applied methodology is determined by the characteristics and attributes of the MP being studied, including their type, size under alkaline conditions, and composition. Various chemical methods, such as coagulation and flocculation, are employed to reduce the impact of MP. Several studies have documented the efficacy of these methods in removing MP through the use of different coagulants, including salts based on iron (Fe) and aluminum (Al). Plastic biodegradation involves converting the polymer's organic carbon into biogas and biomass by a series of enzymes produced by a consortium of microorganisms (bacteria, fungi, and actinomycetes) capable of utilizing plastic as a carbon source. Furthermore, abiotic degradation leads to roughness, fractures, and molecular alterations in polymers. Abiotic degradation induces alterations in plastic materials, referred to as “aging”. The degradation of this process is influenced by factors such as temperature, solar radiation, salt, pH, and substances that oxidize or interrupt polymer chain stretch to accelerate deterioration. Therefore, the current chapter summarizes the most used and effective MP mitigation approaches.