Skip to main content
Disciplines
Automotive Business IT + Informatics Construction + Real Estate Electrical Engineering + Electronics Energy + Sustainability Insurance + Risk Finance + Banking Management + Leadership Marketing + Sales Mechanical Engineering + Materials
Events
DE
EN
Books
Journals
Topic Page
Marketing
Start single access now
Access for companies
EXTENDED SEARCH
Log in
Top
Published in:
Introduction and Background Read chapter Read first chapter

2020 | OriginalPaper | Chapter

3. Microstructural Design of Lead Oxide–Epoxy Composites for Radiation Shielding Purposes

Authors : It Meng Low, Nurul Zahirah Noor Azman

Published in: Polymer Composites and Nanocomposites for X-Rays Shielding

Publisher: Springer Singapore

Log in

Activate our intelligent search to find suitable subject content or patents.

search-config
loading …

Abstract

Composite epoxy samples filled with PbO and Pb3O4 were fabricated to investigate the mass attenuation characteristics of the composites to X-rays in the diagnostic imaging energy range. The effect of density on the attenuation ability of the composites for radiation shielding purposes was studied using a calibrated X-ray machine. Characterization of the microstructure properties of the synthesized composites was performed using synchrotron radiation diffraction, optical microscopy, and scanning electron micros-copy. The results indicate that the attenuation ability of the composites increased with an increase in density. The particle size of WO3 fillers has a negligible effect on the value of mass attenuation coefficient. Microstructural analyses have confirmed the existence of uniform dispersion of fillers within the matrix of epoxy matrix with the average particle size of 1–5 μm for composites with filler loading of ≤30 wt% and 5–15 μm for composites with filler loading of ≥50 wt%.

Dont have a licence yet? Then find out more about our products and how to get one now:

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

  • über 102.000 Bücher
  • über 537 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

  • Automobil + Motoren
  • Bauwesen + Immobilien
  • Business IT + Informatik
  • Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
  • Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
  • Finance + Banking
  • Management + Führung
  • Marketing + Vertrieb
  • Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe
  • Versicherung + Risiko

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

inform now

Springer Professional "Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

  • über 67.000 Bücher
  • über 390 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

  • Automobil + Motoren
  • Bauwesen + Immobilien
  • Business IT + Informatik
  • Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
  • Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
  • Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe




 

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

inform now
previous chapter Materials and Methodology
next chapter Synthesis and Characterization of Pb, Bi or W Compound Filled Epoxy Composites for Shielding of Diagnostic X-Rays
Literature
1.
Archer BR, Thornby JI, Bushong SC (1983) Diagnostic X-ray shielding design based on an empirical model of photon attenuation. Health Phys 44:507
2.
Archer BR (1995) History of the shielding of diagnostic X-ray facilities. Health Phys 69:750
3.
Archer BR (2005) Recent history of the shielding of medical X-ray imaging facilities. Health Phys 88:579
4.
Hessenbruch A (2002) A brief history of x-rays. Endeavour 26:137
5.
Okunade AA (2002) Comparison of lead attenuation and lead hardening equivalence of materials used in respect of diagnostic X-ray shielding. Appl Radiat Isot 57:819
6.
Okunade AA (2004) Numerical models for the determination of primary structural barriers for diagnostic X-ray facilities. Med Phys 31:513
7.
Dixon RL, Simpkin DJ (1998) Primary shielding barriers for diagnostic X-ray facilities: a new model. Health Phys 74:181
8.
Lorenzen W (2000) Is Gold better than lead as a radiation shield. MadSci network: engineering
9.
10.
Lee EH, Rao GR, Lewis MB, Mansur LK (1993) Ion beam application for improved polymer surface properties. Nucl Instrum Methods Phys Res Sect B: Beam Interact Mater Atoms 74:326
11.
12.
13.
Harish V, Nagaiah N, Prabhu TN, Varughese KT (2009) Preparation and characterization of lead monoxide filled unsaturated polyester based polymer composites for gamma radiation shielding applications. J Appl Polym Sci 112:1503
14.
Abdel-Aziz MM, Badran AS, Abdel-Hakem AA, Helaly FM, Moustafa AB (1991) Styrene-butadiene rubber/lead oxide composites as gamma radiation shields. J Appl Polym Sci 42:1073
15.
Pavlenko VI, Lipkanskii VM, Yastrebinskii PN (2004) Calculations of the passage of gamma‐quanta through a polymer radiation‐protective composite. J Eng Phys Thermophys 77:11
16.
Rudraswamy B, Dhananjaya N, Manjunatha H (2010) Measurement of absorbed dose rate of gamma radiation for lead compounds. Nucl Instrum Methods Phys Res Sect A: Accelerators Spectrometers Detectors Assoc Equip 619:171
17.
Robert RD (2005) High density composites replace lead. Ecomass Technologies, Austin
18.
Spinks JWT, Wood RJ (1976) An introduction to radiation chemistry. Wiley-Interscience, New York
19.
Tanahashi M (2010) Development of fabrication methods of filler/polymer nanocomposites: with focus on simple melt-compounding-based approach without surface modification of nanofillers. Materials 3:1593
20.
21.
Berger MJ, Hubbell JH, Seltzer SM, Chang J, Coursey JS, Sukumar R, Zucker DS, Olsen K (2010) XCOM: photon cross section database (version 1.5). National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, 2010. Available at: http://​physics.​nist.​gov/​xcom. Accessed on 20 June 2011
22.
Mincong C, Hongmei L, Ziyu C, Ji S (2008) An examination of mass thickness measurements with X-ray sources. Appl Radiat Isot 66:1387
23.
Gerward L (1992) Theoretical upper and lower limits to experimental X-ray attenuation coefficients. Nucl Inst Methods Phys Res B 69:407
24.
Midgley SM (2005) Measurements of X-ray linear attenuation coefficient for low atomic number, materials at energies 32–66 and 140 keV. Radiat Phys Chem 72:525
25.
Icelli O, Erzeneoglu S, Boncukc-uoglu R (2004) Experimental studies on measurements of mass attenuation coefficients of boric acid at different concentration. Ann Nucl Energy 31:97
26.
Botelho MZ, Ku¨nzel R, Okuno E, Levenhagen RS, Basegio T, Bergmann CP (2011) X-ray transmission through nanostructured and microstructured CuO materials. Appl Radiat Isot 69:527
27.
Ku¨nzel R, Okuno E (2012) Effects of the particle sizes and concentrations on the X-ray absorption by CuO compounds. Appl Radiat Isot 70:781
28.
Sprawls P (1993) The physical principles of medical imaging. Aspen Publishers, Gaithersburg
29.
Noor Azman NZ, Siddiqui SA, Hart R, Low I (2012) Microstructural design of lead oxide-epoxy composites for radiation shielding performances. M J Appl Polym Sci 128:3213
Metadata
Title
Microstructural Design of Lead Oxide–Epoxy Composites for Radiation Shielding Purposes
Authors
It Meng Low
Nurul Zahirah Noor Azman
Copyright Year
2020
Publisher
Springer Singapore
Book
Polymer Composites and Nanocomposites for X-Rays Shielding

Print ISBN: 978-981-13-9809-4

Electronic ISBN: 978-981-13-9810-0

Copyright Year: 2020

DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-9810-0_3

Premium Partners

    Image Credits