Top

Journal of Materials Engineering and Performance

Published in:

18-03-2022 | Technical Article

Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of 800-MPa-Class High-Strength Low-Alloy Steel Part Fabricated by Wire Arc Additive Manufacturing

Authors: Qian Fang, Lin Zhao, Baoxi Liu, Cuixin Chen, Yun Peng, Zhiling Tian, Fuxing Yin

Published in: Journal of Materials Engineering and Performance | Issue 9/2022

Activate our intelligent search to find suitable subject content or patents.

search-config

AI-assisted search

Off

Abstract

Wire and arc additive manufacturing (WAAM) is a viable technique to fabricate low to medium geometric complexity and medium to large structural components. High-strength low-alloy (HSLA) steels have been widely used in pressure vessels, structural applications and marine and shipbuilding industries. In this study, an 800-MPa-class HSLA steel block part was manufactured by a WAAM system based on a gas metal arc welding system. The microstructure and mechanical properties were investigated. The results show that the microstructure was predominantly martensite/bainite (M/B). The deposit exhibits excellent strength–ductility balance. The average yield strength and fracture elongation exceed 840 MPa and 16%, respectively, for samples extracted from different directions of the deposit. Meanwhile, the deposit exhibits excellent low-temperature toughness, i.e., the absorbed energy exceeds 100 J at − 50°C. The microhardness varied from 265 to 365 HV, which indicates that there are softened zones as well as hardened zones, which resulted from different thermal histories. This would influence the tensile and impact behaviors of samples taken from different directions of the deposit. This study elucidates an 800-MPa HSLA steel block part with excellent strength–toughness balance fabricated by WAAM, which verifies the fabrication feasibility of a large-scale, high-strength and toughness block part fabricated by WAAM.

previous article Microstructure and Crystallographic Texture Evolution during Isothermal Annealing of Cold-Rolled Fe-6.8Al Low-Density Steel

next article Effect of Carbon Concentration Gradient on Multi-Level Composite Microstructure and Performance of M50NiL Steel

Dont have a licence yet? Then find out more about our products and how to get one now:

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

über 102.000 Bücher
über 537 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

Automobil + Motoren
Bauwesen + Immobilien
Business IT + Informatik
Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
Finance + Banking
Management + Führung
Marketing + Vertrieb
Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe
Versicherung + Risiko

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

inform now

Springer Professional "Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

über 67.000 Bücher
über 390 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

Automobil + Motoren
Bauwesen + Immobilien
Business IT + Informatik
Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

inform now

R.L. Truby and J.A. Lewis, Printing Soft Matter in Three Dimensions, Nature, 2016, 540, p 371–378. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature21003CrossRef

K.V. Wong and A. Hernandez, A Review of Additive Manufacturing, ISRN Mech. Eng., 2012, 2012, p 1–10. https://doi.org/10.5402/2012/208760CrossRef

D. Ding, Z. Pan, D. Cuiuri and H. Li, Wire-feed Additive Manufacturing of Metal Components: Technologies, Developments and Future Interests, Int. J. Adv. Manuf. Tech., 2015, 81, p 465–481. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00170-015-7077-3CrossRef

K. Paul, H. Latifi, R. Suoranta, J. Martikainen and M. Pirinen, Usability of Arc Types in Industrial Welding, Int. J. Mech. Mater. Eng., 2014, 9, p 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40712-014-0015-6CrossRef

F. Martina, J. Mehnen, S.W. Williams, P. Colegrove and F. Wang, Investigation of the Benefits of Plasma Deposition for the Additive Layer Manufacture of Ti-6Al-4 V, J. Mater. Process. Tech., 2012, 212, p 1377–1386. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2012.02.002CrossRef

J.P. Oliveira, B. Crispim, Z. Zeng, T. Omori, F.M. Braz Fernandes and R.M. Miranda, Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Gas Tungsten Arc Welded Cu-Al-Mn Shape Memory Alloy Rods, J. Mater. Process. Tech., 2019, 271, p 93–100. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2019.03.020CrossRef

S.W. Williams, F. Martina, A.C. Addison, J. Ding, G. Pardal and P. Colegrove, Wire + Arc Additive Manufacturing, Mater. Sci. Tech., 2016, 32, p 641–647. https://doi.org/10.1179/1743284715Y.0000000073CrossRef

A.V. Nemani, M. Ghaffari and A. Nasiri, Comparison of Microstructural Characteristics and Mechanical Properties of Shipbuilding Steel Plates Fabricated by Conventional Rolling Versus Wire Arc Additive Manufacturing, Addit. Manuf., 2020, 32, p 101086. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addma.2020.101086CrossRef

Y. Zhao, X. Tong, X.H. Wei, S.S. Xu, S. Lan, X.L. Wang and Z.W. Zhang, Effects of Microstructure on Crack Resistance and Low-Temperature Toughness of Ultra-Low Carbon High Strength Steel, Int. J. Plast., 2019, 116, p 203–215. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijplas.2019.01.004CrossRef

10.

X.D. Li, X.P. Ma, S.V. Subramanian, C.J. Shang and R.D.K. Misra, Influence of Prior Austenite Grain Size on Martensite-Austenite Constituent and Toughness in the Heat Affected Zone of 700 MPa High Strength Linepipe Steel, Mater. Sci. Eng. A., 2014, 616, p 141–147. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2014.07.100CrossRef

11.

L.B. Sun, F.C. Jiang, R.S. Huang, D. Yuan and C.H. Guo, Anisotropic Mechanical Properties and Deformation Behavior of Low-Carbon High-Strength Steel Component Fabricated by Wire and Arc Additive Manufacturing, Mater. Sci. Eng. A., 2020, 787, p 139514. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2020.139514CrossRef

12.

T.A. Rodrigues, V. Duarte, J.A. Avila, T.G. Santo and R.M. Miranda, Wire and Arc Additive Manufacturing of HSLA steel: Effect of Thermal Cycles on Microstructure and Mechanical Properties, Addit. Manuf., 2019, 27, p 440–450. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addma.2019.03.029CrossRef

13.

B.Q. Cong, Z.W. Qi, B.J. Qi, H.Y. Sun, G. Zhao and J.L. Ding, A Comparative Study of Additively Manufactured Thin Wall and Block Structure With Al-6.3%Cu Alloy Using Cold Metal Transfer Process, Appl. Sci., 2017, 7, p 1–11. https://doi.org/10.3390/app7030275CrossRef

14.

G.J. Mao, R. Cao, J. Yang and J.H. Chen, Effect of Ni Alloying on Microstructure and Property in Low-Carbon Bainitic Weld Metal, J. Mater. Eng. Perform., 2017, 26, p 2057–2071. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11665-017-2638-2CrossRef

15.

A. Lambert-Perlade, A.F. Gourgues and A. Pineau, Austenite to Bainite Phase Transformation in the Heat-Affected Zone of a High Strength Low Alloy Steel, Acta Mater., 2004, 52, p 2337–2348. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actamat.2004.01.025CrossRef

16.

Y.S. Sato, M. Urata, H. Kokawa and K. Ikeda, Hall - Petch Relationship in Friction Stir Welds of Equal Channel Angular-Pressed Aluminum Alloys, Mater. Sci. Eng. A., 2003, 3(54), p 298–305. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0921-5093(03)00008-XCrossRef

17.

P. Zhang, S.X. Li, Z.F. Zhang, General Relationships between Strength and Hardness, Mater. Sci. Eng. A., 2011, 529, p 62–73. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2011.08.061CrossRef

18.

J. Alcisto, A. Enriquez, H. Garcia, S. Hinkson, T. Steelman, E. Silverman, P. Valdovino, H. Gigerenzer, J. Foyos, J. Ogren, J. Dorey, K. Karg, T. McDonald and O.S. Es-Said, Tensile Properties and Microstructures of Laser-Formed Ti-6Al-4 V, J. Mater. Eng. Perform., 2011, 20, p 203–212. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11665-010-9670-9CrossRef

19.

N. Tsuchida, H. Nakano, T. Okamoto and T. Inoue, Effect of Strain Rate on True Stress-True Strain Relationships of Ultrafine-Grained Ferrite-Cementite Steels Up to Plastic Deformation Limit, Mater. Sci. Eng. A., 2015, 626, p 441–448. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2014.12.080CrossRef

20.

C.G. Zhang, P.M. Lu and X.Z. Hu, Residual Stress and Softening in Welded High-Strength Low-Alloy Steel with a Buffering Layer, J. Mater. Process. Tech., 2014, 214, p 229–237. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2013.09.002CrossRef

21.

J.R. Griffiths and D.R.J. Owen, An Elastic - Plastic Stress Analysis for a Notched Bar in Plane Strain Bending, J. Mech. Phys. Solids, 1971, 19, p 419–431. https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-5096(71)90009-3CrossRef

22.

X.D. Li, X.P. Ma, S.V. Subramanian, R.D.K. Misra and C.J. Shang, Structure-Property- Fracture Mechanism Correlation in Heat-Affected Zone of X100 Ferrite-Bainite Pipeline Steel, Metall. Mater. Trans. E., 2015, 2, p 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40553-014-0036-3CrossRef

Title: Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of 800-MPa-Class High-Strength Low-Alloy Steel Part Fabricated by Wire Arc Additive Manufacturing
Authors: Qian Fang
Lin Zhao
Baoxi Liu
Cuixin Chen
Yun Peng
Zhiling Tian
Fuxing Yin
Publication date: 18-03-2022
Publisher: Springer US
Published in: Journal of Materials Engineering and Performance / Issue 9/2022
Print ISSN: 1059-9495
Electronic ISSN: 1544-1024
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11665-022-06784-7

Springer Professional

Abstract

Please log in to get access to your license.

Dont have a licence yet? Then find out more about our products and how to get one now:

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik"

Springer Professional "Technik"

Other articles of this Issue 9/2022

Characterization of Hydrogen Diffusion in Offshore Steel S420G2+M Multi-layer Submerged Arc Welded Joint

Variety of Aluminum/Steel Interface Microstructures Formed in Explosively Welded Clads Followed by the Weld’s Thermal Expansion Response

Solid-State Diffusion Bonding of Pseudo-α-Ti Alloy to Ti-Stabilized Stainless Steel: With and Without Interlayer

Interface Zone Microstructure of the Explosively Cladded Copper on Steel

Correction to: Simultaneous Effects of Carbon Nanotube Content and Diameter Size on Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Double Pressed Double Sintered Al/Carbon Nanotube Nanocomposites

Application of Hybrid Transient Thermal Tensioning/Trailing Active Cooling Treatment for Minimizing Distortion, Residual Stress, and Fatigue Crack Growth Rate of Friction Stir Welding Joints

Premium Partners