Top

Metals and Materials International

Published in:

02-12-2023

Microstructure and Properties of the LDEDed Cu-Bearing Martensitic Stainless Steel After a Single-Step Tempering Treatment

Authors: Hongmei Zhu, Li Zhao, Baichun Li, Longzhang Shen, Changjun Qiu

Published in: Metals and Materials International | Issue 5/2024

Activate our intelligent search to find suitable subject content or patents.

search-config

AI-assisted search

Off

Abstract

431 martensitic stainless steels (MSS) alloying with copper (Cu, 0–3.5 wt%) have been fabricated by a laser directed energy deposition technology and treated by a single-step tempering treatment. The microstructure and properties of the tempered MSS specimens have been carefully investigated by various advanced techniques, including XRD, SEM, EBSD, TEM, microhardness tester, universal material testing machine, and electrochemical workstation. The results show that the Cu-free 431 MSS is mainly composed of lath-shaped martensite, a few patches of austenite and carbide, while the martensite matrix is refined with the increased austenite and nano-precipitates by increasing Cu content of the Cu-bearing MSS. Consequently, the microhardness of the Cu-bearing 431 MSS specimens increases firstly and then decreases, reaching the maximum value (472 HV_0.2) at the Cu level of 2.5 wt%. In comparison to the Cu-free 431 MSS, the addition of 2.5 wt% Cu could lead to a striking comprehensive performance, including tensile properties with ultimate tensile strength (UTS) of 1576 MPa, yield strength (YS) of 1258 MPa and elongation (EL) of 16.1%, as well as improved corrosion resistance by an order of magnitude. The mechanisms behind the variation in the overall performance of the Cu-bearing 431 MSS specimens were discussed in detail.

Graphical Abstract

previous article Effect of Cell Geometry and Heat Treatment on the Energy Absorption Property of AlSi10Mg Alloy Lattice Structures Produced by Laser-Based Powder Bed Fusion

next article Mechanical Stability of Retained Austenite and Texture Evolution in Additively Manufactured Stainless Steel

Dont have a licence yet? Then find out more about our products and how to get one now:

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

über 102.000 Bücher
über 537 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

Automobil + Motoren
Bauwesen + Immobilien
Business IT + Informatik
Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
Finance + Banking
Management + Führung
Marketing + Vertrieb
Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe
Versicherung + Risiko

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

inform now

Springer Professional "Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

über 67.000 Bücher
über 390 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

Automobil + Motoren
Bauwesen + Immobilien
Business IT + Informatik
Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

inform now

Available only for authorised users

Y. Liu, A. Li, X. Cheng, S.Q. Zhang, H.M. Wang, Effects of heat treatment on microstructure and tensile properties of laser melting deposited AISI 431 martensitic stainless steel. Mater. Sci. Eng. A 666, 27–33 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2016.04.014CrossRef

I. Hemmati, V. Ocelík, J.T.M. De Hosson, The effect of cladding speed on phase constitution and properties of AISI 431 stainless steel laser deposited coatings. Surf. Coat. Technol. 205, 5235–5239 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.surfcoat.2011.05.035CrossRef

B.C. Li, H.M. Zhu, C.J. Qiu, X.K. Gong, Laser cladding and in-situ nitriding of martensitic stainless steel coating with striking performance. Mater. Lett. 259, 126829 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matlet.2019.126829CrossRef

H.M. Zhu, M.N. Ouyang, J.P. Hu, J.W. Zhang, C.J. Qiu, Design and development of TiC-reinforced 410 martensitic stainless steel coatings fabricated by laser cladding. Ceram. Int. 47, 12505–12513 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ceramint.2021.01.108CrossRef

B. Aydogan, A. O’Neil, H. Sahasrabudhe, Microstructural and mechanical characterization of stainless steel 420 and Inconel 718 multi-material structures fabricated using laser directed energy deposition. J. Manuf. Process. 68, 1224–1235 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmapro.2021.06.031CrossRef

B.C. Li, H.M. Zhu, C.J. Qiu, D.K. Zhang, Development of high strength and ductile martensitic stainless steel coatings with Nb addition fabricated by laser cladding. J. Alloys Compd. 832, 154985 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2020.154985CrossRef

J.P. Hu, H.M. Zhu, J.W. Zhang, M.N. Ouyang, C.J. Qiu, J.A. Duan, Effects of TiC addition on microstructure, microhardness and wear resistance of 18Ni300 maraging steel by direct laser deposition. J. Mater. Process. Technol. 296, 117213 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2021.117213CrossRef

H.M. Zhu, J.W. Zhang, J.P. Hu, M.N. Ouyang, C.J. Qiu, Effects of aging time on the microstructure and mechanical properties of laser-cladded 18Ni300 maraging steel. J. Mater. Sci. 56, 8835–8847 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-021-05841-1CrossRef

L.D.V. Natália, A.C. Fernandes, R.A. Santos, T.F.A. Santos, S.L.U. Filho, Effect of laser parameters on the characteristics of a laser clad AISI 431 stainless steel coating on carbon steel substrate. JOM 73, 2868–2877 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11837-021-04835-3CrossRef

10.

E.W.A. Figueredo, L.H.R. Apolinario, M.V. Santos, A.C.S. Silva, J.A. Avila, M.S.F. Lima, T.F.A. Santos, Influence of laser beam power and scanning speed on the macrostructural characteristics of AISI 316L and AISI 431 stainless steel depositions produced by laser cladding process. J. Mater. Eng. Perform. 30, 3298–3312 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11665-021-05676-6CrossRef

11.

L.Q. Li, F.M. Shen, Y.D. Zhou, W. Tao, Comparative study of stainless steel AISI 431 coatings prepared by extreme-high-speed and conventional laser cladding. J. Laser Appl. 31, 042009 (2019). https://doi.org/10.2351/1.5094378CrossRef

12.

K.P. Balan, A. Venugopal Reddy, D.S. Sarma, Effect of single and double austenitization treatments on the microstructure and mechanical properties of 16Cr–2Ni steel. J. Mater. Eng. Perform. 8, 385–393 (1999). https://doi.org/10.1361/105994999770346963CrossRef

13.

A. Rajasekhar, G. Madhusudhan Reddy, T. Mohandas, V.S.R. Murti, Influence of austenitizing temperature on microstructure and mechanical properties of AISI 431 martensitic stainless steel electron beam welds. Mater. Des. 30, 1612–1624 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2008.07.042CrossRef

14.

K. Wang, B.H. Chang, J.S. Chen, H.G. Fu, Y.H. Lin, Y.P. Lei, K. Wang, B. Chang, J. Chen et al., Effect of molybdenum on the microstructures and properties of stainless steel coatings by laser cladding. Appl. Sci. 7, 1065 (2017). https://doi.org/10.3390/app7101065CrossRef

15.

X.Y. Gao, H.Y. Wang, C. Ma, M. Lv, G. Sha, Y.M. Li, H.P. Ren, Micromechanism involved in ultrafine grained ferrite/martensite dual phase steels strengthened by nanoscale Cu-rich precipitates. Mater. Sci. Eng. A 819, 141522–141525 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2021.141522CrossRef

16.

J. Wang, C.G. Li, X.J. Di, Effect of Cu content on microstructure and mechanical properties for high-strength deposited metals strengthened by nano-precipitation. Metals 12, 1360 (2022). https://doi.org/10.3390/met12081360CrossRef

17.

H.L. Sun, D.D. Li, Y.P. Diao, Y. He, L.C. Yan, X.L. Pang, K.W. Gao, Nanoscale Cu particle evolution and its impact on the mechanical properties and strengthening mechanism in precipitation-hardening stainless steel. Mater. Charact. 188, 111885 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matchar.2022.111885CrossRef

18.

D. Ye, J. Li, W. Jiang, J. Su, K.Y. Zhao, Effect of Cu addition on microstructure and mechanical properties of 15% Cr super martensitic stainless steel. Mater. Des. 41, 16–22 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2012.04.036CrossRef

19.

Y.L. Huang, J.L. Zhao, J.R. Zhang, C.G. Yang, Y. Zhao, K. Yang, Y. Huang, J. Zhao, J. Zhang et al., Optimized antibacterial treatment for the Cu-bearing 420 stainless steel. Mater. Technol. 33, 699–708 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/10667857.2018.1497574CrossRef

20.

L. Wang, C.F. Dong, C. Man, D.C. Kong, K. Xiao, X.G. Li, Enhancing the corrosion resistance of selective laser melted 15–5PH martensite stainless steel via heat treatment. Corros. Sci. 166, 108427 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.corsci.2019.108427CrossRef

21.

J. Ma, Y.Y. Song, H.C. Jiang, L.J. Rong, Effect of Cu on the microstructure and mechanical properties of a low-carbon martensitic stainless steel. Materials 15, 8849 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.corsci.2019.108427CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

22.

C. Zhang, K.T. Yamanaka, H.K. Bian, A. Chiba, Corrosion-resistant carbide-reinforced martensitic steel by Cu modification. NPJ. Mat. Degrad. 3, 30 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41529-019-0092-3CrossRef

23.

D. Ye, L.H. Yu, W. Jiang, K.Y. Zhao, J. Su, Synergistic effect of Cu and Ni on the formation of reversed austenite in super martensitic stainless steel. Ironmak. Steelmak. (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/03019233.2018.1522099CrossRef

24.

M.C. Niu, K. Yang, J.H. Luan, W. Wang, Cu-assisted austenite reversion and enhanced TRIP effect in maraging stainless steels. J. Mater. Sci. Technol. 104, 52–58 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmst.2021.06.055CrossRef

25.

Y. Liu, J.J. Yang, H. Yang, K.M. Li, Y.T. Qiu, W.C. Zhang, S.F. Zhou, Cu-bearing 316L stainless steel coatings produced by laser melting deposition: microstructure and corrosion behavior in simulated body fluids. Surf. Coat. Technol. 428, 127868 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.surfcoat.2021.127868CrossRef

26.

W.F. Hu, H.N. Zhu, J.M. Hu, B.M. Li, C.J. Qiu, Influence of vanadium microalloying on microstructure and property of laser-cladded martensitic stainless steel coating. Materials 13, 826 (2020). https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13040826CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

27.

S. Takaki, M. Fujioka, S. Aihara, Y. Nagataki, T. Yamashita, N. Sano, Y. Adachi, M. Nomura, H. Yaguchi, Effect of copper on tensile properties and grain-refinement of steel and its relation to precipitation behavior. Mater. Trans. 45, 2239–2244 (2004). https://doi.org/10.2320/matertrans.45.2239CrossRef

28.

Z.B. Jiao, J.H. Luan, M.K. Miller, C.T. Liu, Precipitation mechanism and mechanical properties of an ultra-high strength steel hardened by nanoscale NiAl and Cu particles. Acta Mater. 97, 58–67 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actamat.2015.06.063CrossRef

29.

A. Das, S.K. Das, S. Tarafder, Correlation of fractographic features with mechanical properties in systematically varied microstructures of Cu-strengthened high-strength low-alloy steel. Metall. Mater. Trans. A 40, 3138–3146 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11661-009-9999-6CrossRef

30.

Y. Dai, S. Wang, Q.Y. He, C. Liu, X.Y. Wang, X. Li, L. Li, Y.J. Liu, C. He, Q.Y. Wang, Effect of microstructure on slip-induced crack initiation and early propagation of martensitic steel during high cycle fatigue. Int. J. Fatigue 167, 107275 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijfatigue.2022.107275CrossRef

31.

G. Krauss, Martensite in steel: strength and structure. Mater. Sci. Eng. A 273, 40–57 (1999). https://doi.org/10.1016/S0921-5093(99)00288-9CrossRef

32.

Y.Y. Song, D.H. Ping, F.X. Yin, X.Y. Li, Y.Y. Li, Microstructural evolution and low temperature impact toughness of a Fe–13%Cr–4%Ni–Mo martensitic stainless steel. Mater. Sci. Eng. A 527, 614–618 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2009.08.022CrossRef

33.

H. Kong, Z. Jiao, J. Lu, C.T. Liu, Low-carbon advanced nanostructured steels: microstructure, mechanical properties, and applications. Sci. China Mater. 64, 1580–1597 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40843-020-1595-2CrossRef

34.

R.L. Xiong, H.B. Peng, T.W. Zhang, J.W. Bae, H.S. Kim, Y.H. Wen, Superior strain-hardening by deformation-induced nano-HCP martensite in Fe–Mn–Si–C high- manganese steel. Mater. Sci. Eng. A 824, 141864 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2021.141864CrossRef

35.

M.H. Zhang, L.H. Sun, Y.L. Liu, Y.L. Feng, N. Xu, H.Y. Chen, Y.D. Wang, In-situ investigation of strengthening and strain hardening mechanisms of Cu-added medium-Mn steels by synchrotron-based high-energy X-ray diffraction. J. Mater. Res. Technol. 24, 2952–2964 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmrt.2023.03.209CrossRef

36.

L. Qi, A.G. Khachaturyan, J.W. Morris, The microstructure of dislocated martensitic steel: theory. Acta Mater. 76, 23–39 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actamat.2014.04.038CrossRef

37.

G. Miyamoto, N. Iwata, N. Takayama, T. Furuhara, Mapping the parent austenite orientation reconstructed from the orientation of martensite by EBSD and its application to ausformed martensite. Acta Mater. 58, 6393–6403 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actamat.2010.08.001CrossRef

38.

B. Xiao, L.Y. Xu, C. Cayron, J. Xue, G. Sha, R. Logé, Solute-dislocation interactions and creep-enhanced Cu precipitation in a novel ferritic-martensitic steel. Acta Mater. 195, 199–208 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actamat.2020.05.054CrossRef

39.

J. Hidalgo, M.J. Santofimia, Effect of prior austenite grain size refinement by thermal cycling on the microstructural features of as-quenched lath martensite. Metall. Mater. Trans. A 47, 5288–5301 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11661-016-3525-4CrossRef

40.

Y.P. Zhang, D.P. Zhan, X.W. Qi, Z.H. Jiang, Austenite and precipitation in secondary-hardening ultra-high-strength stainless steel. Mater. Charact. 144, 393–399 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matchar.2018.07.038CrossRef

41.

P. Kürnsteiner, M.B. Wilms, A. Weisheit, P. Barriobero-Vila, E.A. Jägle, D. Raabe, Massive nanoprecipitation in an Fe–19Ni–xAl maraging steel triggered by the intrinsic heat treatment during laser metal deposition. Acta Mater. 129, 52–60 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actamat.2017.02.069CrossRef

42.

P. Kürnsteiner, M.B. Wilms, A. Weisheit, B. Gault, E.A. Jägle, D. Raabe, High-strength Damascus steel by additive manufacturing. Nature 582, 515–519 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-020-2409-3CrossRefPubMed

43.

K. Li, J.B. Zhan, T.B. Yang, A.C.S. Tan, Q. Tang, H.J. Cao, L.E. Murr, Homogenization timing effect on microstructure and precipitation strengthening of 17–4PH stainless steel fabricated by laser powder bed fusion. Addit. Manuf. 52, 102672 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addma.2022.102672CrossRef

44.

Y.U. Heo, Y.K. Kim, J.S. Kim, J.K. Kim, Phase transformation of Cu precipitates from bcc to fcc in Fe–3Si–2Cu alloy. Acta Mater. 61, 519–528 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actamat.2012.09.068CrossRef

45.

C. Zhang, M. Enomoto, T. Yamashita, N. Sano, Cu precipitation in a prestrained Fe-1.5 wt pct Cu alloy during isothermal aging. Metall. Mater. Trans. A 35, 1263–1272 (2004). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11661-004-0300-8CrossRef

46.

J. Jung, M.S. Jung, S.M. Lee, E. Shin, H.C. Shin, Y.K. Lee, Cu precipitation kinetics during martensite tempering in a medium C steel. J. Alloys Compd. 553, 299–307 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2012.11.108CrossRef

47.

A.W. Bowen, G.M. Leak, Solute diffusion in alpha-and gamma-iron. Metall. Trans. 1, 1695–1700 (1970). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02642019CrossRef

48.

W. Jiang, K. Zhao, Effect of Cu on the formation of reversed austenite in super martensitic stainless steel. Materials 16, 1302 (2023). https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16031302CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

49.

Y.H. Kim, J.H. Kim, T.H. Hwang, J.Y. Lee, C.Y. Kang, Effect of austenite on mechanical properties in high manganese austenitic stainless steel with two phase of martensite and austenite. Met. Mater. Int. 21, 485–489 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12540-015-4480-0CrossRef

50.

J. Hu, L.X. Du, W. Xu, J.H. Zhai, Y. Dong, Y.J. Liu, R.D.K. Misra, Ensuring combination of strength, ductility and toughness in medium-manganese steel through optimization of nano-scale metastable austenite. Mater. Charact. 136, 20–28 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matchar.2017.11.058CrossRef

Title: Microstructure and Properties of the LDEDed Cu-Bearing Martensitic Stainless Steel After a Single-Step Tempering Treatment
Authors: Hongmei Zhu
Li Zhao
Baichun Li
Longzhang Shen
Changjun Qiu
Publication date: 02-12-2023
Publisher: The Korean Institute of Metals and Materials
Published in: Metals and Materials International / Issue 5/2024
Print ISSN: 1598-9623
Electronic ISSN: 2005-4149
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12540-023-01569-6

Springer Professional

Abstract

Graphical Abstract

Please log in to get access to your license.

Dont have a licence yet? Then find out more about our products and how to get one now:

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik"

Springer Professional "Technik"

Other articles of this Issue 5/2024

Correction: Microstructure-controlled Electrodeposition of Mechanically Reliable Double-layered Thin Foils for Secondary Batteries

Synthesis of High Entropy Alloy for Surface Modification by Friction Stir Process: Recent Advances and Future Directions

Repetitive Nanosecond Laser-Induced Oxidation and Phase Transformation in NiTi Alloy

Analysis of a Full-Scale Bi–Sn Liquid Metal Model for the Continuous Casting of Steel

Thermodynamics of Liquid Alloys and Vapor–Liquid Equilibrium in the Antimony–Tellurium System

Optimizing the Hot Deformation Microstructure of GH4975 Superalloy by Sup-solvus Temperature Holding Followed by Extremely Slow Cooling