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2020 | OriginalPaper | Chapter

1. Models and Procedures of Product Development

Authors : Sándor Vajna, C. Burchardt, P. Le Masson, A. Hatchuel, B. Weil, T. Bercsey, F. Pilz

Published in: Integrated Design Engineering

Publisher: Springer International Publishing

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Abstract

Integrated Product Development (IPD) is one of the best-known integration approaches to support product development [GeBa-2002], which is not limited to specific industries. It arose from the necessity to integrate all areas involved in the generation of a product (starting with marketing, followed by production to sales) into product development by means of suitable measures, to overcome forms of organization based on the division of labour and to concentrate not only on solving technical problems but also on the associated processes [Olss-1985, Ehrl-1995, Burc-2001].

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next chapter Products and Product Life Cycle in IDE
Footnotes
1
In predictive engineering, the properties, behaviour and associated processes of a product and its components are simulated in advance, both individually and in conjunction, by corresponding systems (predominantly FEM systems) and evaluated with current information (at least from those areas downstream of the IPD, usually from the subsequent product life) [Wart-2000].
 
2
Reverse engineering analyses an existing product in order to identify the components used in it and their interrelations in order to create product documentation from it, especially if access to the original product documentation is no longer possible [OtWo-2001].
 
3
This statement supports the Pareto Principle formulated by Vilfredo Pareto at the beginning of the twentieth century according to which about 80% of the results can be achieved in 20% of the total time of a project, but the remaining 20% of the results require 80% of the total time (see also Sect.  15.4.3 in Chapter 15).
 
4
Ken Wallace (1944-2018) translated with L. Blessing and F. Bauert the most significant textbook of German design, the ‘Konstruktionslehre’ by G. Pahl and W. Beitz, into English (‘Engineering design—a Systematic Approach’) and edited it. Without his congenial treatment and adaptation of the contents of the book to the Anglo-Saxon forms and ways of designing, the ‘Konstruktionslehre’ would not have acquired this importance in English-speaking countries that it has today.
 
5
Vladimir Hubka (1924–2006), pioneer of modern design sciences, founder of the International Conference on Engineering design series (ICED) in 1981, which has been held since then every two years at various locations around the world.
 
6
According to the Latin principle of ‘divide et impera’ (divide and rule).
 
7
Fredy Olsson (1935–1993) taught at the University of Lund (Sweden). His dissertation ‘Systematisk Konstruktion’ from 1976 already contained the name, type and contents of IPD [Olss-1976].
 
8
The term ‘integrated team’ originates from the military environment. Napoléon Bonaparte was the first to use the term ‘integrated army corps’ for teams of infantrymen and cavalrymen [Smed-1994].
 
9
The integration of activities and/or fields is supported by all European sources, but also for example by the Product Development and Management Association (PDMA): ‘A philosophy that systematically employs an integrated team effort from multiple functional disciplines to develop effectively and efficiently new products that satisfy customer needs.’ [PDMA-2011].
 
10
In SE, different (and originally sequential) activities in product development (such as development, Engineering design and process planning) are overlapped in time and executed in parallel, with an intensive exchange of information occurring in each overlap area. With CE, a voluminous task is divided among several persons who work on it in parallel. Therefore, the definition of physical and logical design spaces with clear interfaces between each other is a prerequisite for CE. The most important criterion for parallelization for SE and CE is the question of when the results of the previously started work step are so stable that the statistical probability of a change and the associated change costs are lower than the costs caused by working too late [VWZH-2018].
 
11
In general, it is hardly possible to specify the exact proportions of new design, adaptation design and variant design in practice, especially since the boundaries are fluid. Estimates are in the range of 20–30% variant design, 15–25% new design, thus approx. 45–65% matching adaptation design.
 
12
For example, Apple used to launch products on the market before there was a direct need for them (thus created the respective need), starting with the digital music player iPod, the mobile phone iPhone, the tablet computer iPad and the Apple Watch. One of the reasons for the respective market success might be the fact that several previously separate application areas have been integrated into each of these devices, and the range of functions offered can be used via an intuitive user interface.
 
13
The strategies, activities and information systems necessary to ensure and optimize information flows are part of information logistics in analogy to logistics in materials management.
 
14
The acronym DfX stands for ‘Design for property X’: e.g. design for production, assembly, use and recycling, see also Chap. 14).
 
15
In the knowledge-based process model of Freisleben [Frei-2001], each method is assigned the corresponding procedures as well as manual and computer-aided tools, so that when a method is activated, all corresponding tools needed are automatically activated. The selection itself, if it cannot be performed context sensitively, can also be done with the Morphological Box of Zwicky [Zwic-1982].
 
16
A profit centre is usually a legally and organizationally independent organizational unit with full product and profit responsibility in the enterprise, usually in holding organizations.
 
17
Further details can be found in [EhMe-2017] and there in Sect. 3.​6.
 
18
To the well-known saying of Descartes ‘I think, therefore I am’, which is related to rational thinking, one would have to add according to today’s knowledge: ‘It thinks, therefore I am’ if one makes clear that all bodily functions of man are predominantly unconscious, and a large part of the sensory experiences of man, his rational thinking, is ‘only a small icing on the cake of unconscious life’! Or, to put it another way: Man is lived more by the unconscious than is assumed.
 
19
This agrees with the statement in Fig. 1.1 that product development influences 75% of the later total costs (and thus also the possible profits).
 
20
Sir Isaac Newton (1643–1727) conducted research in the fields of mathematics and physics. He is regarded as the founder of mechanics (including the laws of motion). With the laws of gravity, he described the phenomenon of gravity. Parallel to Leibnitz he developed the differential and integral calculus and founded acoustics discipline. In optics, he proved the composition of white light by the spectral colours and established the emission theory of light with the corpuscle model. Newton is considered one of the greatest scientists of all time.
 
21
In a Planetary Organization the manager/project leader (‘sun’) is in the centre, with sub-managers/sub-project leaders (‘planets’) around the sun, in direct contact with each other. Grouped around each planet are single associates or teams (‘moons’), also in direct contact with each other. In addition, experts and senior managers act as ‘comets’ by pollinating and influencing others in the organization (as planned or spontaneously) in a positive way [Otto-1998].
 
22
In [Schr-2000] it is stated that successful (and progressive) companies carry out significantly more tests per time unit than ‘normal’ companies.
 
23
Hence the high proportion of adaptation design in industry (figures vary between 55 and 70% of all development assignments).
 
24
All results of the research on the Magdeburg Model of IPD are evaluated for relevance and relevance by industrial projects, the results of which flow continuously into the evolution of the Magdeburg Model and its successor Integrated Design Engineering (IDE).
 
25
The term ‘synthesis’ is not understood here primarily in the sense of design methodology as the transformation of requirements into solution characteristics, but in the sense of Hegel’s dialectic with the argumentation triangle thesis—antithesis—synthesis (the triangle itself was introduced into dialectic by Fichte). The thesis is an assertion to which an antithesis is made by negation, contradiction or opposition. Thesis and antithesis drive the cognitive process to a new level. This new level or the new formulation on this level results in the synthesis, in which the positions of thesis and antithesis are contained to a large extent equally, albeit in the changed form (according to [EWDS-1998]).
 
26
‘CA’ stands for computer-aided and ‘x’ is a placeholder for acronyms that specify certain fields of application (e.g. ‘D’ for design). CAx as a stand-alone term in the meaning computer-aided Everything describes the systematic use of computer-aided methods, procedures and tools [VWZH-2018].
 
27
For an introduction to the C-K design theory see [AHAB-2011], for a comprehensive synthesis and corresponding examples see [MaWH-2017].
 
28
Generativity is the capacity of design theory to produce ‘novel’ solutions from a given knowledge background (see academic references in [MaWH-2017]).
 
29
Fixation (in design and creativity cognition) describe the fact that, in a design task, designers tend to explore only a limited set of alternatives. As a prepossession, they are cognitively hindered to explore the whole set of imaginable alternatives (see academic references in [MaWH-2017])
 
30
The Simonian Theory of Design, formulated by H. A. Simon in the 1960ies, is based on search algorithms in complex combinatorial problem spaces (c.f. e.g. [Simo-1997]).
 
31
Not to be confused with the ‘attribute’ term applied in Integrated Design Engineering (see Chap. 3 for its definition and description)
 
32
The ability to make discoveries by chance and ingenuity that were not searched for.
 
33
During the on-going research, the scope of the ADT has increasingly expanded from supporting the design process to supporting the whole product development process, i.e. is in change from design theory to development theory.
 
34
Theoretically, it is possible that among the solution set there is one solution that dominates all other.
 
35
The target function represents the synthesis of the optimization goals derived from the requirements, which need to be fulfilled under certain conditions and in certain environments, even if these requirements contradict or exclude each other.
 
36
The particular fitness is realized by a synthesis of the actual levels of the respective fulfilments of the requirement. These are compared to the target function. Deviations from the target function can result in new optimization directions.
 
37
‘Most advanced’ doesn’t mean the absolute value, but always a relation to the actual state of fulfilment of the target function (i.e. the actual fitness of the regarded parent).
 
38
Potential exceptions are tasks with very specific requirements, which leave only a very small range for possible solutions.
 
39
As an example: If a requirement prescribes a non-magnetic material, the resulting ban excludes all magnetic materials but doesn’t limit the variety of non-magnetic materials from any discipline.
 
40
The original solution on the right side is now situated within a taboo zone. This indicates that requirements etc. were properly formulated in order to create an advanced solution of which the quality surpasses the quality of the original solution.
 
41
NOA = Natural Optimization Algorithm
 
42
More optimization methods (e.g. simulated annealing, particle swarm, deterministic methods for refined solution search in optimized areas as well as their dynamic parallel processing by model decomposition to increase efficiency [Wüns-2017]) are currently being integrated into NOA.
 
43
Detailed information of further industrial applications of the ADT in different branches can be found, e.g. in [VCJB-2005, Clem-2005, KiVa-2009]
 
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Metadata
Title
Models and Procedures of Product Development
Authors
Sándor Vajna
C. Burchardt
P. Le Masson
A. Hatchuel
B. Weil
T. Bercsey
F. Pilz
Copyright Year
2020
Book
Integrated Design Engineering

Print ISBN: 978-3-030-19356-0

Electronic ISBN: 978-3-030-19357-7

Copyright Year: 2020

DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-19357-7_1

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