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2011 | OriginalPaper | Chapter

20. Monitoring the Bio-optical State of the Baltic Sea Ecosystem with Remote Sensing and Autonomous In Situ Techniques

Authors : Susanne Kratzer, Kerstin Ebert, Kai Sørensen

Published in: The Baltic Sea Basin

Publisher: Springer Berlin Heidelberg

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Abstract

This chapter focuses on recent advances in water quality monitoring of the Baltic Sea using remote sensing techniques in combination with optical in situ measurements. Here the Baltic Sea ecosystem is observed through its bio-optical properties, which are defined by the concentration of optical in-water constituents governing the spectral attenuation of light. In the introduction, typical geographical patterns and seasonal variations of optical properties and the cause of the mass occurrence of cyanobacterial blooms in summer are discussed. The optical characteristic of Baltic Sea waters is clearly dominated by a relatively high load of dissolved organic matter and, during the productive season, by phytoplankton growth, stimulated by nutrients mostly originating from land. In the coastal zone, inorganic suspended matter also has a significant effect on the light attenuation, which increases with proximity to land. The ecological status of the coastal zone may be synthesized using a bio-optical model, summarizing important ecosystem state variables such as terrestrial runoff and phytoplankton production. The optical properties can also be observed with visible, spectral satellite remote sensing providing repetitive and optically consistent data for the whole Baltic Sea basin. Such observations have already significantly influenced our understanding of Baltic Sea dynamics and provide us with a new look into this brackish ecosystem. The focus in this chapter is on the ocean colour sensor ‘Medium Resolution Imaging Spectrometer’ (MERIS), which since 2002 is flying continuously onboard the European Environmental Satellite ENVISAT, developed by the European Space Agency (ESA). The advantage of MERIS data is its good spatial resolution of 300 m allowing the analysis of coastal features and bays of the Baltic Sea. Algorithms to retrieve bio-optical parameters from MERIS data are continuously improved and extended. The MERIS mission will be continued with the Ocean and Land Colour Instrument (OLCI), an optically similar sensor which will be flown on SENTINEL-3, scheduled to be operational until 2023, to assure long-term monitoring of water quality from space. The wide aerial coverage, the frequent repetition and continuity of the satellite observations, the consistency of the measured data, and a relative cost-effectiveness clearly respond to the demands of a modern operational monitoring system, and the requirements of effective Baltic Sea management. An overview of existing monitoring approaches is given, and operational online systems that combine remote sensing and autonomous in situ measurements are discussed.

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Glossary
AERONET-OC
AEROsol RObotic NETwork – Ocean Colour
AOPs
Apparent Optical Properties
AVHRR
Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer
C2R
Coastal Case-2 Regional Water Processor
Chl-a
Chlorophyll-a
CDOM
Chromophoric or Coloured Dissolved Organic Matter
DIN
Dissolved Inorganic Nitrogen
DIP
Dissolved Inorganic Phosphorus
EC
European Commission
ENVISAT
European ENVIronmental SATellite
ESA
European Space Agency
EU
European Union
FUB
Freie Universität Berlin
GPRS
General Packet Radio Service
GMES
Global Monitoring of Environment and Security
GSM
Global System for Mobile communications
HELCOM
HELsinki COMmission
ICOL
Improved Contrast Between Ocean and Land processor
IOPs
Inherent Optical Properties
MERIS
MEdium Resolution Imaging Spectrometer
MODIS
MODerate Imaging Spectroradiometer
NASA
National Aeronautics and Space Administration
NIR
Near-InfraRed
NIVA
Norsk institutt for vannforskning, Norwegian Institute for Water Research
OLCI
Ocean and Land Colour Instrument
RGB
Red Green Blue
SeaWiFS
Sea-viewing Wide Field-of-view Sensor
SMHI
Swedish Meteorological and Hydrological Institute
SPM
Suspended Particulate Matter
SST
Sea Surface Temperature
SYKE
Finnish Environmental Institute
TOA
Top of Atmosphere
TSM
Total Suspended Matter
VIS
Visible
VSF
Volume Scattering Function
WAQSS
Water Quality Service System
WFD
Water Framework Directive of EC
WeW
Institut für Weltraumwissenschaften, Institut of Space Science
a
Absorption coefficient
b
Scattering coefficient
b b
Backward Scattering coefficient
b f
Forward Scattering coefficient
I
Radiance
E
Irradiance
E d
Downwelling irradiance
K d
Diffuse Vertical Attenuation Coefficient
R
Sea surface reflectance
Footnotes
1
The CDOM content is measured in terms of absorption at 440 nm; unit: [m-1]), chlorophyll-a concentration is measured in units of [μg/l]) and TSM load is measured in units of [g/m3]).
 
2
TSM is also referred to as suspended particulate matter (SPM) and consists of an organic and an inorganic fraction (organic and inorganic SPM).
 
3
NASA: National Aeronautics and Space Administration; ESA: European Space Agency; MODIS: Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer; SeaWiFS: Sea-viewing Wide Field-of-View Sensor; MERIS: Medium Resolution Imaging Spectrometer; ENVISAT: European Environmental Satellite.
 
5
FUB: Freie Universität Berlin, WeW: Institut für Weltraumwissenschaften (Institute for Space Science).
 
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Metadata
Title
Monitoring the Bio-optical State of the Baltic Sea Ecosystem with Remote Sensing and Autonomous In Situ Techniques
Authors
Susanne Kratzer
Kerstin Ebert
Kai Sørensen
Copyright Year
2011
Publisher
Springer Berlin Heidelberg
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-17220-5_20