The construction of a highly efficient (photo)electrocatalyst plays a key role in improving (photo)electrocatalytic water-splitting performance. Herein, SbVO4 and MoS2 were prepared by the hydrothermal method. The prepared SbVO4 and MoS2 nanoparticles were further co-deposited on Co foams (denoted as SbVO4/MoS2@Co) and used as (photo)electrocatalysts. The SbVO4/MoS2@Co exhibited a high electrocatalytic oxygen evolution reaction (OER) at a current density of 50 mA cm−2 with an overpotential of 217 mV, which was 3.6 times lower than that of SbVO4@Co without MoS2, and the Tafel slope was 20.2 mV dec−1. SbVO4/MoS2@Co also demonstrated excellent photoelectrochemical (PEC) performance and stability. Under AM 1.5G simulated solar illumination, when the potential was 1.24 V vs. reversible hydrogen electrode (RHE), the maximum integrated solar thermal cycle (ISTC) conversion efficiency was about 0.38% (0.15% higher than that of SbVO4@Co) with a photocurrent density of 138 mA cm−2. The catalyst has a long-term stability up to 18 h. The excellent (photo)electrochemical performance of SbVO4/MoS2@Co was mainly due to the synergistic effect between SbVO4/MoS2 heterostructure and the cobalt matrix of the foam, increasing light absorption and facilitating charge and mass transport.