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2017 | OriginalPaper | Chapter

3. Motorcycles

Author : Evangelos G. Giakoumis

Published in: Driving and Engine Cycles

Publisher: Springer International Publishing

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Abstract

This chapter presents the driving cycles used for the certification of motorcycles, which are all of the chassis-dynamometer type. European/UNECE (R40 and R47), American (FTP-72), Indian (IDC) and worldwide (WMTC) cycles are presented, with graphic illustration of the speed/acceleration profiles together with a historical overview. A summary of the main technical specifications is provided as well, along with detailed comparisons between the cycles, and results from real light-vehicles operation.

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Footnotes
1
Estimated 65 % of the total vehicle population in the 10 largest Asian vehicle markets in 2010 [1].
 
2
L category is the family name of light vehicles, such as powered cycles, two and three-wheeled mopeds, two and three-wheeled motorcycles, motorcycles with sidecars, light and heavy on-road quadricycles, and light and heavy quadrimobiles.
 
3
The relevant EU documents for the R40 cycle are Directives 97/24/EC, 2002/51/EC, 2003/77/EC and Regulation 134/2014/EU.
 
Literature
1.
Posada F, Kamakate F, Bandivadekar A. Sustainable management of two- and three-wheelers in Asia. ICCT Working Paper 2011–13, December 2011.
2.
Manufacturers of Emission Controls Association. Emission control of two- and three-wheel vehicles. White Paper, September 2014.
3.
UNECE Regulation No. 47. Uniform provisions concerning the approval of mopeds equipped with a positive-ignition engine with regard to the emission of gaseous pollutants by the engine. Date of entry into force: 1 November 1981.
4.
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Summary of the future emission reduction measures for motorcycles from the future policy for motor vehicle emission reduction (11th report). Japanese Ministry of the Environment, EPPR-01-05e; 2013.
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Favre C, May J, Bosteels D, Tromayer J, Neumann G, Kirchberger R, et al. Regulated and non-regulated emissions of selected state-of-the-art European mopeds. AECC SIA 2011 Congress, Strassburg, France.
7.
UNECE Regulation No. 40. Uniform provisions concerning the approval of motor cycles equipped with a positive-ignition engine with regard to the emission of gaseous pollutants by the engine. Date of entry into force: 1 September 1979.
8.
Geivanidis S, Ntziachristos L, Samaras Z, Xanthopoulos A, Steven H, Bugsel B. Study on possible new measures concerning motorcycle emissions. Final report No. 08.RE.0019.V2, Thessaloniki, November 2008.
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Giechaskiel B, Zardini A, Martini G. Particle emission measurements from L-category vehicles. SAE Paper No. 2015-24-2512; 2015.
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Regulated emissions of a Euro 5 passenger car measured over different driving cycles. European Commission Joint Research Centre; 2010.
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Vehicle Emission Standards—Japan. MECA World Regulations; 2006.
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Cuerden R, Nathanson AA, Goodacre O, McCarthy M, Knight I, Muirhead M, et al. Durability of pollution control measures for L-category vehicles. Final report, PPR627, November 2012.
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U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 40 CFR Parts 9, 86, 90, and 1051. Control of emissions from highway motorcycles; Final rule, Federal Register, Vol. 69, No. 10, January 15, 2004.
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Association des Constructeurs Européens de Motocycles. L-category vehicles type approval regulation—ACEM comments on draft TRL durability study, October 2012.
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Document on test method, testing equipment and related procedures for testing type approval and conformity of production (COP) of vehicles for emissions as per CMV rules 115, 116 and 126. Ministry of Road Transport and Highways, Government of India, March, 2010.
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The Central Motor Vehicle Rules, 1989 as amended by the Central Motor Vehicle (3rd amendment) Rules. Universal Law Publishing PVT Ltd; 2010.
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UNECE WP.29 GRPE. Worldwide Harmonized Motorcycle Emissions Certification Procedure. Informal document No. 9, 45th GRPE, 13–17 Jan 2003.
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UNECE Global Technical Regulation No. 2. Measurement procedure for two-wheeled motorcycles equipped with a positive or compression ignition engine with regard to the emission of gaseous pollutants, CO2 emissions and fuel consumption. Established in the Global Registry on 22 June 2005.
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Zardini A, Clairotte M, Lanappe G, Giechaskiel B, Martini G. Preparatory work for the environmental effect study on the Euro 5 step of L-category vehicles. JRC Science for Policy Report; 2016.
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Bharat stage IV emission standards for two-wheelers in India. ICCT policy update, August 2014.
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Metadata
Title
Motorcycles
Author
Evangelos G. Giakoumis
Copyright Year
2017
Book
Driving and Engine Cycles

Print ISBN: 978-3-319-49033-5

Electronic ISBN: 978-3-319-49034-2

Copyright Year: 2017

DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49034-2_3

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