1 Introduction
The Wilker inequality [1, 2] for sine and tangent functions states that the inequality holds for all \(x\in(0, \pi/2)\). The generalizations and improvements for the Wilker inequality (1.1) have been the subject of intensive research in the recent years. Wu and Srivastava [3] proved that the inequality holds for all \(x\in(0, \pi/2)\) if \(\lambda>0\), \(\mu>0\), \(q>0\) or \(q\leq \min\{-1, -\lambda/\mu\}\), and \(p\leq2q\mu/\lambda\). Baricz and Sándor [4] generalized inequality (1.2) to the Bessel functions.
$$ \biggl(\frac{\sin x}{x} \biggr)^{2}+ \frac{\tan x}{x}-2>0 $$
(1.1)
$$ \frac{\lambda}{\lambda+\mu} \biggl(\frac{\sin x}{x} \biggr)^{p}+ \frac{\mu }{\lambda+\mu} \biggl(\frac{\tan x}{x} \biggr)^{q}>1 $$
(1.2)
In [5], Zhu proved that the inequalities hold for \(x\in(0, \pi/2)\) and \(p\geq1\). Matejíčka [6] presented the best possible parameter p such that the second inequality of (1.3) holds for \(x\in(0, \pi/2)\).
$$ \biggl(\frac{\sin x}{x} \biggr)^{2p}+ \biggl( \frac{\tan x}{x} \biggr)^{p}> \biggl(\frac{x}{\sin x} \biggr)^{2p}+ \biggl(\frac{x}{\tan x} \biggr)^{p}>2 $$
(1.3)
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Zhu [7] proved that the inequalities are valid for all \(x\in(0, \pi/2)\) if \((p, \lambda, \eta)\in\{(p, \lambda, \eta)| p\geq1, \lambda\geq1-(2/\pi)^{p}, \eta\leq1/3\} \cup\{(p, \lambda, \eta)| 0\leq p\leq4/5, \lambda\geq1/3, \eta \leq 1-(2/\pi)^{p}\}\).
$$ (1-\lambda) \biggl(\frac{x}{\sin x} \biggr)^{p}+\lambda \biggl( \frac {x}{\tan x} \biggr)^{p}< 1< (1-\eta) \biggl(\frac{x}{\sin x} \biggr)^{p}+\eta \biggl(\frac {x}{\tan x} \biggr)^{p} $$
In [8], Yang and Chu provided the necessary and sufficient condition for the parameter μ such that the generalized Wilker-type inequality holds for any fixed \(\lambda\geq1\) and all \(x\in(0, \pi/2)\).
$$ \frac{2}{\lambda+2} \biggl(\frac{\sin x}{x} \biggr)^{\lambda\mu }+ \frac {\lambda}{\lambda+2} \biggl(\frac{\tan x}{x} \biggr)^{\mu}-1>(< )0 $$
Very recently, Chu et al. [9] proved that the two parameter generalized Wilker-type inequality holds for all \(x\in(0, \pi/2)\) if \((\alpha, \beta)\in E_{0}\), and inequality (1.4) is reversed if \((\alpha, \beta)\in E_{1}\), where
$$ \frac{2\beta}{\alpha+2\beta} \biggl(\frac{\sin x}{x} \biggr)^{\alpha}+ \frac {\alpha}{\alpha+2\beta} \biggl(\frac{\tan x}{x} \biggr)^{\beta}-1>0 $$
(1.4)
$$\begin{aligned}& \begin{aligned}[b] E_{0}={}& \bigl\{ (\alpha,\beta)|\alpha>0, \beta>0 \bigr\} \cup \bigl\{ (\alpha ,\beta)| 0< \alpha< -2\beta, \beta\geq-1 \bigr\} \\ &{}\cup \biggl\{ (\alpha ,\beta )\Big|\beta>0, -\frac{12}{5}\leq\alpha+2\beta< 0 \biggr\} \\ &{}\cup \biggl\{ (\alpha,\beta)\Big|\alpha\leq\frac{\pi^{2}}{4}-3, \beta \leq -1 \biggr\} \\ &{}\cup \biggl\{ (\alpha,\beta)\Big|\frac{\pi^{2}}{4}-3< \alpha < 0, \beta \leq- \frac{37}{35}, \alpha+2\beta+\frac{12}{5}\leq0 \biggr\} , \end{aligned} \\& \begin{aligned}[b] E_{1}={}& \bigl\{ (\alpha,\beta)|\alpha< 0, \alpha+2 \beta>0 \bigr\} \cup \bigl\{ (\alpha,\beta)|-1\leq\beta< 0, \alpha+2\beta>0 \bigr\} \\ &{}\cup \biggl\{ (\alpha,\beta)\Big|-1\leq\beta< 0, -2\beta-\frac {12}{5}\leq \alpha< 0 \biggr\} \cup \biggl\{ (\alpha,\beta)\Big|0< \alpha\leq-2\beta - \frac {12}{5} \biggr\} . \end{aligned} \end{aligned}$$
The main purpose of this paper is to provide the necessary and sufficient conditions for the parameters α and β such that the generalized Wilker-type inequality (1.4) and its reversed inequality hold for all \(x\in(0, \pi/2)\).
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2 Lemmas
Lemma 2.1
See [10], Lemma 2.3
Let
\(-\infty<\alpha<\beta <\infty \), \(f_{1}, f_{2}: [\alpha,\beta] \rightarrow\mathbb{R}\)
be continuous on
\([\alpha, \beta]\)
and differentiable on
\((\alpha, \beta)\), and
\(f^{\prime}_{2}(x)\neq0\)
on
\((\alpha,\beta)\). Then the inequality
holds for all
\(x\in (\alpha,\beta )\)
if there exists
\(\eta\in (\alpha, \beta)\)
such that
\(f^{\prime}_{1}(x)/f^{\prime}_{2}(x)\)
is strictly increasing (decreasing) on
\((\alpha, \eta)\)
and strictly decreasing (increasing) on
\((\eta, \beta)\), and
$$ \frac{f_{1} (x )-f_{1} (\alpha )}{f_{2} (x )-f_{2} (\alpha )}> (< )\frac{f^{\prime }_{1}(\alpha^{+})}{ f^{\prime}_{2}(\alpha^{+})} $$
$$ \frac{f_{1}(\beta)-f_{1}(\alpha)}{f_{2}(\beta)-g_{2}(\alpha)}\geq (\leq )\frac{f^{\prime}_{1}(\alpha^{+})}{f^{\prime}_{2}(\alpha^{+})}\neq \infty. $$
Lemma 2.2
See [9], Lemma 2.9
Let
\(\beta\in\mathbb{R}\), \(x\in (0, \pi/2)\), and
\(\mathsf{F}(x)\), \(\mathsf{G}(x)\), \(\mathsf{H}(x)\)
and
\(g(x)\)
be defined by
and
respectively. Then the following statements are true:
$$\begin{aligned}& \mathsf{F}(x)=\cos x(\sin x-x\cos x)^{2}(x-\sin x\cos x), \end{aligned}$$
(2.1)
$$\begin{aligned}& \mathsf{G}(x)=(x-\sin x\cos x)^{2}(\sin x-x\cos x), \end{aligned}$$
(2.2)
$$\begin{aligned}& \mathsf{H}(x)=x^{3} \biggl(\frac{\sin^{2}x}{x^{2}}+\frac{\tan x}{x}-2 \biggr)\sin^{2}x\cos x, \end{aligned}$$
(2.3)
$$ g(x)=\frac{\beta\mathsf{G}(x)+\mathsf{H}(x)}{\mathsf{F}(x)}, $$
(2.4)
(1)
The function
\(g(x)\)
is strictly increasing from
\((0, \pi/2)\)
onto
\((2\beta+12/5, 3-\pi^{2}/4)\)
if
\(\beta=-1\).
(2)
The function
\(g(x)\)
is strictly increasing from
\((0, \pi/2)\)
onto
\((2\beta+12/5, \infty)\)
if
\(\beta>-1\).
(3)
The function
\(g(x)\)
is strictly decreasing from
\((0, \pi/2)\)
onto
\((-\infty, 2\beta+12/5)\)
if
\(\beta\leq-37/35\).
Let \(\alpha, \beta\in\mathbb{R}\), \(x\in(0, \pi/2)\) and the functions \(\mathsf{I}_{\alpha}(x)\), \(\mathsf{J}_{\beta}(x)\) and \(\mathsf{Q}_{\alpha,\beta}(x)\) be defined by
and respectively.
$$\begin{aligned}& \mathsf{I}_{\alpha}(x)=\frac{1- (\frac{\sin x}{x} )^{\alpha }}{\alpha} \quad (\alpha\neq0), \qquad \mathsf{I}_{0}(x)=\log x-\log (\sin x), \end{aligned}$$
(2.5)
$$\begin{aligned}& \mathsf{J}_{\beta}(x)=\frac{ (\frac{\tan x}{x} )^{\beta }-1}{\beta} \quad (\beta\neq0), \qquad \mathsf{J}_{0}(x)=\log(\tan x)-\log x, \end{aligned}$$
(2.6)
$$ \mathsf{Q}_{\alpha, \beta}(x)=\frac{\mathsf{I}_{\alpha }(x)}{\mathsf {J}_{\beta}(x)}, $$
Then it is not difficult to verify that
$$\begin{aligned} &\mathsf{I}_{\alpha}\bigl(0^{+}\bigr)=\mathsf{J}_{\beta} \bigl(0^{+}\bigr)=0, \\ &\mathsf{Q}_{\alpha, \beta}(x)=\frac{\mathsf{I}_{\alpha }(x)}{\mathsf {J}_{\beta}(x)}= \frac{\mathsf{I}_{\alpha}(x)- \mathsf{I}_{\alpha}(0^{+})}{\mathsf{J}_{\beta}(x)-\mathsf {J}_{\beta}(0^{+})}, \end{aligned}$$
(2.7)
$$\begin{aligned} &\mathsf{Q}_{\alpha,\beta}\bigl(0^{+}\bigr)= \frac{1}{2}, \end{aligned}$$
(2.8)
$$\begin{aligned} &\mathsf{Q}_{\alpha,\beta} \biggl({\frac{\pi}{2}}^{-} \biggr)=\frac {\beta }{\alpha} \biggl[ \biggl(\frac{2}{\pi} \biggr)^{\alpha}-1 \biggr] \quad(\alpha\neq0, \beta< 0), \end{aligned}$$
(2.9)
$$\begin{aligned} &\mathsf{Q}_{0,\beta} \biggl({\frac{\pi}{2}}^{-} \biggr) =\lim_{\alpha\rightarrow0}Q_{\alpha,\beta} \biggl({ \frac{\pi }{2}}^{-} \biggr)=\beta\log\frac{2}{\pi} \quad ( \beta< 0). \end{aligned}$$
(2.10)
Lemma 2.3
See [9], Lemma 2.10
Let
\(x\in(0, \pi/2)\)
and
\(\mathsf{Q}_{\alpha, \beta}(x)\)
be defined by (2.7). Then the following statements are true:
(1)
If
\(\alpha+2\beta+12/5\geq0\)
and
\(\beta\geq-1\), then
\(\mathsf {Q}_{\alpha, \beta}(x)\)
is strictly decreasing on
\((0, \pi/2)\).
(2)
If
\(\alpha\leq\pi^{2}/4-3\)
and
\(-37/35<\beta\leq-1\), then
\(\mathsf {Q}_{\alpha, \beta}(x)\)
is strictly increasing on
\((0, \pi/2)\).
(3)
If
\(\alpha+2\beta+12/5\leq0\)
and
\(\beta\leq-37/35\), then
\(\mathsf {Q}_{\alpha, \beta}(x)\)
is strictly increasing on
\((0, \pi/2)\).
Lemma 2.4
Let
\(x\in(0, \pi/2)\), \(\mathsf{Q}_{\alpha, \beta}(x)\)
be defined by (2.7) and the function
\(x\rightarrow\mathsf{D}(\alpha, \beta; x)\)
be defined by
Then the following statements are true:
$$ \mathsf{D}(\alpha, \beta; x)=\mathsf{Q}_{\alpha, \beta}(x)- \frac{1}{2}. $$
(2.11)
(1) If
\(\alpha\in\mathbb{R}\)
is fixed and
\(\beta<0\), then there exists a unique solution
\(\beta=\beta(\alpha)\)
given by
satisfies the equation
\(\mathsf{D} (\alpha, \beta; {\frac{\pi }{2}}^{-} )=0\)
such that
\(\mathsf{D} (\alpha, \beta; {\frac{\pi }{2}}^{-} )>0\)
for
\(\beta<\beta(\alpha)\)
and
\(\mathsf{D} (\alpha, \beta; {\frac{\pi}{2}}^{-} )<0\)
for
\(\beta>\beta (\alpha)\).
$$ \beta(\alpha)=\frac{\alpha}{2 [ (\frac{2}{\pi} )^{\alpha }-1 ]} \quad(\alpha\neq0), \qquad \beta(0)=\frac{1}{2\log \frac {2}{\pi}} $$
(2.12)
(2) If
\(\beta<0\)
is fixed, then there exists a unique solution
\(\alpha =\alpha(\beta)\)
satisfies the equation
\(\mathsf{D} (\alpha, \beta; {\frac{\pi}{2}}^{-} )=0\)
such that
\(\mathsf{D} (\alpha, \beta; {\frac{\pi}{2}}^{-} )>0\)
for
\(\alpha<\alpha(\beta)\)
and
\(\mathsf {D} (\alpha, \beta; {\frac{\pi}{2}}^{-} )<0\)
for
\(\alpha >\alpha (\beta)\). In particular, one has
$$ \alpha_{0}=\alpha(-1)=-0.44367302\cdots, \qquad \alpha^{\ast }_{0}=\alpha \biggl(-\frac{37}{35} \biggr)=-0.20340978\cdots. $$
(2.13)
(3) The two functions
\(\alpha\rightarrow\beta(\alpha)\)
and
\(\beta \rightarrow\alpha(\beta)\)
are strictly decreasing.
Proof
(2) It follows from (2.9) and (2.11) that
$$ \lim_{\alpha\rightarrow-\infty}\mathsf{D} \biggl(\alpha, \beta; { \frac {\pi}{2}}^{-} \biggr)=\infty,\qquad \lim_{\alpha\rightarrow\infty } \mathsf{D} \biggl(\alpha, \beta; {\frac{\pi}{2}}^{-} \biggr)=- \frac{1}{2}. $$
(2.14)
Note that for \(\alpha\neq0\).
$$ \frac{d}{d\alpha} \biggl[\frac{ (\frac{2}{\pi} )^{\alpha }-1}{\alpha} \biggr] = \frac{ (\frac{2}{\pi} )^{\alpha}}{\alpha^{2}} \biggl[\log \biggl(\frac{2}{\pi} \biggr)^{\alpha}+ \biggl(\frac{2}{\pi} \biggr)^{-\alpha }-1 \biggr]>0 $$
(2.15)
From (2.9), (2.11), and (2.15) we clearly see that the function \(\alpha \rightarrow\mathsf{D} (\alpha, \beta; {\frac{\pi }{2}}^{-} )\) is strictly decreasing. Therefore, there exists a unique solution \(\alpha=\alpha(\beta)\) that satisfies the equation \(\mathsf{D} (\alpha, \beta; {\frac{\pi}{2}}^{-} )=0\) such that \(\mathsf {D} (\alpha, \beta; {\frac{\pi}{2}}^{-} )>0\) for \(\alpha<\alpha (\beta )\) and \(\mathsf{D} (\alpha, \beta; {\frac{\pi}{2}}^{-} )<0\) for \(\alpha>\alpha(\beta)\) follows from (2.14) and the monotonicity of the function \(\alpha\rightarrow\mathsf{D} (\alpha, \beta; {\frac {\pi}{2}}^{-} )\). Numerical computations show that
$$ \alpha(-1)=-0.44367302\cdots, \qquad\alpha \biggl(-\frac {37}{35} \biggr)=-0.20340978\cdots. $$
Lemma 2.5
Let
\(\beta(\alpha)\)
be defined by (2.12). Then
is the unique solution of the equation
\(\beta(\alpha)=-\alpha/2-6/5\)
such that
\(\beta(\alpha)<-\alpha/2-6/5\)
for
\(\alpha<\alpha_{1}\)
and
\(\beta(\alpha)>-\alpha/2-6/5\)
for
\(\alpha>\alpha_{1}\).
$$ \alpha_{1}=-0.36131140\cdots $$
(2.16)
Proof
Let \(P(\alpha)=\beta(\alpha)+\alpha/2+6/5\). Then from (2.12) we clearly see that
for \(\alpha\neq0\), where the last of (2.18) due to \(\log x-x+1<0\) for all \(x>0\) with \(x\neq1\).
$$\begin{aligned}& P(\alpha)=\frac{ (\frac{2}{\pi} )^{\alpha}}{2}\frac {\alpha }{ (\frac{2}{\pi} )^{\alpha}-1}+\frac{6}{5}, \\& \lim_{\alpha\rightarrow-\infty}P(\alpha)=-\infty, \qquad \lim_{\alpha \rightarrow\infty}P( \alpha)=\frac{6}{5}, \end{aligned}$$
(2.17)
$$\begin{aligned}& \frac{dP(\alpha)}{d\alpha}=-\frac{ (\frac{2}{\pi} )^{\alpha }}{2}\frac{\log (\frac{2}{\pi} )^{\alpha} - (\frac{2}{\pi} )^{\alpha}+1}{ [ (\frac {2}{\pi} )^{\alpha}-1 ]^{2}}>0 \end{aligned}$$
(2.18)
Inequality (2.18) implies that the function \(\alpha\rightarrow P(\alpha )\) is strictly increasing on \((0, \infty)\). Therefore, there exists a unique \(\alpha=\alpha_{1}\) that satisfies the equation \(\beta(\alpha )=-\alpha/2-6/5\) such that \(\beta(\alpha)<-\alpha/2-6/5\) for \(\alpha <\alpha_{1}\) and \(\beta(\alpha)>-\alpha/2-6/5\) for \(\alpha>\alpha_{1}\) follows from (2.17) and the monotonicity of the function \(\alpha \rightarrow P(\alpha)\). Numerical computations show that \(\alpha _{1}=-0.36131140\cdots\). □
Lemma 2.6
Let
\(\mathsf{Q}_{\alpha, \beta}(x)\), \(\beta(\alpha)\), \(\alpha_{0}\)
and
\(\alpha^{\ast}_{0}\)
be defined by (2.7), (2.12), and (2.13), respectively. Then the following statements are true:
(1)
If
\(\alpha\geq-2/7=-0.28571428\cdots\), then the inequality
\(\mathsf {Q}_{\alpha, \beta}(x)>1/2\)
holds for all
\(x\in(0, \pi/2)\)
if and only if
\(\beta\leq-\alpha/2-6/5\).
(2)
If
\(\alpha\geq\alpha^{\ast}_{0}\), then the inequality
\(\mathsf {Q}_{\alpha, \beta}(x)<1/2\)
holds for all
\(x\in(0, \pi/2)\)
if and only if
\(\beta\geq\beta(\alpha)\).
(3)
If
\(\alpha\leq-2/5\), then the inequality
\(\mathsf{Q}_{\alpha, \beta }(x)<1/2\)
holds for all
\(x\in(0, \pi/2)\)
if and only if
\(\beta\geq -\alpha/2-6/5\).
(4)
If
\(\alpha\leq\alpha_{0}\), then the inequality
\(\mathsf {Q}_{\alpha , \beta}(x)>1/2\)
holds for all
\(x\in(0, \pi/2)\)
if and only if
\(\beta \leq\beta(\alpha)\).
Proof
(1) If \(\alpha\geq-2/7\) and \(\mathsf{Q}_{\alpha, \beta }(x)>1/2\) for all \(x\in(0, \pi/2)\), then from (2.5)-(2.7) one has which implies that \(\beta\leq-\alpha/2-6/5\).
$$ \lim_{x\rightarrow0^{+}}x^{-2} \biggl[\mathsf{Q}_{\alpha, \beta }(x)- \frac {1}{2} \biggr]=\lim_{x\rightarrow0^{+}}x^{-2} \biggl[- \frac{5\alpha +10\beta+12}{120}x^{2}+o \bigl(x^{2} \bigr) \biggr]=- \frac{5\alpha +10\beta +12}{120}\geq0, $$
If \(\alpha\geq-2/7\) and \(\beta\leq-\alpha/2-6/5\), then we clearly see
$$ \alpha+2\beta+\frac{12}{5}\leq0, \quad \beta\leq- \frac{37}{35}. $$
(2.19)
Therefore, \(\mathsf{Q}_{\alpha, \beta}(x)>1/2\) for all \(x\in(0, \pi /2)\) follows from Lemma 2.3(3) and (2.8) together with (2.19).
(2) If \(\alpha\geq\alpha^{\ast}_{0}\) and \(\mathsf{Q}_{\alpha, \beta }(x)<1/2\) for all \(x\in(0, \pi/2)\), then from (2.11) and Lemma 2.4(1) we clearly see that \(\mathsf{D} (\alpha, \beta; {\frac{\pi }{2}}^{-} )\leq0\) and \(\beta\geq\beta(\alpha)\).
Next, we prove that \(\mathsf{Q}_{\alpha, \beta}(x)<1/2\) for all \(x\in (0, \pi/2)\) if \(\alpha\geq\alpha^{\ast}_{0}\) and \(\beta\geq\beta (\alpha)\). It follows from (2.6) and (2.7) together with the fact that for \(x\in(0, \pi/2)\) and \(\beta\neq0\) that the function \(\beta \rightarrow\mathsf{Q}_{\alpha, \beta}(x)\) is strictly decreasing. Therefore, it suffices to prove that \(\mathsf{Q}_{\alpha, \beta }(x)<1/2\) for all \(x\in(0, \pi/2)\) if \(\alpha\geq\alpha^{\ast}_{0}\) and \(\beta=\beta(\alpha)\).
$$ \frac{\partial\mathsf{J}_{\beta}(x)}{\partial\beta}=\frac{ (\frac {\tan x}{x} )^{\beta}}{\beta^{2}} \biggl[\log \biggl(\frac{\tan x}{x} \biggr)^{\beta}+ \biggl(\frac {x}{\tan x} \biggr)^{\beta}-1 \biggr]>0 $$
From (2.13) and Lemma 2.4(3) we get
$$ \beta=\beta(\alpha)\leq\beta\bigl(\alpha^{\ast}_{0} \bigr)=-\frac{37}{35}. $$
(2.20)
Let \(\alpha\beta\neq0\), \(\mathsf{F}(x)\), \(\mathsf{G}(x)\), \(\mathsf {H}(x)\), \(g(x)\), \(\mathsf{I}_{\alpha}(x)\) and \(\mathsf{J}_{\beta}(x)\) be defined by (2.1)-(2.6), respectively. Then simple computations lead to
for \(x\in(0, \pi/2)\).
$$\begin{aligned}& \biggl[\frac{\mathsf{I}^{\prime}_{\alpha}(x)}{\mathsf{J}^{\prime }_{\beta }(x)} \biggr]^{\prime}=-\frac{\cos^{\beta}x\sin^{\alpha-\beta -1}x}{(x-\sin x\cos x)^{2}}\bigl[g(x)+ \alpha\bigr]\mathsf{F}(x)x^{\beta-\alpha-1}, \end{aligned}$$
(2.21)
$$\begin{aligned}& \mathsf{J}^{\prime}_{\beta}(x)=\frac{2x-\sin(2x)}{2x^{2}\cos ^{2}x} \biggl( \frac{\tan x}{x} \biggr)^{\beta-1}>0 \end{aligned}$$
(2.22)
Let \(\alpha_{1}=-0.36131140\cdots\) be defined by (2.16). Then it follows from Lemma 2.2(3), Lemma 2.5, and (2.20) together with \(\alpha \geq\alpha^{\ast}_{0}=-0.20340978\cdots>\alpha_{1}\) that the function \(x\rightarrow g(x)+\alpha\) is strictly decreasing on \((0, \pi/2)\) and
$$ \lim_{x\rightarrow0^{+}}\bigl[g(x)+\alpha\bigr]=\alpha+2\beta+ \frac{12}{5}>0,\qquad \lim_{x\rightarrow{\frac{\pi}{2}}^{-}}\bigl[g(x)+\alpha\bigr]=- \infty. $$
(2.23)
From (2.21) and (2.23) together with the monotonicity of the function \(x\rightarrow g(x)+\alpha\) on the interval \((0, \pi/2)\) we clearly see that there exists \(x_{0}\in(0, \pi/2)\) such that the function \(x\rightarrow\mathsf{I}^{\prime}_{\alpha}(x)/\mathsf{J}^{\prime }_{\beta }(x)\) is strictly decreasing on \((0, x_{0})\) and strictly increasing on \((x_{0}, \pi/2)\).
Note that
$$ \frac{\mathsf{I}_{\alpha} ({\frac{\pi}{2}}^{-} )-\mathsf {I}_{\alpha}(0^{+})}{\mathsf{J}_{\beta(\alpha)} ({\frac{\pi}{2}}^{-} )-\mathsf{J}_{\beta(\alpha)}(0^{+})} =\mathsf{Q}_{\alpha, \beta(\alpha)} \biggl({ \frac{\pi }{2}}^{-} \biggr)=\mathsf{D} \biggl(\alpha, \beta( \alpha); {\frac{\pi }{2}}^{-} \biggr)+\frac{1}{2}= \frac{1}{2}. $$
(2.24)
Therefore, \(\mathsf{Q}_{\alpha, \beta}(x)<1/2\) for all \(x\in(0, \pi /2)\) follows from Lemma 2.1, (2.7), (2.22), (2.24), and the piecewise monotonicity of the function \(x\rightarrow\mathsf{I}^{\prime }_{\alpha }(x)/\mathsf{J}^{\prime}_{\beta}(x)\) on the interval \((0, \pi/2)\).
(3) If \(\alpha\leq-2/5\) and \(\mathsf{Q}_{\alpha, \beta}(x)<1/2\) for all \(x\in(0, \pi/2)\), then from (2.5)-(2.7) we have which implies that \(\beta\geq-\alpha/2-6/5\).
$$ \lim_{x\rightarrow0^{+}}x^{-2} \biggl[\mathsf{Q}_{\alpha, \beta }(x)- \frac {1}{2} \biggr]=\lim_{x\rightarrow0^{+}}x^{-2} \biggl[- \frac{5\alpha +10\beta+12}{120}x^{2}+o \bigl(x^{2} \bigr) \biggr]=- \frac{5\alpha +10\beta +12}{120}\leq0, $$
If \(\alpha\leq-2/5\) and \(\beta\geq-\alpha/2-6/5\), then we clearly see that
$$ \alpha+2\beta+\frac{12}{5}\geq0, \quad \beta\geq-1. $$
(2.25)
Therefore, \(\mathsf{Q}_{\alpha, \beta}(x)<1/2\) for \(x\in(0, \pi/2)\) follows easily from Lemma 2.3(1), (2.8), and (2.25).
(4) If \(\alpha\leq\alpha_{0}\) and \(\mathsf{Q}_{\alpha, \beta}(x)>1/2\) for all \(x\in(0, \pi/2)\), then (2.11) and Lemma 2.4(1) lead to the conclusion that \(\mathsf{D} (\alpha, \beta; {\frac{\pi }{2}}^{-} )\geq0\) and \(\beta\leq\beta(\alpha)\).
Next, we prove that \(\mathsf{Q}_{\alpha, \beta}(x)>1/2\) for all \(x\in (0, \pi/2)\) if \(\alpha\leq\alpha_{0}\) and \(\beta\leq\beta(\alpha)\). Since the function \(\beta\rightarrow\mathsf{Q}_{\alpha, \beta}(x)\) is strictly decreasing which was proved in part (2), we only need to prove that \(\mathsf{Q}_{\alpha, \beta}(x)>1/2\) for all \(x\in(0, \pi/2)\) if \(\alpha\leq\alpha_{0}\) and \(\beta=\beta(\alpha)\). It follows from Lemma 2.2(1) and (2), Lemma 2.4(3), Lemma 2.5, and \(\alpha\leq\alpha _{0}<\alpha_{1}\) that \(\beta\geq\beta(\alpha_{0})=-1\) and the function \(g(x)+\alpha\) is strictly increasing on \((0, \pi/2)\) such that
$$\begin{aligned}& \lim_{x\rightarrow0^{+}}\bigl[g(x)+\alpha\bigr]=\alpha+2\beta+ \frac{12}{5}< 0, \end{aligned}$$
(2.26)
$$\begin{aligned}& \begin{aligned}[b] \lim_{x\rightarrow{\frac{\pi}{2}}^{-}}\bigl[g(x)+\alpha\bigr]&= \textstyle\begin{cases} \alpha+\infty, & \beta(\alpha)>-1, \\ \alpha+3-\frac{\pi^{2}}{4}, & \beta(\alpha)=-1, \end{cases}\displaystyle \\ &= \textstyle\begin{cases} \infty, & \beta>-1, \\ \alpha_{0}+3-\frac{\pi^{2}}{4}>0, & \beta=-1. \end{cases}\displaystyle \end{aligned} \end{aligned}$$
(2.27)
From (2.21), (2.26), and (2.27) we clearly see that there exists \(x^{\ast}\in(0, \pi/2)\) such that the function \(x\rightarrow\mathsf {I}^{\prime}_{\alpha}(x)/\mathsf{J}^{\prime}_{\beta}(x)\) is strictly increasing on \((0, x^{\ast})\) and strictly decreasing on \((x^{\ast}, \pi /2)\). Therefore, \(\mathsf{Q}_{\alpha, \beta}(x)>1/2\) for all \(x\in(0, \pi/2)\) follows from Lemma 2.1, (2.7), (2.22), (2.24), and the piecewise monotonicity of the function \(x\rightarrow\mathsf {I}^{\prime }_{\alpha}(x)/\mathsf{J}^{\prime}_{\beta}(x)\) on the interval \((0, \pi /2)\). □
Lemma 2.7
Let
\(\mathsf{Q}_{\alpha, \beta}(x)\), \(\alpha_{0}\), \(\alpha^{\ast}_{0}\)
and
\(\alpha(\beta)\)
be defined by (2.7) and Lemma
2.4, respectively. Then the following statements are true:
(1)
If
\(\beta\geq-1\), then the inequality
\(\mathsf{Q}_{\alpha, \beta }(x)<1/2\)
holds for all
\(x\in(0, \pi/2)\)
if and only if
\(\alpha\geq -2\beta-12/5\).
(2)
If
\(-1\leq\beta<0\), then the inequality
\(\mathsf{Q}_{\alpha, \beta }(x)>1/2\)
holds for all
\(x\in(0, \pi/2)\)
if and only if
\(\alpha\leq \alpha(\beta)\).
(3)
If
\(\beta\leq-37/35\), then the inequality
\(\mathsf{Q}_{\alpha, \beta}(x)>1/2\)
holds for all
\(x\in(0, \pi/2)\)
if and only if
\(\alpha \leq-2\beta-12/5\).
(4)
If
\(\beta\leq-37/35\), then the inequality
\(\mathsf{Q}_{\alpha, \beta}(x)<1/2\)
holds for all
\(x\in(0, \pi/2)\)
if and only if
\(\alpha \geq\alpha(\beta)\).
Proof
(1) If \(\beta\geq-1\) and \(\mathsf{Q}_{\alpha, \beta }(x)<1/2\) for all \(x\in(0, \pi/2)\), then from (2.5)-(2.7) we get which implies that \(\alpha\geq-2\beta-12/5\).
$$ \lim_{x\rightarrow0^{+}}x^{-2} \biggl[\mathsf{Q}_{\alpha, \beta }(x)- \frac {1}{2} \biggr]=\lim_{x\rightarrow0^{+}}x^{-2} \biggl[- \frac{5\alpha +10\beta+12}{120}x^{2}+o \bigl(x^{2} \bigr) \biggr]=- \frac{5\alpha +10\beta +12}{120}\leq0, $$
If \(\beta\geq-1\) and \(\alpha\geq-2\beta-12/5\), then \(\mathsf {Q}_{\alpha, \beta}(x)<1/2\) for all \(x\in(0, \pi/2)\) follows from (2.8) and Lemma 2.3(1).
(2) If \(-1\leq\beta<0\) and \(\mathsf{Q}_{\alpha, \beta}(x)>1/2\) for all \(x\in(0, \pi/2)\), then (2.11) and Lemma 2.4(2) lead to the conclusion that \(\mathsf{D} (\alpha,\beta;{\frac{\pi}{2}}^{-} )\geq0\) and \(\alpha\leq\alpha(\beta)\).
Next, we prove that \(\mathsf{Q}_{\alpha, \beta}(x)>1/2\) for all \(x\in (0, \pi/2)\) if \(-1\leq\beta<0\) and \(\alpha\leq\alpha(\beta)\). It follows from \(-1\leq\beta<0\) and \(\alpha\leq\alpha(\beta)\) together with Lemma 2.4(3) that
$$ \alpha\leq\alpha(-1)=\alpha_{0}, \quad\beta\leq\beta( \alpha). $$
(2.28)
Therefore, \(\mathsf{Q}_{\alpha, \beta}(x)>1/2\) for all \(x\in(0, \pi /2)\) follows from Lemma 2.6(4) and (2.28).
(3) If \(\beta\leq-37/35\) and \(\mathsf{Q}_{\alpha, \beta}(x)>1/2\) for all \(x\in(0, \pi/2)\), then from (2.5)-(2.7) we have which implies that \(\alpha\leq-2\beta-12/5\).
$$ \lim_{x\rightarrow0^{+}}x^{-2} \biggl[\mathsf{Q}_{\alpha, \beta }(x)- \frac {1}{2} \biggr]=\lim_{x\rightarrow0^{+}}x^{-2} \biggl[- \frac{5\alpha +10\beta+12}{120}x^{2}+o \bigl(x^{2} \bigr) \biggr]=- \frac{5\alpha +10\beta +12}{120}\geq0, $$
If \(\beta\leq-37/35\) and \(\alpha\leq-2\beta-12/5\), then \(\mathsf {Q}_{\alpha, \beta}(x)>1/2\) for all \(x\in(0, \pi/2)\) follows from (2.8) and Lemma 2.3(3).
(4) If \(\beta\leq-37/35\) and \(\mathsf{Q}_{\alpha, \beta}(x)<1/2\) for all \(x\in(0, \pi/2)\), then (2.11) and Lemma 2.4(2) lead to the conclusion that \(\mathsf{D} (\alpha, \beta; {\frac{\pi}{2}}^{-} )\leq 0\) and \(\alpha\geq\alpha(\beta)\).
Next, we prove that \(\mathsf{Q}_{\alpha, \beta}(x)<1/2\) for all \(x\in (0, \pi/2)\) if \(\beta\leq-37/35\) and \(\alpha\geq\alpha(\beta)\). It follows from \(\beta\leq-37/35\) and \(\alpha\geq\alpha(\beta)\) together with Lemma 2.4(3) that
$$ \alpha\geq\alpha \biggl(-\frac{37}{35} \biggr)= \alpha^{\ast}_{0},\quad \beta\geq\beta(\alpha). $$
(2.29)
3 Main results
Let \(\alpha, \beta\in\mathbb{R}\) with \(\alpha\beta(\alpha+2\beta )\neq 0\) and \(\mathsf{Q}_{\alpha, \beta}(x)\) be defined by (2.7), then we clearly see that the generalized Wilker-type inequality holds for all \(x\in(0, \pi/2)\) if and only if \(\mathsf{Q}_{\alpha, \beta}(x)<1/2\) and \(\alpha\beta(\alpha+2\beta)> 0\) or \(\mathsf {Q}_{\alpha, \beta}(x)>1/2\) and \(\alpha\beta(\alpha+2\beta)<0\), while the generalized Wilker-type inequality holds for all \(x\in(0, \pi/2)\) if and only if \(\mathsf{Q}_{\alpha, \beta}(x)<1/2\) and \(\alpha\beta(\alpha+2\beta)<0\) or \(\mathsf {Q}_{\alpha , \beta}(x)>1/2\) and \(\alpha\beta(\alpha+2\beta)>0\).
$$ \frac{2\beta}{\alpha+2\beta} \biggl(\frac{\sin x}{x} \biggr)^{\alpha}+ \frac {\alpha}{\alpha+2\beta} \biggl(\frac{\tan x}{x} \biggr)^{\beta}-1>0 $$
(3.1)
$$ \frac{2\beta}{\alpha+2\beta} \biggl(\frac{\sin x}{x} \biggr)^{\alpha}+ \frac {\alpha}{\alpha+2\beta} \biggl(\frac{\tan x}{x} \biggr)^{\beta}-1< 0 $$
(3.2)
From Lemmas 2.6 and 2.7 together with inequalities (3.1) and (3.2) we get Theorems 3.1 and 3.2 immediately.
Theorem 3.1
Let
\(\alpha, \beta\in\mathbb{R}\)
with
\(\alpha \beta (\alpha+2\beta)\neq0\), \(\beta(\alpha)\), \(\alpha_{0}\)
and
\(\alpha ^{\ast }_{0}\)
be defined by (2.12) and (2.13), respectively. Then the following statements are true:
(1)
If
\(\alpha\geq-2/7\), then inequality (3.1) holds for all
\(x\in(0, \pi/2)\)
if and only if
\((\alpha, \beta)\in\{(\alpha, \beta)|\beta \leq -\alpha/2-6/5, \alpha\beta(\alpha+2\beta)<0\}\)
and inequality (3.2) holds for all
\(x\in(0, \pi/2)\)
if and only if
\((\alpha, \beta)\in\{ (\alpha, \beta)|\beta\leq-\alpha/2-6/5, \alpha\beta(\alpha +2\beta)>0\}\).
(2)
If
\(\alpha\geq\alpha^{\ast}_{0}\), then inequality (3.1) holds for all
\(x\in(0, \pi/2)\)
if and only if
\((\alpha, \beta)\in\{(\alpha, \beta)|\beta\geq\beta(\alpha), \alpha\beta(\alpha+2\beta)>0\}\)
and inequality (3.2) holds for all
\(x\in(0, \pi/2)\)
if and only if
\((\alpha , \beta)\in\{(\alpha, \beta)|\beta\geq\beta(\alpha), \alpha \beta (\alpha+2\beta)<0\}\).
(3)
If
\(\alpha\leq-2/5\), then inequality (3.1) holds for all
\(x\in(0, \pi/2)\)
if and only if
\((\alpha, \beta)\in\{(\alpha, \beta)|\beta \geq -\alpha/2-6/5, \alpha\beta(\alpha+2\beta)>0\}\)
and inequality (3.2) holds for all
\(x\in(0, \pi/2)\)
if and only if
\((\alpha, \beta)\in\{ (\alpha, \beta)|\beta\geq-\alpha/2-6/5, \alpha\beta(\alpha +2\beta)<0\}\).
(4)
If
\(\alpha\leq\alpha_{0}\), then inequality (3.1) holds for all
\(x\in(0, \pi/2)\)
if and only if
\((\alpha,\beta)\in\{(\alpha,\beta )|\beta\leq\beta(\alpha),\alpha\beta(\alpha+2\beta)<0\}\)
and inequality (3.2) holds for all
\(x\in(0, \pi/2)\)
if and only if
\((\alpha ,\beta)\in\{(\alpha,\beta)|\beta\leq\beta(\alpha), \alpha\beta (\alpha +2\beta)>0\}\).
Theorem 3.2
Let
\(\alpha,\beta\in\mathbb{R}\)
with
\(\alpha \beta (\alpha+2\beta)\neq0\), \(\alpha_{0}\), \(\alpha^{\ast}_{0}\), and
\(\alpha (\beta)\)
be defined by Lemma
2.4. Then the following statements are true:
(1)
If
\(\beta\geq-1\), then inequality (3.1) holds for all
\(x\in(0, \pi /2)\)
if and only if
\((\alpha,\beta)\in\{(\alpha,\beta)|\alpha\geq -2\beta-12/5, \alpha\beta(\alpha+2\beta)>0\}\)
and inequality (3.2) holds for all
\(x\in(0, \pi/2)\)
if and only if
\((\alpha,\beta)\in\{ (\alpha,\beta)|\alpha\geq-2\beta-12/5, \alpha\beta(\alpha +2\beta)<0\}\).
(2)
If
\(-1\leq\beta<0\), then inequality (3.1) holds for all
\(x\in(0, \pi/2)\)
if and only if
\((\alpha,\beta)\in\{(\alpha,\beta)|\alpha \leq \alpha(\beta),\alpha\beta(\alpha+2\beta)<0\}\)
and inequality (3.2) holds for all
\(x\in(0, \pi/2)\)
if and only if
\((\alpha,\beta)\in\{ (\alpha,\beta)|\alpha\leq\alpha(\beta), \alpha\beta(\alpha +2\beta)>0\}\).
(3)
If
\(\beta\leq-37/35\), then inequality (3.1) holds for all
\(x\in (0, \pi/2)\)
if and only if
\((\alpha,\beta)\in\{(\alpha,\beta )|\alpha \leq-2\beta-12/5, \alpha\beta(\alpha+2\beta)<0\}\cup\{(\alpha ,\beta )|\alpha\geq\alpha(\beta), \alpha\beta(\alpha+2\beta)>0\}\)
and inequality (3.2) holds for all
\(x\in(0, \pi/2)\)
if and only if
\((\alpha ,\beta)\in\{(\alpha,\beta)|\alpha\leq-2\beta-12/5, \alpha\beta (\alpha +2\beta)>0\}\cup\{(\alpha,\beta)|\alpha\geq\alpha(\beta), \alpha\beta (\alpha+2\beta)<0\}\).
Acknowledgements
The research was supported by the Natural Science Foundation of China under Grants 11371125, 61374086, and 11401191.
Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made.
Competing interests
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
Authors’ contributions
All authors contributed equally to the writing of this paper. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.