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2022 | Book

New Technologies in Building and Construction

Towards Sustainable Development

Editors: Dr. David Bienvenido-Huertas, Prof. Dr. Juan Moyano-Campos

Publisher: Springer Nature Singapore

Book Series : Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering

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About this book

This book presents contributions on new technologies in building and construction. Buildings are complex elements that impact environment significantly. The sustainability of this sector requires a holistic and multidisciplinary approach that allows adequate strategies to be established to reduce its environmental impact. This heterogeneity is represented in these chapters, which have been developed by researchers from different countries. The book is divided into three sections: (i) analysis, (ii) design and modeling, and (iii) solutions. The book chapters together represent an advance in current knowledge about new technologies in building and construction, crucial for researchers, engineers, architects, policy makers, and stakeholders.

Table of Contents

Frontmatter

Analysis

Frontmatter
Application of Qualitative and Quantitative Infrared Thermography at Urban Level: Potential and Limitations
Abstract
In recent years, the usefulness of infrared thermography (IRT) has been extended to multiple scenarios, due to several benefits: rapid inspection, multi-point detection, real-time monitoring, etc. However, the range of applicability can vary from the single building inspection to the analysis of municipalities. This chapter outlines the most common techniques based on qualitative and quantitative infrared thermography (IRT) for the diagnosis of elements at urban level, assessing different types of instrumentation (i.e., drones, vehicles, and portable cameras) for three representative investigated objects: building envelopes, PV panels, and urban heat island (UHI) effect.
Blanca Tejedor, Elena Lucchi, Iole Nardi
Temperature-Based Approach for In Situ Evaluation of Thermal Transmittance of Building Walls
Abstract
Currently, there are several common measurement techniques to measure the thermal transmittance (U-value) of external building walls. Existing literature review identified so far, some advantages, disadvantages, and limitations of practical application of those existing methods. Due to observed limitations of the commonly used standardized and non-standardized methods, new methods are developing aiming at improvement of the accuracy and reliability of in situ measurements. This chapter deals with possibilities of using temperature-based method (TBM) and further development of this method due to reported promising results. This method is relatively new and relies on the Newton’s law of cooling. Method itself is simple to use, inexpensive, and accurate when compared to standardized methods of measurements and results are easy to obtain and to interpret. The aim of research presented in this chapter was to improve the accuracy of the in situ measurement of building façades with low thermal transmittance values by using the TBM.
Mihaela Domazetović, Hrvoje Krstić
Combining Characterization Tests of Building Envelope Thermal Transmittance with the Acoustic Characterization Through Data Mining Approaches
Abstract
Climate change has forced many sectors to establish measures to achieve decarbonisation. Building is amongst these sectors with the greatest challenge. To achieve decarbonisation, energy improvement measures should be established. These improvement measures depend on an appropriate characterization of the existing buildings. For this purpose, there are many experimental tests based on measuring envelope variables, such as surface temperature and heat flow. Thus, thermal parameters of envelopes could be accurately known. In view of this circumstance, the question arises as to whether it is possible to know other envelope parameters additionally, such as sound insulation. The previous studies have shown the feasibility of characterizing envelope variables through artificial intelligence predictive models. Thus, this study characterizes sound insulation by using these predictive models with the variables obtained from the thermal monitoring of an envelope through thermal transmittance tests.
Krizia Berti, Blanca Tejedor, Joaquín Durán, David Bienvenido-Huertas
Methodology for the Evaluation of an Energetic Model of Thermal Transmittance in a Window by Means of Horizontal Aggregation (HA) from Short-range Photogrammetry for Model Digital Twin
Abstract
One of the great challenges in the architecture, engineering, and construction (AEC) industry is data communication and its development in modelling techniques. The development of 5G techniques, with the Internet of things (IoT), artificial intelligence (AI), amongst others, is developing significant advances for staging of data integration in the so-called digital twins (DTs). Undoubtedly, the DTs intend to synchronize the real physical data with a digital world that experiences successive changes that occur throughout the life cycle of the system. In this context, this work experiments with a horizontal integration methodology to evaluate the U-value of a window frame from structure from motion (SfM) photogrammetry data, as part of a digital twin. The “in situ” evaluation of the thermal transmittance of a common aluminium window frame that is being used in existing buildings in the 1960s and that reached constructions of the 1980s is addressed. The experimental results apply simulation analysis using two-dimensional software. Thermal transmittance measurement equipment was used through a thermal flow meter plate, and the variations in thermal behaviour were analyzed according to the geometry of the frame. The results show different Uf-value data between the simulation and the in situ measurement with a dispersion variability of 1.5 W/m2K between the models. The essence and originality of the experimentation lie in the integration of horizontal aggregates (HA) as a basis in the simulation, measurement, and reverse engineering processes to an energy model of the DT system.
María Fernández-Alconchel, Juan E. Nieto-Julián, Manuel J. Carretero-Ayuso, Juan Moyano-Campos
Comparative Analysis of the Influence of the Convective Term in the Quantitative Assessment by Infrared Thermography
Abstract
Envelope thermal transmittance strongly influences building energy consumption, so there is a significant interest in using methods that assess it accurately. The quantitative infrared thermography method is among the most studied methods to assess thermal transmittance as this method could be used to analyse building envelopes qualitatively and quantitatively. However, its main limitation is the great variety of approaches. Their greater differences are the convective heat transfer coefficient and the place from which the measurement is carried out. This chapter comparatively analyses the experimental results obtained in previous studies. The analysis showed that the approaches from the interior using expressions of adimensional numbers allow accurate characterizations of thermal transmittance to be obtained.
David Bienvenido-Huertas, Blanca Tejedor, David Marín-García, Joaquín Durán
In Situ Methodology to Assess the Action of Water-Wind on Building Windows
Abstract
The chapter describes a new methodology for the evaluation of the in situ water tightness in window openings located in the building envelope, as well as the development process carried out for its real application. It is an innovative non-destructive testing procedure that reproduces the effects of rain combined with wind, which is applicable both during the building construction process and in buildings in use. It is a useful tool for tightness analysis in quality control of elements and constructive pathologies that offers verifiable results in the field of habitability evaluation in buildings.
Manuel J. Carretero-Ayuso, David Bienvenido-Huertas, Carlos E. Rodríguez-Jiménez
Outdoor Microclimate Influence on Building Performance: Simulation Tools, Challenges, and Opportunities
Abstract
This chapter reviews the different approaches that currently exist to evaluate outdoor microclimates and their influence on building performance. Considering specific outdoor microclimates in building design flow can enable additional passive cooling strategies to mitigate climate risks in buildings and cities, improving their resilience capacity under extreme heat events. The available methods are defined and compared through different case studies of buildings with an inner courtyard, a traditional microclimate for passive cooling in hot climates. The results show the advantages and disadvantages of the different approaches and highlight the high interest in hybrid simulations coupling building energy simulation (BES) and computational fluid dynamics (CFD) tools for early design stages.
Victoria Patricia López-Cabeza, Jesus Lizana, Eduardo Diz-Mellado, Carlos Rivera-Gómez, Carmen Galán-Marín
Identifying and Describing Energy-Poor Household Groups. A Comparison Between Two Different Methods: Conventional Statistical Characterisation and Artificial Intelligence-Driven Clusterisation
Abstract
In recent years, numerous indicators for measuring energy poverty have been identified. Some of them are used officially or have a certain standardisation vocation, being relatively common among energy poverty studies for the identification of the phenomenon. This identification is an essential element for a first approach to the problem, but it is necessary to take a further step in characterising the phenomenon. This step necessarily involves characterising the households that suffer energy poverty. Identifying what these households are like, what are the characteristics that define them and the features that make a household more at risk of suffering energy poverty, and whether there are different types of households and whether they can be grouped together, are some of the questions that continue to be relevant in the study of energy poverty. This research compares two different methods of approaching the above-mentioned questions, starting from an analysis based on the income and expenditure approach. In the first, more traditional method, the characterisation of these households is carried out using conventional statistical tools, allowing a general identification of the most prevalent characteristics of households in energy poverty belonging to different vulnerability groups. In the second, artificial intelligence techniques are used to go a step further, not only characterising households but also subdividing the vulnerability groups to which they belong, identifying common characteristics that go beyond those defining the energy poverty phenomenon. The use of artificial intelligence in the study of energy poverty, by unravelling the specific characteristics and needs of the different subgroups affected by the phenomenon, can enable the personalisation of the construction solutions applied to the housing stock in which these households live. This favours a better coverage of their needs, with greater cost efficiency and results that are better adjusted to the initial conditions, both sociodemographic and constructive.
Ana Sanz Fernández, Miguel Núñez Peiró, José Antonio Iglesias Martínez, Agapito Ismael Ledezma Espino, Carmen Sánchez-Guevara Sánchez, Marta Gayoso Heredia

Design and Modelling

Frontmatter
BIM Technology in Green Buildings: Integrating BIM with Greenery Systems
Abstract
The importance of Building Information Modelling (BIM) in achieving sustainable goals is well recognized in the global construction industry. Several studies on BIM have been conducted in the past decade. However, a considerable gap exists regarding the integration of BIM with greenery systems. Greenery infrastructural systems provide a great opportunity in this respect by connecting buildings to the urban environment thereby integrating greenery into increasingly densely populated cities. They may also influence microclimate conditions and contribute to enhancing life quality in urban spaces in various ways. It is to be expected that greening of the building surfaces will be mandatory in an increasing number of cities in the future, in the form of converting a specific area of the building’s facade into green space. In this context, the simulation can be used to carry out the obligatory planning of the facade greening. The integration of the concepts of greenery systems and BIM technology could promote the digitalization process in the building sector by offering solutions to improve environmental quality whilst reducing costs. This study explores ways in which BIM and greenery systems can be integrated through an analytical review of evidence from both academic research and case studies; it will also address present challenges towards this green development. In addition, the most significant simulation factors for modelling existing greenery systems and their associated key performance parameters will be analysed and prepared for application in BIM tools. This research could provide great potential by simplifying the decision-making process for the implementation of greenery systems in buildings and can therefore serve as a crucial interface to guide building and greenery researchers and practitioners.
Mitra Manouchehri, Mercedes Valiente López, Joaquín Santiago López
New Trends in Laser Scanning for Cultural Heritage
Abstract
The arrival on the market of solid-state LiDAR sensors is generating a series of low-cost devices very attractive to end users. However, the characteristics of low-cost devices do not allow the same use and applications as conventional LiDAR systems. The aim of this work is to compare three LiDAR systems in a typical heritage application: stone individualisation in masonry walls. The system used is one terrestrial laser scanner, Faro X330, and two handheld mobile laser scanners, Zeb-Go and iPad Pro. The case study is an original seventeenth-century gate whose two façades show regular and irregular masonry pattern. Through an analysis of the acquisition process, registration, point density, curvature calculation (for joint detection) and stone individualisation, advantages and disadvantages of each device are discussed. The point cloud acquired with a single scan of Faro X330 was the only one that showed a satisfactory result for stone individualisation, while Zeb-Go and iPad Pro acquisitions were shown to be a fast solution to quickly acquire complete models with a lower level of detail. In the case of the iPad Pro, it is also a low-cost and accessible solution.
Jesús Balado, Ernesto Frías, Silvia M. González-Collazo, Lucía Díaz-Vilariño
Technological Paradigms for Cultural Heritage. A Scan To BIM Methodology for the Description of Historical Architecture
Abstract
The digitalization of Cultural Heritage, important for its preservation and enhancement, helps to keep alive the memory of national communities and their territories and at the same time promote the cultural development. With regard, innovative information and communications technologies have become essential so far for carrying out three-dimensional surveys in the form of point clouds, to obtain texturized and/or parametric models in Building Information Modeling (BIM) environments. Furthermore, using methodologies to support the transition from point clouds to informative models, it is possible of providing an immersive fruition of the scanned object through virtual, augmented, and mixed reality. Many studies have been devoted to the Scan to BIM process, experimenting innovative techniques (such as semantic enrichment, artificial intelligence) with the purpose of enhancing the efficiency of the integration process between point clouds and models, thus creating a cooperative approach that, starting from the survey phase, can end up in a model which is both digital and informative and demands different competences for a more accurate analysis. In the present will be described some experimental approaches, applied to different study cases, that made use of integrated survey techniques (terrestrial laser scanner, close-range photogrammetry), meant to be implemented in the Heritage-BIM.
Cesare Verdoscia, Michele Buldo, Antonella Musicco, Riccardo Tavolare
Laser Scanning Intensity Fingerprint: 3D Visualisation and Analysis of Building Surface Deficiencies
Abstract
Terrestrial laser scanning (TLS) is a widely used technology in numerous sectors since it enables the recording of both geometric data and colour information of the objects. Moreover, this remote sensing technique allows for producing point clouds enhanced with the reflection intensity of the laser beam. Scientific research has used those data to detect and assess building surface deficiencies. However, the laser scanning intensity fingerprint of a building pathology is yet to be addressed. Thus, this research quantitatively analyses the distribution of point cloud intensities throughout the object geometry to show changes against the general context of the building component surface. This intensity fingerprint reveals the extent of the pathology, which leads to filtering the point cloud by those intensity values to extract and calculate the surface defect. On this basis, TLS is proven to be useful to record, detect, characterise, and examine specific building surface deficiencies and carry out the conservation status analysis of the assets surveyed. The case studies in this chapter are heritage buildings with clear surface pathologies. However, given the relationship between the building surface deficiencies and the point cloud data intensities, this research can also be applied to detect anomalies in modern buildings and constructions.
Daniel Antón, Manuel J. Carretero-Ayuso, Juan Moyano-Campos, Juan E. Nieto-Julián
The Semantic Discretization of Architectural Heritage as the Basis of a HBIM Restoration and Conservation Project
Abstract
In the archeology of architecture, the paramental study requires documentation techniques in order to identify, classify, and document the different stratigraphies that appear in historical buildings. The documentation must be objective, independent, and systematic and must also contain a record that allows the monitoring of specialist technicians in this field. The emergence of technologies based on BIM has opened a new scenario in the 3D registry of heritage buildings. Thus, to reinforce the implementation of the work carried out in heritage, this research carries out an experimentation through a semi-automatic sequence of stratigraphic units in ashlars with complex geometries. The workflow has been developed on the ArchiCAD platform, included in a Teamwork HBIM restoration and conservation project, allowing the sequencing of automatic classification processes, which in the archeology area would be very complex to carry out. To do this, the connection script between ArchiCAD and Python is reconditioned, which works as a Python link for the ARCHICAD JSON interface. The results, although in several initial phases, present classification problems when the stratigraphic units present overlaps, we proceed to improve in such a way that there is a classification in a structured and orderly way. The advantages of obtaining this type of classification in a digital model are innumerable, since each element of ashlar, stone or pilaster contains semantic properties and precise geometric properties that enrich each one of the interventions in a workflow between BIM operators and teams restoration technicians.
Juan E. Nieto-Julián, Javier Farratel, Manuel Bouzas Cavada, Juan Moyano-Campos
Integrating Artificial Intelligence Approaches for Quantitative and Qualitative Analysis in H-BIM
Abstract
Managing historic buildings is a process in which workers responsible for this task require many time resources. Its optimization through several techniques, such as artificial intelligence, reduces the time related to decision-making. This chapter develops a procedure to generate intelligent GDL objects to predict or estimate the responses required to manage heritage elements in historic buildings. For this purpose, the models developed through data mining procedures in GDL objects in Building Information Modelling (BIM) platforms are combined with their application to historic buildings: Heritage Building Information Modelling (H-BIM). Thus, intelligent BIM models are developed to meet the needs of the technicians responsible for maintaining historic buildings. The responses given by the intelligent objects could be qualitative or quantitative. This methodology would be useful to reduce both the time of decision-making and the data analysis by visualizing them in a three-dimensional model of the historic building. Thus, this is a technique designed to optimize the management of the heritage elements in historic buildings.
David Bienvenido-Huertas, Blanca Tejedor, Manuel J. Carretero-Ayuso, Carlos E. Rodríguez Jiménez, Marta Torres-González

Solutions

Frontmatter
Properties of Gypsum Mortars Dosed with LFS for Use in the Design of Prefabricated Blocks
Abstract
The aim of the present investigation is to determine the suitability of gypsum mortars with mineral additions of ladle furnace slags (LFS) for use in the manufacture of prefabricated blocks. Different dosages of gypsum mortars are designed, and the corresponding tests for their characterization are performed, with the objective of determining their properties, in both the fresh and the hardened state, in accordance with applicable standards. A suitable dosage is then chosen, bearing in mind the optimization criterion on the use of waste in gypsum mixtures, seeking a balance between the quantity of slag that is used and the quality of its properties. Completing the study, a series of complementary tests are performed related to its behaviour in the presence of heat, fire, and both thermal and acoustic transmission. The results showed that the gypsum mortar designs presented similar properties to the conventional mortars and can be approved for use in construction, either as gypsum mortars or as raw material for the manufacture of prefabricated blocks, in compliance with the requirements established in current European standards.
Isabel Santamaría-Vicario, Álvaro Alonso-Díez, Mathieu Horgnies, Ángel Rodríguez-Saiz
Lightweight Recycled Polyurethane Mortar Placement: A Case of Success
Abstract
The objective of this case study is based on establishing the real possibilities for the placement of cement mortars lightened with recycled shredded polyurethane, and their performance over a very long period of time, several years. Multiple types of mortars have been designed and dosed to be used as masonry base and resurfacing mortars. On site, therefore, it has been used as joint mortar and rendering mortar in a small shed. Mechanical flexural and compressive strength tests have been carried out on the samples made in the laboratory and on the samples taken from the mortar mixed on site. Adhesion tests have also been carried out on mortars applied as coatings, both exterior and interior. Organoleptic and other aptitude tests complete the study. The results show that this type of material is viable for application as a support for traditional coatings and finishes. This is a good advance in the real viability of reusing inert polymeric wastes in the construction sector, with the consequent environmental benefit, and in the line of contributing to the sustainability of the sector applied to construction materials.
Verónica Calderón, Lourdes Alameda Cuenca-Romero, Sara Gutiérrez-González, Raquel Arroyo
Earth as a Sustainable Construction Material. Characterization of Different Mixtures and Implementation Using the Projected Earth System
Abstract
The use of the earth as a construction material has been carried out all over the world, in walls, ramparts, fortifications. For this reason, research of this type is necessary to implement current techniques in the restoration of rammed earth constructions with the rammed earth technique. In addition, it can be used for the construction of new works for both walls and cladding. The research of the earth as a construction material is presented here through the characterization of the earth itself, in this case, edaphic soils from the weathering of the Alhambra Formation (Spain), and its mixtures with aerial or hydraulic limes and cement of low resistance. In addition, natural or recycled aggregates and additives such as water repellents and ecological enzymes, to replace binders, and additions of powder rubber and textile from used tire waste have been used. The results obtained in all the mixtures, except the one added with rubber and textile powder, are ideal for use in restoration of earth works and new construction, placed on site using the projected earth system.
Ignacio Valverde-Palacios, Raquel Fuentes-García, Ana Cervilla-Maldonado, Ignacio Valverde-Espinosa
Sustainability Challenges in Outdoor Swimming Pools
Abstract
On a global level there is a significant number of swimming pools, which environmental impact cannot be neglected. The construction and maintenance of swimming pools is comparatively recent within the building sector, but contrary to what would be expected in most cases, this equipment have not improved its environmental performance over the last decades. In this chapter, a review is made of the state of the art in terms of passive and active measures that can be used to improve swimming pools, including suggestions for the main areas of action. Thus, technological suggestions for the thermal insulation of the tank, measures to improve thermal gains, automation system and an intelligent and predictive management platform, are presented and analyzed. The solutions that are available prove that there is a significant set of technological measures, some of them applied in other sectors, which when properly operationalized can decisively contribute to the reduction of the negative environmental impact of swimming pools.
Miguel José Oliveira, Fátima Farinha, Armando Inverno, Jânio Monteiro, Cristiano Cabrita, Adelino Venturinha
Reality of Photovoltaic Technology Applied to Homes not Connected to the Grid Connected Using to Lithium Batteries Without Generator Set Support
Abstract
There are dwellings in which the owner does not have the possibility of obtaining electricity from the grid. The goal of this study is to find out contingencies of a totally autonomous solar energy system that uses photovoltaic panels and lithium batteries, without specific support from generator equipment powered by fossil fuels. For this, the methodology followed focuses on the in situ monitoring of a real installation of photovoltaic panels carried out in a dwelling located in the south of Spain due it is one of the climatic zones of the European continent with the least severity and at the same time with the greatest number of hours of sun exposure. In this way, in addition to knowing the contingencies, it can be deduced that if in these very favorable circumstances they occur, this means that they are likely to occur in any other less favorable. The results indicate that, although the dwelling is supplied, there have been certain contingencies in the supply and in the final cost. This leads to the conclusion that even in dwellings whose users consume little energy, due to their way of life and favorable climatic conditions, there are still some aspects of the technology that produce contingencies and that need to be resolved to make these installations technically and economically comparable to the supply of the electricity grid, in addition to being totally independent from any other source of energy that is not the photovoltaic itself.
David Marín-García
Extracting Energy from Flooded Coal Mines for Heating and Air-Conditioning of Buildings: Opportunities and Challenges
Abstract
Extraction energy from flooded coal mines for heating and/or air-conditioning applications could provide a low-carbon and sustainable technology for the future. In heating applications, the implementation normally utilises heat pump technologies to upgrade the temperature of water from a nominal value of normally about 12 to 20 °C to a level above 45 °C. For cooling applications, the water could be used directly or via a heating pump for the cooling process, depending on the temperature of the water. This paper outlines two case studies implemented in the UK at Caphouse Colliery and Markham Colliery. The paper highlights the opportunities and challenges of the technology; it compares between the two systems in terms of configuration, water quality and the need for maintenance. The paper also outlines the commercialisation aspect of the technology and the potential challenges and opportunities captured via a technical workshop and an online survey. The paper also discusses the geohazard prospective of coal mines when used for extracting the thermal energy. The results show that extracting energy from flooded coal mines is unlikely to create any significant geohazard risk, but has the benefits to develop and regenerate the former coal mining areas. The technology can be used to provide low-carbon sustainable energy to homes and businesses in the UK towards zero-carbon future. However, more effort is needed to enhance public awareness and encourage future investments to allow the technology to be utilised in new and existing residential and commercial buildings.
Amin Al-Habaibeh, Bubaker Shakmak, Anup Athresh, Keith Parker, Omar Hamza
Towards a Simple Cold Box Adapted to Warm Climates: A Case Study in Mediterranean Climate
Abstract
The accurate estimation of the thermal transmittance of buildings’ envelope is fundamental to study the thermal behaviour of buildings. Thermal transmittance can be determined by means of theoretical and experimental methods. A method known as simple cold box (SCB) was designed in this research work. Such method consists of cooling the internal side of the wall so that a high thermal gradient is generated with the external ambient. To assess the performance of the method, a case study characteristic of the southern part of Europe was assessed with two-dimensional simulation. Time series of the external temperature were also used to guarantee a representative simulation. Based on these simulations, the results of thermal transmittance were analysed, as well as the deviation presented by the results according to a representative value of the façade. Likewise, the energy consumption related to the test was assessed by means of simulation using EnergyPlus. SCB can constitute an opportunity for engineers and architects to ease and hasten the task of improving the performance of buildings.
David Bienvenido-Huertas, Manuel J. Carretero-Ayuso, David Marín-García, Joaquín Durán
Information Systematisation Towards Rational Building Maintenance Decisions
Abstract
The presented research highlights different ways of collecting, systematising and using data in the field of building maintenance towards rational decisions. First, the harmonisation of the information collected during building inspections is presented. Such harmonisation was developed within a global inspection system for the building envelope, including classification lists of defects, their causes, diagnosis methods and repair techniques, as well as correlation matrices between these items. Using harmonised inspection systems during fieldwork guides the procedures and makes the collected data more objective. With sound information about the degradation of building elements, their remaining service life may be estimated. Different service life prediction methods were adopted, considering their advantages to decide on the best moment to carry out maintenance activities. Computational tools of service life prediction were developed, with different options for users, according to their objectives and available information. Following these methodologies, a condition-based maintenance model was developed, using Petri nets. Different types of maintenance strategies were determined and then compared, according to the progression of degradation, service life, costs and impact on building users. Such a condition-based maintenance model allows better decisions, as more data are available, considering different factors, and not only costs, for instance.
Clara Pereira, Ana Silva, Cláudia Ferreira, Jorge de Brito, Inês Flores-Colen, José D. Silvestre
Integrated Design of Building Projects: From BIM to Additive Manufacturing
Abstract
This chapter explores key aspects of integrated project design using the extreme collaboration methodology, which enables the construction of BIM models that integrate architecture, structures, and MEP, using a “war room” or “information room” (i-room) where various project specialists interact in real time. To achieve the highest degree of integration within a project, the BIM model is then sent to a robotic arm that through additive manufacturing techniques, prints concrete elements previously designed in the i-room—in short, total machine–machine integration (BIM-robot).
Eric Forcael, Rodrigo García-Alvarado, Jaime Soto-Muñoz, Jesús Alberto Pulido-Arcas
Metadata
Title
New Technologies in Building and Construction
Editors
Dr. David Bienvenido-Huertas
Prof. Dr. Juan Moyano-Campos
Copyright Year
2022
Publisher
Springer Nature Singapore
Electronic ISBN
978-981-19-1894-0
Print ISBN
978-981-19-1893-3
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-1894-0