6. Niccolò Machiavelli

The chapter examines Niccolò Machiavelli's critique of tradition and the loss of foundation in modern society, as interpreted by Claude Lefort. Lefort argues that Machiavelli's works, particularly 'The Prince' and 'Discourses', reveal a radical critique of traditional political thought and its theological foundation. Machiavelli is seen as a pioneer in understanding the modern symbolic change that opened the way to contemporary democracy. The analysis focuses on Machiavelli's interpretation of power dynamics, the role of the people, and the concept of division in society. Lefort highlights how Machiavelli's thought moves beyond humanism to describe the consequences of the loss of foundation and the dissolution of the bond between theology and politics. The chapter also delves into Machiavelli's view of conflict as a fundamental element of society, arguing that the perpetuation of division is the very engine of the social. This perspective challenges traditional notions of political unity and stability, emphasizing the indeterminacy and contingency of political power. The chapter concludes by discussing the implications of these ideas for modern democratic society, highlighting the importance of understanding the symbolic institution of the social and the role of power in maintaining social order.