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NISQ Security and Complexity via Simple Classical Reasoning

  • 2026
  • OriginalPaper
  • Chapter
Published in:
Authors
Alexandru Cojocaru
Juan Garay
Qipeng Liu
Fang Song
Published in
Theory of Cryptography
Publisher
Springer Nature Switzerland

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Abstract

This chapter delves into the security and complexity of hash functions in the Noisy Intermediate-Scale Quantum (NISQ) era, focusing on the challenges posed by quantum computing to modern cryptography. It introduces novel lifting theorems for search games, which establish the hardness of solving various cryptographic tasks against adversaries with both classical and quantum capabilities. The text presents a new framework for analyzing cryptographic applications in the presence of NISQ adversaries, including hybrid algorithms, quantum algorithms with access to noisy oracles, and bounded-depth quantum algorithms. The chapter also explores the implications of these lifting theorems for direct product theorems, non-uniform security, and the hardness of specific cryptographic tasks such as multi-image inversion, multi-collision finding, and the 3SUM problem. The results highlight the importance of understanding the complexity of cryptographic tasks in the NISQ setting and provide a systematic approach to deriving NISQ security and complexity results.
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The full version of this paper can be found in [CGLS25].

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previous chapter Quantum Interactive Oracle Proofs
next chapter Quantum Rewinding for IOP-Based Succinct Arguments
Title
NISQ Security and Complexity via Simple Classical Reasoning
Authors
Alexandru Cojocaru
Juan Garay
Qipeng Liu
Fang Song
Copyright Year
2026
Book
Theory of Cryptography

Print ISBN: 978-3-032-12295-7

Electronic ISBN: 978-3-032-12296-4

Copyright Year: 2026

DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-032-12296-4_15
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