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2019 | Book

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Nocturnal Cooling Technology for Building Applications

Authors: Dr. Mardiana Idayu Ahmad, Dr. Hasila Jarimi, Prof. Dr. Saffa Riffat

Publisher: Springer Singapore

Book Series : SpringerBriefs in Applied Sciences and Technology

Part of: Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik" , Springer Professional "Technik" , Springer Professional "Wirtschaft"

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About this book

This book discusses nocturnal cooling technologies for building applications. Exploiting the natural environment as a renewable and sustainable resource has become a significant strategy for passive energy saving in buildings, and has led to growing interest in the use of passive radiative cooling based on nighttime (nocturnal) and daytime (diurnal) operating periods. Of these, nocturnal cooling is more promising since diurnal cooling is hard to achieve due to the solar radiation effect. As such, this book provides a comprehensive overview of nocturnal cooling for building applications, including a definition, concepts and principles; materials and devices; and cooling systems and configurations.

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Table of Contents

Frontmatter

Chapter 1. Introduction: Overview of Buildings and Passive Cooling Technique

Abstract

In general passive cooling in the buildings can be achieved by three main strategies: heat prevention/reduction; heat moderation and; heat dissipation. Within these strategies, there are several techniques including radiative cooling which is known as one of the energy-efficient methods under the heat dissipation category. This technique can be classified into nocturnal and diurnal cooling which involves natural heat sinks such as the sky, the atmosphere and the Earth. A significant amount of energy can be saved through the application of this technique pertaining to the reduction of cooling power consumption.

Mardiana Idayu Ahmad, Hasila Jarimi, Saffa Riffat

Chapter 2. Theory and Mechanism of Nocturnal Cooling

Abstract

Nocturnal cooling is governed by the fundamental physics of radiative cooling, heat transfer mechanism and steady-state energy balance equations. It is also important to understand the basics of atmospheric physics in applying the cooling principles of radiative cooling for building applications. In the perspective of materials, various studies have been proposed and investigated in order to develop nocturnal cooling radiator. Amongst the materials are paints, polymer-based films, natural materials and modified materials. Although studies have shown that in general, most of these materials have high emissivity property that can deliver a significant radiation effect within the atmospheric window; some of them are not. Further studies should be established in the development of materials that can improve the performance of nocturnal cooling by considering their influence on the performance of the radiator.

Mardiana Idayu Ahmad, Hasila Jarimi, Saffa Riffat

Chapter 3. Types and Configurations of Nocturnal Cooling Systems

Abstract

There are various designs available for the nocturnal cooling applications in buildings. These designs can be categorised into active and passive cooling systems. Active cooling systems require circulation of working fluids such as water or air. Meanwhile, passive cooling systems do not require the circulation of working fluids. A lot of efforts also have been made in integrating the active or passive nocturnal cooling systems with various low carbon technologies. Although numerous studies can be found in the open literature pertaining to various designs and configurations of the nocturnal cooling systems, commercial development of these systems is still limited. Future studies should also be looked into the economic analysis of these systems which includes the equipment and material, installation, operating cost and potential energy savings incurred from the usage of the system as compared to the conventional mechanical cooling system.

Mardiana Idayu Ahmad, Hasila Jarimi, Saffa Riffat

Chapter 4. Performance Studies of Nocturnal Cooling: The State of the Art

Abstract

Various systems of nocturnal cooling have been studied for building applications. However, these days, urbanisation has become a global phenomenon which affects energy usage and outdoor comfort. Thus, with the growing trend of population and land scarcity, a new angle of nocturnal cooling approach should be explored in meeting the demand of urban climate and cities. The research attempts to characterise the underlying physical mechanism of nocturnal cooling of cities is necessary. This should be governed by the evolution of the thermal state and many thermal-driven issues in the cities. Therefore, the design tool of nocturnal cooling of urban climate is pivotal in order to improve the microclimate behaviour of cities.

Mardiana Idayu Ahmad, Hasila Jarimi, Saffa Riffat

Chapter 5. Potentials of Nocturnal Cooling in Various Locations/Countries and Climatic Conditions

Abstract

Last decades have seen increasing research effort to characterise the underlying physical mechanisms of nocturnal cooling performance in various locations and climatic conditions. Throughout the studies across different regions, it can be seen that the nocturnal cooling power and performance are significantly depending on the external parameters such as climate, weather and season. These external parameters include the wind speed and cloud cover, which are two important variables which govern the nocturnal cooling power and performance. Locations with drier climatic conditions have higher cooling performance as the content of moisture content in the atmosphere affects the radiant heat transfer. Therefore, prior to designing, developing and investigating of nocturnal cooling system, climatic conditions, weather data and other external parameters in a location should be first analysed and studied. The nocturnal cooling technologies are also viable for energy option which Incorporating the night-sky radiation. This radiation could substantially reduce cooling needs of mechanical ventilation air conditioning system. More studies should be explored in the future in the projection of energy savings and system costs.

Mardiana Idayu Ahmad, Hasila Jarimi, Saffa Riffat

Chapter 6. Challenges, Future Outlook and Opportunities

Abstract

Nocturnal cooling technology has the characteristics of cleanness, pollution-free, energy savings and great development potential. Throughout the literature, it can be seen that the nocturnal cooling technology has become a research hotspot since 1960s. Early researches were mainly concentrated in optimising the structure of radiation cooling systems and improving the radiation cooling capacity. The last recent years have witnessed exceptional achievements in nocturnal cooling approach, with a huge body of literature consisting of more excellent performance studies related to hybrid systems; improvement and advancement on the technological aspects of existing and previous works as well as design and applications of the system within building envelope. Nocturnal cooling systems are directly affected by the atmospheric conditions. The performance studies of these systems are widely distributed and various climatic conditions and regions. However, most of the studies are conducted under laboratory scale and not many studies focus on the performance of the systems on real or existing buildings towards commercialisation. In this chapter, challenges, future outlook and opportunities are highlighted.

Mardiana Idayu Ahmad, Hasila Jarimi, Saffa Riffat

Backmatter

Title: Nocturnal Cooling Technology for Building Applications
Authors: Dr. Mardiana Idayu Ahmad
Dr. Hasila Jarimi
Prof. Dr. Saffa Riffat
Copyright Year: 2019
Publisher: Springer Singapore
Electronic ISBN: 978-981-13-5835-7
Print ISBN: 978-981-13-5834-0
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-5835-7