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Published in:
Are We Going Through a Real Revolution? Read chapter Read first chapter

2019 | OriginalPaper | Chapter

2. On the Way to Robotics

Author : Maria Chiara Carrozza

Published in: The Robot and Us

Publisher: Springer International Publishing

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Abstract

I do not intend to describe the history of robotics and its literary origin, dating back to the beginning of the twentieth century, but I would like to trace the technological evolution of its applications, imagining a journey through time and space. My analysis strongly reflects my training as a bioengineer researcher who has always delved into the interaction between robotics and biomedicine. This is why I think it is useful to take a step back and describe my studies. I do not have a formal robotics background, also because at the end of the 80 s it was not yet a part of my future plans. As a scholar of physics, I learned and studied in research laboratories, in a “middle world”, on the border between microengineering, robotics and biomedical engineering and I think it is for these reasons that I have taken on board a research methodology oriented towards antidisciplinarity and guided by curiosity.

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previous chapter Are We Going Through a Real Revolution?
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Footnotes
1
B. Siciliano, Handbook of Robotics, O. Khatib Editors, Springer-Verlag, 2016.
 
2
The word “robot” originates from Karel Čapek’s 1921 play entitled, RUR (Rossum’s Universal Robots), from the Czech word “robota” which literally means “hard labor”.
 
3
For a definition of bioengineering see Encyclopaedia Britannica https://​www.​britannica.​com/​technology/​bioengineering and the definition of biomedical engineering research at the web site of the IEEE society of Engineering in Biology and Medicine (EMBC) https://​www.​embs.​org/​about-biomedical-engineering/​what-we-do/​.
 
4
CERN is the European Organisation for Research into Nuclear Physics that has its headquarters in Geneva, in Switzerland. For more details, see https://​home.​cern/​about.
 
5
Violation of the symmetry of charge and parity: one of the aims of elementary particle physics is the study of CP-symmetry and its violation. For a detailed volume on the topic, see D. H. Perkins, Introduction to High Energy Physics, Cambridge University Press, 2000.
 
6
K mesons are elementary particles, D. H. Perkins, Op.cit.
 
7
Prof. Paolo Dario, Director of the Institute of Biorobotics of the Scuola Superiore Sant’Anna, is one of the most cited Italian scientists. His Google Scholar page gives his main publications https://​scholar.​google.​it/​citations?​user=​dW7Fi88AAAAJ&​hl=​it.
 
8
R. Feynman, There is Plenty of Room at The Bottom, Dec. 1959, is a talk by Nobel prize winner Richard Feynman, who explains for the first time, in a marvelous way, all the physical characteristics of the micro-world that make it so fascinating and interesting also for engineering. For a transcript, see: https://​scholar.​google.​it/​citations?​user=​dW7Fi88AAAAJ&​hl=​it.
 
9
For a definition of mechatronics, see the Journal of Mechatronics, https://​www.​journals.​elsevier.​com/​mechatronics/​.
 
10
To see the various Olympus models, in particular those produced in the period 1970–80, see https://​www.​olympus-global.​com/​brand/​museum/​camera/​.
 
11
M. Aikele et al. Accelerometers For Airbag in Applications Advanced Microsystems for Automotive Applications 99 (2013): 251.
 
12
Tilli, Markku, et al., eds. Handbook of silicon based MEMS materials and technologies. William Andrew, Elsevier, 2015.
 
13
S. Fatikow, and R. Ulrich. Microsystem technology and microrobotics. Springer Science & Business Media, 2013.
 
14
P. Dario, et al. A microrobotic system for colonoscopy Robotics and Automation, 1997. Proceedings, 1997 IEEE International Conference on. Vol. 2. IEEE, 1997.
 
15
For references, visit the website of Science Robotics http://​robotics.​sciencemag.​org.
 
16
Emilie Snell-Rood, Interdisciplinarity: Bring biologists into biomimetics, « Nature » 529, 277–278 (21 January 2016) https://​doi.​org/​10.​1038/​529277a.
 
17
They are not therefore involved in the so-called scientific “authorship” of articles.
 
20
M. L. Anderson, Embodied Cognition: A field guide, Artificial Intelligence Volume 149, Issue 1, September 2003, pp. 91–130.
 
21
N. Wiener, Cybernetics, or control and communication in the animal and the machine, first edition: The MIT Press, Cambridge (MA), 1948; second edition: Wiley, New York, 1961.
 
23
M. C. Carrozza, et al. Design of a cybernetic hand for perception and action Biological cybernetics 95.6 (2006): 629.
 
24
For information on the Neurobotics project, visit the website http://​cordis.​europa.​eu/​project/​rcn/​74611_​en.​html.
 
Metadata
Title
On the Way to Robotics
Author
Maria Chiara Carrozza
Copyright Year
2019
Book
The Robot and Us

Print ISBN: 978-3-319-97766-9

Electronic ISBN: 978-3-319-97767-6

Copyright Year: 2019

DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-97767-6_2

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