1 Introduction
2 Global landscape of 5G campus and private networks
2.1 Market view
2.2 Spectrum view
Region | Band (spectrum) |
---|---|
USA | n48 (3550–3700 MHz)—CBRS n96 (5925–7125 MHz)—unlicensed band |
Germany | n77/n78 (3700–3800 MHz)—licensed for private use |
France | n38 (2570–2620 MHz)—licensed for private use |
UK | n77 (3800–4200 MHz)—licensed for private use |
European Union | n96 (5900–6400 MHz)—unlicensed band |
Japan and China | n79 (4400–5000 MHz)—licensed for private use |
South Korea | n96 (5925–7125 MHz)—unlicensed band |
2.3 Use cases and the rising need for nomadic networks
2.4 Towards open campus networks and the need for open end to end technology testbeds
3 The 5G playground as a blueprint for campus networks R&D
3.1 The Open5GCore—a reference implementation for Open 5&6G networks
3.1.1 Considerations for building local 5G networks
External network | Dedicated network | Half-half network | |
---|---|---|---|
Deployment | Together with the public network | Dedicated for the specific location | Dedicated for the specific location |
Coverage | The same as the public network | Customized for the dedicated environment | Customized for the dedicated environment and harmonized with public network |
Services | Through the operator network (may be edge) | Deployed mainly on-premise | Mix of operator and on-premise services |
Authentication and authorization | Through the public network | Through the local network | Depending on the user entity (UE) identity used |
Access control | Fully operator controlled | Shared with the local network management | Mixed between full operator control and shared with local |
Privacy | Same as virtual private network (VPN) -type of services | Localization of the services | Depending on the UE identity used |
Mobility | Full mobility with special zones | Local support with external “roaming” | Depending on the UE identity used |
Network management | Network operator | Shared or only local admin | Shared with local admin |
3.1.2 Open5GCore Release 7
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Fundamental 5G core network functions [19]:
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Access and Mobility Management Function (AMF)
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Session Management Function (SMF)
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Authentication Server Function (AUSF)
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Unified Data Management (UDM)
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Network Repository Function (NRF)
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User Plane Function (UPF)
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Implementation of the 5GS Service Based Architecture [19]
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Implementing control-user plane split (CUPS) with Packet Forwarding Control Protocol (PFCP) (N4) [22]
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Advanced Quality of Service (QoS) and session management with traffic influence with the Policy Control Function (PCF)
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Network slice support through the Network Slice Selection Function (NSSF)
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Comprehensive non-3GPP access convergence provided by a Non-3GPP Interworking Function (N3IWF)
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Location Service Support based on Location Management Function (LMF) and Gateway Mobile Location Center (GMLC) [23]
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Benchmarking Tools and UE & RAN simulators
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currently available large-scale service provider network products from the established network equipment vendors, such as Nokia, Ericsson, Huawei, Samsung, etc.
3.2 The Open 5G Playground
3.3 The FOKUS 5G+ Nomadic Node
3.4 Outlook—the future of Open Campus Networks
3.4.1 Nomadic 5G networks
3.4.2 Getting ready for Open RAN
3.4.3 Evolution towards 6G
Research/innovation area | 5G campus networks | 6G continuum |
---|---|---|
Higher frequencies | mmWave | THz and Optical Wireless |
JCAS/ISAC | Positioning | Positioning and Sensing |
Softwarization | Cloud-native | Organic |
Virtualization | Edge | Infrastructure free |
Disaggregation | SBA, OpenRAN | Organic |
Management | AI/ML optimizations | Holistic/scheduled network management |
Rural Coverage | Direct-to-(GEO/MEO) Satellite | Multi-orbit/3D NTN |