Top

Published in:

2019 | OriginalPaper | Chapter

3. Opportunities for PLA and Its Blends in Various Applications

Authors : Teboho Clement Mokhena, Mokgaotsa Jonas Mochane, Emmanuel Rotimi Sadiku, O. Agboola, Maya Jacob John

Published in: Green Biopolymers and their Nanocomposites

Publisher: Springer Singapore

Activate our intelligent search to find suitable subject content or patents.

search-config

AI-assisted search

Off

Abstract

PLA is one of the promising biopolymer featuring unique properties such as excellent biodegradability, biocompatibility, good mechanical strength and easy processability. Although its properties are comparable to synthetic polymers, its success is impeded by its cost and brittleness. In order to further extend its applicability in different fields, blending with other cheaper and ductile/flexible polymers has been subjecting of the research since its introduction early in the 1880s. It is recognized that direct blending usually results in unanticipated properties because of PLA immiscibility with other polymers. In this chapter, we discuss the challenges faced in direct blending PLA with other polymers and the use of compatibilizers and/or plasticizers to improve the processability and/or performance of the resulting blend. The opportunities and progress made with some strategies to minimize the immiscibility of PLA with other biopolymers are also discussed. We concluded with future trends and recommendations that should enable the production of high-end performance PLA-based bio-blends.

Dont have a licence yet? Then find out more about our products and how to get one now:

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

über 102.000 Bücher
über 537 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

Automobil + Motoren
Bauwesen + Immobilien
Business IT + Informatik
Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
Finance + Banking
Management + Führung
Marketing + Vertrieb
Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe
Versicherung + Risiko

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

inform now

Springer Professional "Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

über 67.000 Bücher
über 390 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

Automobil + Motoren
Bauwesen + Immobilien
Business IT + Informatik
Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

inform now

previous chapter Green Polymer Composites Based on Polylactic Acid (PLA) and Fibers

next chapter Biocomposite Reinforced with Nanocellulose for Packaging Applications

Abdelwahab MA, Flynn A, Chiou BS, Imam S, Orts W, Chiellini E (2012) Thermal, mechanical and morphological characterization of plasticized PLA–PHB blends. Polym Degrad Stab 97:1822–1828CrossRef

Al-Itry R, Lamnawar K, Maazouz A (2012) Improvement of thermal stability, rheological and mechanical properties of PLA, PBAT and their blends by reactive extrusion with functionalized epoxy. Polym Degrad Stab 97:1898–1914CrossRef

Armentano I et al (2015a). Bio-based PLA_PHB plasticized blend films: processing and structural characterization. LWT-Food Sci Technol 64(2):980–988CrossRef

Armentano I et al (2015b) Processing and characterization of plasticized PLA/PHB blends for biodegradable multiphase systems Express. Polym Lett 9:583–596CrossRef

Arrieta MP, López J, Ferrándiz S, Peltzer MA (2013) Characterization of PLA-limonene blends for food packaging applications. Polym Testing 32:760–768CrossRef

Arrieta MP, López J, Hernández A, Rayón E (2014) Ternary PLA–PHB–Limonene blends intended for biodegradable food packaging applications. Euro Polym J 50:255–270CrossRef

Arrieta MP, Samper MD, Aldas M, López J (2017) On the use of PLA-PHB blends for sustainable food packaging applications. Materials 10:1008CrossRef

Arruda LC, Magaton M, Bretas RES, Ueki MM (2015) Influence of chain extender on mechanical, thermal and morphological properties of blown films of PLA/PBAT blends. Polym Testing 43:27–37CrossRef

Bai H, Huang C, Xiu H, Gao Y, Zhang Q, Fu Q (2013) Toughening of poly (l-lactide) with poly (ε-caprolactone): combined effects of matrix crystallization and impact modifier particle size. Polymer 54:5257–5266CrossRef

10.

Balart JF, Fombuena V, Fenollar O, Boronat T, Sánchez-Nacher L (2016) Processing and characterization of high environmental efficiency composites based on PLA and hazelnut shell flour (HSF) with biobased plasticizers derived from epoxidized linseed oil (ELO). Compos Part B Eng 86:168–177CrossRef

11.

Bedő D, Imre B, Domján A, Schön P, Vancso GJ, Pukánszky B (2017) Coupling of poly (lactic acid) with a polyurethane elastomer by reactive processing. Euro Polym J 97:409–417CrossRef

12.

Bher A, Unalan IU, Auras R, Rubino M, Schvezov CE (2018) Toughening of poly (lactic acid) and thermoplastic cassava starch reactive blends using graphene nanoplatelets. Polymers 10:95CrossRef

13.

Bie P, Liu P, Yu L, Li X, Chen L, Xie F (2013) The properties of antimicrobial films derived from poly (lactic acid)/starch/chitosan blended matrix. Carbohydr Polym 98:959–966CrossRef

14.

Bitinis N, Sanz A, Nogales A, Verdejo R, Lopez-Manchado MA, Ezquerra TA (2012) Deformation mechanisms in polylactic acid/natural rubber/organoclay bionanocomposites as revealed by synchrotron X-ray scattering. Soft Matter 8:8990–8997CrossRef

15.

Bitinis N, Verdejo R, Cassagnau P, Lopez-Manchado MA (2011) Structure and properties of polylactide/natural rubber blends. Mater Chem Phys 129:823–831CrossRef

16.

Bitinis N, Verdejo R, Maya EM, Espuche E, Cassagnau P, Lopez-Manchado MA (2012) Physicochemical properties of organoclay filled polylactic acid/natural rubber blend bionanocomposites. Compos Sci Technol 72:305–313CrossRef

17.

Blümm E, Owen AJ (1995) Miscibility, crystallization and melting of poly (3-hydroxybutyrate)/poly (l-lactide) blends. Polymer 36:4077–4081CrossRef

18.

Botlhoko OJ, Ramontja J, Ray SS (2017) Thermally shocked graphene oxide-containing biocomposite for thermal management applications RSC. Advances 7:33751–33756

19.

Cabedo L, Feijoo JL, Villanueva MP, Lagarón JM, Giménez E (2006) Optimization of biodegradable nanocomposites based on aPLA/PCL blends for food packaging applications. Macromol Symposia 233:191–197CrossRef

20.

Can E, Udenir G, Kanneci AI, Kose G, Bucak S (2011) Investigation of PLLA/PCL blends and paclitaxel release profiles. AAPS Pharmscitech 12:1442–1453CrossRef

21.

Carbonell-Verdu A, Garcia-Garcia D, Dominici F, Torre L, Sanchez-Nacher L, Balart R (2017) PLA films with improved flexibility properties by using maleinized cottonseed oil. Eur Polym J 91:248–259CrossRef

22.

Chavalitpanya K, Phattanarudee S (2013) Poly (lactic acid)/polycaprolactone blends compatibilized with block copolymer. Energy Procedia 34:542–548CrossRef

23.

Chen G-X, Kim H-S, Kim E-S, Yoon J-S (2005) Compatibilization-like effect of reactive organoclay on the poly (l-lactide)/poly (butylene succinate) blends. Polymer 46:11829–11836CrossRef

24.

Chen Y, Yuan D, Xu C (2014) Dynamically vulcanized biobased polylactide/natural rubber blend material with continuous cross-linked rubber phase. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 6:3811–3816CrossRef

25.

Cheng Y, Deng S, Chen P, Ruan R (2009) Polylactic acid (PLA) synthesis and modifications: a review. Front Chem China 4:259–264CrossRef

26.

Chiu H-T, Huang S-Y, Chen Y-F, Kuo M-T, Chiang T-Y, Chang C-Y, Wang Y-H (2013) Heat treatment effects on the mechanical properties and morphologies of poly (lactic acid)/poly (butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) blends. Int J Polym Sci 2013:1–11CrossRef

27.

Cohn D, Salomon AH (2005) Designing biodegradable multiblock PCL/PLA thermoplastic elastomers. Biomaterials 26:2297–2305CrossRef

28.

Dil EJ, Favis BD (2015) Localization of micro-and nano-silica particles in heterophase poly (lactic acid)/poly (butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) blends. Polymer 76:295–306CrossRef

29.

Feng L, Bian X, Cui Y, Chen Z, Li G, Chen X (2013) Flexibility improvement of poly (l‐lactide) by reactive blending with poly (ether urethane) containing poly (ethylene glycol) blocks. Macromol Chem Phys 214:824–834CrossRef

30.

Feng L, Bian X, Li G, Chen Z, Chen X (2016) Compatibility, mechanical properties and stability of blends of polylactide and polyurethane based on poly (ethylene glycol)-b-polylactide copolymers by chain extension with diisocyanate. Polym Degrad Stab 125:148–155CrossRef

31.

Ferri JM, Garcia-Garcia D, Sánchez-Nacher L, Fenollar O, Balart R (2016) The effect of maleinized linseed oil (MLO) on mechanical performance of poly (lactic acid)-thermoplastic starch (PLA-TPS) blends. Carbohydr Polym 147:60–68CrossRef

32.

Ferri JM, Garcia‐Garcia D, Montanes N, Fenollar O, Balart R (2017) The effect of maleinized linseed oil as biobased plasticizer in poly (lactic acid)‐based formulations. Polym Int 66:882–891CrossRef

33.

Fortunati E, Puglia D, Iannoni A, Terenzi A, Kenny JM, Torre L (2017) Processing conditions, thermal and mechanical responses of stretchable poly (lactic acid)/poly (butylene succinate) films. Materials 10:809CrossRef

34.

Garcia-Campo MJ, Quiles-Carrillo L, Masia J, Reig-Pérez MJ, Montanes N, Balart R (2017) Environmentally friendly compatibilizers from soybean oil for ternary blends of poly (lactic acid)-PLA, poly (ε-caprolactone)-PCL and poly (3-hydroxybutyrate)-PHB. Materials 10:1339CrossRef

35.

Han J-J, Huang H-X (2011) Preparation and characterization of biodegradable polylactide/thermoplastic polyurethane elastomer blends. J Appl Polym Sci 120:3217–3223CrossRef

36.

Hassouna F, Raquez J-M, Addiego F, Dubois P, Toniazzo V, Ruch D (2011) New approach on the development of plasticized polylactide (PLA): grafting of poly (ethylene glycol)(PEG) via reactive extrusion. Euro Polym J 47:2134–2144CrossRef

37.

Hassouna F, Raquez J-M, Addiego F, Toniazzo V, Dubois P, Ruch D (2012) New development on plasticized poly (lactide): chemical grafting of citrate on PLA by reactive extrusion. Euro Polym J 48:404–415CrossRef

38.

Hongdilokkul P, Keeratipinit K, Chawthai S, Hararak B, Seadan M, Suttiruengwong S (2015) A study on properties of PLA/PBAT from blown film process. IOP Conf Ser Mater Sci Eng 87:012112CrossRef

39.

Hu Y, Daoud WA, Cheuk KKL, Lin CSK (2016) Newly developed techniques on polycondensation, ring-opening polymerization and polymer modification: focus on poly (lactic acid). Materials 9:133CrossRef

40.

Imre B, Bedő D, Domján A, Schön P, Vancso GJ, Pukánszky B (2013) Structure, properties and interfacial interactions in poly (lactic acid)/polyurethane blends prepared by reactive processing European Polymer Journal 49:3104–3113CrossRef

41.

Juntuek P, Ruksakulpiwat C, Chumsamrong P, Ruksakulpiwat Y (2012) Effect of glycidyl methacrylate-grafted natural rubber on physical properties of polylactic acid and natural rubber blends. J Appl Polym Sci 125:745–754CrossRef

42.

Krishnan S, Pandey P, Mohanty S, Nayak SK (2016) Toughening of polylactic acid: an overview of research progress. Polym-Plast Technol Eng 55:1623–1652CrossRef

43.

Kumar M, Mohanty S, Nayak SK, Parvaiz MR (2010) Effect of glycidyl methacrylate (GMA) on the thermal, mechanical and morphological property of biodegradable PLA/PBAT blend and its nanocomposites. Bioresour Technol 101:8406–8415CrossRef

44.

Labrecque LV, Kumar RA, Dave V, Gross RA, McCarthy SP (1997) Citrate esters as plasticizers for poly (lactic acid). J Appl Polym Sci 66:1507–1513

45.

Le Bolay N, Lamure A, Leis NG, Subhani A (2012) How to combine a hydrophobic matrix and a hydrophilic filler without adding a compatibilizer-co-grinding enhances use properties of renewable PLA-starch composites. Chem Eng Process 56:1–9CrossRef

46.

Lee C, Hong S (2013) An overview of the synthesis and synthetic mechanism of poly (lactic acid). Modern Chem Appl 2:144

47.

Li H, Huneault MA (2011) Comparison of sorbitol and glycerol as plasticizers for thermoplastic starch in TPS/PLA blends. J Appl Polym Sci 119:2439–2448CrossRef

48.

Martin O, Averous L (2001) Poly (lactic acid): plasticization and properties of biodegradable multiphase systems. Polymer 42:6209–6219CrossRef

49.

Mathurosemontri S, Auwongsuwan P, Nagai S, Hamada H (2014) The effect of injection speed on morphology and mechanical properties of polyoxymethylene/poly (lactic acid) blends. Energy Procedia 56:57–64CrossRef

50.

Matta AK, Rao RRU, Suman KNS, Rambabu V (2014) Preparation and characterization of biodegradable PLA/PCL polymeric blends Procedia. Mater Sci 6:1266–1270

51.

Mauck SC et al (2016) Biorenewable tough blends of polylactide and acrylated epoxidized soybean oil compatibilized by a polylactide star polymer. Macromolecules 49:1605–1615CrossRef

52.

Możejko-Ciesielska J, Kiewisz R (2016) Bacterial polyhydroxyalkanoates: still fabulous? Microbiol Res 192:271–282CrossRef

53.

Muller J, González-Martínez C, Chiralt A (2017) Combination of poly (lactic) acid and starch for biodegradable food packaging. Materials 10:952CrossRef

54.

Notta-Cuvier D et al. (2014) Tailoring polylactide (PLA) properties for automotive applications: effect of addition of designed additives on main mechanical properties. Polym Testing 36:1–9CrossRef

55.

Odent J et al (2015) Mechanistic insights on nanosilica self-networking inducing ultra-toughness of rubber-modified polylactide-based materials. Nanocomposites 1:113–125CrossRef

56.

Ohkoshi I, Abe H, Doi Y (2000) Miscibility and solid-state structures for blends of poly [(S)-lactide] with atactic poly [(R, S)-3-hydroxybutyrate]. Polymer 41:5985–5992CrossRef

57.

Ojijo V, Sinha Ray S, Sadiku R (2012) Effect of nanoclay loading on the thermal and mechanical properties of biodegradable polylactide/poly [(butylene succinate)-co-adipate] blend composites. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 4:2395–2405CrossRef

58.

Ostafinska A, Fortelny I, Nevoralova M, Hodan J, Kredatusova J, Slouf M (2015) Synergistic effects in mechanical properties of PLA/PCL blends with optimized composition, processing, and morphology. RSC Adv 5:98971–98982CrossRef

59.

Oyama HT (2009) Super-tough poly (lactic acid) materials: Reactive blending with ethylene copolymer. Polymer 50:747–751CrossRef

60.

Patrício T, Bártolo P (2013) Thermal stability of PCL/PLA blends produced by physical blending process. Procedia Eng 59:292–297CrossRef

61.

Patrício T, Glória A, Bártolo P (2013) Mechanical and biological behaviour of PCL and PCL/PLA scaffolds for tissue engineering applications. Chem Eng 32

62.

Pivsa-Art S, Kord-Sa-Ard J, Pivsa-Art W, Wongpajan R, Narongchai O, Pavasupree S, Hamada H (2016) Effect of compatibilizer on PLA/PP blend for injection molding. Energy Procedia 89:353–360CrossRef

63.

Pivsa-Art S, Phansroy N, Thodsaratpiyakul W, Sukkaew C, Pivsa-Art W, Lintong S, Dedgheng T (2014) Preparation of biodegradable polymer copolyesteramides from L-lactic acid oligomers and polyamide monomers. Energy Procedia 56:648–658CrossRef

64.

Pivsa-Art S, Thumsorn S, Pavasupree S, Narongchai O, Pivsa-Art W, Yamane H, Ohara H (2013a) Effect of Additive on Crystallization and Mechanical Properties of Polymer Blends of Poly (lactic acid) and Poly [(butylene succinate)-co-adipate]. Energy Procedia 34:563–571CrossRef

65.

Pivsa-Art W, Chaiyasat A, Pivsa-Art S, Yamane H, Ohara H (2013b) Preparation of polymer blends between poly (lactic acid) and poly (butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) and biodegradable polymers as compatibilizers. Energy Procedia 34:549–554CrossRef

66.

Ploypetchara N, Suppakul P, Atong D, Pechyen C (2014) Blend of polypropylene/poly (lactic acid) for medical packaging application: physicochemical, thermal, mechanical, and barrier properties. Energy Procedia 56:201–210CrossRef

67.

Ramos M, Jiménez A, Peltzer M, Garrigós MC (2014) Development of novel nano-biocomposite antioxidant films based on poly (lactic acid) and thymol for active packaging. Food Chem 162:149–155CrossRef

68.

Ray S, Kalia VC (2017) Biomedical applications of polyhydroxyalkanoates. Indian J Microbiol 57:261–269CrossRef

69.

Rosli NA, Ahmad I, Anuar FH, Abdullah I (2016) Mechanical and thermal properties of natural rubber-modified poly (lactic acid) compatibilized with telechelic liquid natural rubber. Polym Testing 54:196–202CrossRef

70.

Shahlari M, Lee S (2012) Mechanical and morphological properties of poly (butylene adipate‐co‐terephthalate) and poly (lactic acid) blended with organically modified silicate layers. Polym Eng Sci 52:1420–1428CrossRef

71.

Shin BY, Jang SH, Kim BS (2011) Thermal, morphological, and mechanical properties of biobased and biodegradable blends of poly (lactic acid) and chemically modified thermoplastic starch. Polym Eng Sci 51:826–834CrossRef

72.

Signori F, Coltelli M-B, Bronco S (2009) Thermal degradation of poly (lactic acid)(PLA) and poly (butylene adipate-co-terephthalate)(PBAT) and their blends upon melt processing. Polym Degrad Stab 94:74–82CrossRef

73.

Soares FC, Yamashita F, Mueller CMO, Pires ATN (2013) Thermoplastic starch/poly (lactic acid) sheets coated with cross-linked chitosan. Polym Testing 32:94–98CrossRef

74.

Sookprasert P, Hinchiranan N (2015) Preparation of natural rubber‐graft‐poly (lactic acid) used as a compatibilizer for poly (lactic acid)/NR blends. Macromol Symp 354:125–130CrossRef

75.

Spinella S, Samuel C, Raquez J-M, McCallum SA, Gross R, Dubois P (2016) Green and efficient synthesis of dispersible cellulose nanocrystals in biobased polyesters for engineering applications. ACS Sustain Chem Eng 4:2517–2527CrossRef

76.

Todo M, Park S-D, Takayama T, Arakawa K (2007) Fracture micromechanisms of bioabsorbable PLLA/PCL polymer blends. Eng Fract Mech 74:1872–1883CrossRef

77.

Torres A et al. (2017) Effect of processing conditions on the physical, chemical and transport properties of polylactic acid films containing thymol incorporated by supercritical impregnation. Euro Polym J 89:195–210CrossRef

78.

Urquijo J, Guerrica‐Echevarría G, Eguiazábal JI (2015) Melt processed PLA/PCL blends: Effect of processing method on phase structure, morphology, and mechanical properties. J Appl Polym Sci 132CrossRef

79.

Valerio O, Misra M, Mohanty AK (2017a) Statistical design of sustainable thermoplastic blends of poly (glycerol succinate-co-maleate)(PGSMA), poly (lactic acid)(PLA) and poly (butylene succinate)(PBS). Polym Testing 65:420–428CrossRef

80.

Valerio O, Misra M, Mohanty AK (2017b) Sustainable biobased blends of poly (lactic acid)(PLA) and poly (glycerol succinate-co-maleate)(PGSMA) with balanced performance prepared by dynamic vulcanization. RSC Adv 7:38594–38603CrossRef

81.

Valerio O, Pin JM, Misra M, Mohanty AK (2016) Synthesis of glycerol-based biopolyesters as toughness enhancers for polylactic acid bioplastic through reactive extrusion. ACS Omega 1:1284–1295CrossRef

82.

Wachirahuttapong S, Thongpin C, Sombatsompop N (2016) Effect of PCL and compatibility contents on the morphology, crystallization and mechanical properties of PLA/PCL blends. Energy Procedia 89:198–206CrossRef

83.

Wang L-F, Rhim J-W, Hong S-I (2016) Preparation of poly (lactide)/poly (butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) blend films using a solvent casting method and their food packaging application. LWT-Food Sci Technol 68:454–461CrossRef

84.

Weng Y-X, Jin Y-J, Meng Q-Y, Wang L, Zhang M, Wang Y-Z (2013) Biodegradation behavior of poly (butylene adipate-co-terephthalate)(PBAT), poly (lactic acid)(PLA), and their blend under soil conditions. Polym Testing 32:918–926CrossRef

85.

Wokadala OC, Emmambux NM, Ray SS (2014) Inducing PLA/starch compatibility through butyl-etherification of waxy and high amylose starch. Carbohyd Polym 112:216–224CrossRef

86.

Wu D, Zhang Y, Zhang M, Yu W (2009) Selective localization of multiwalled carbon nanotubes in poly (ε-caprolactone)/polylactide blend. Biomacromolecules 10:417–424CrossRef

87.

Xiu H et al. (2014) Improving impact toughness of polylactide/poly (ether) urethane blends via designing the phase morphology assisted by hydrophilic silica nanoparticles. Polymer 55:1593–1600CrossRef

88.

Xu C, Yuan D, Fu L, Chen Y (2014) Physical blend of PLA/NR with co-continuous phase structure: preparation, rheology property, mechanical properties and morphology. Polym Testing 37:94–101CrossRef

89.

Yeh J-T, Tsou C-H, Huang C-Y, Chen K-N, Wu C-S, Chai W-L (2010) Compatible and crystallization properties of poly (lactic acid)/poly (butylene adipate‐co‐terephthalate) blends. J Appl Polym Sci 116:680–687

90.

Yu F, Huang H-X (2015) Simultaneously toughening and reinforcing poly (lactic acid)/thermoplastic polyurethane blend via enhancing interfacial adhesion by hydrophobic silica nanoparticles. Polym Testing 45:107–113CrossRef

91.

Yuan D, Chen K, Xu C, Chen Z, Chen Y (2014) Crosslinked bicontinuous biobased PLA/NR blends via dynamic vulcanization using different curing systems. Carbohyd Polym 113:438–445CrossRef

92.

Yuan D, Chen Z, Chen K, Mou W, Chen Y (2016) Phenolic resin-induced dynamically vulcanized polylactide/natural rubber blends. Polym-Plast Technol Eng 55:1115–1123CrossRef

93.

Zeng C, Zhang N-W, Ren J (2012) Synthesis and properties of bio‐based thermoplastic polyurethane based on poly (L‐lactic acid) copolymer polydiol. J Appl Polym Sci 125:2564–2576CrossRef

94.

Zeng J-B, Li K-A, Du A-K (2015) Compatibilization strategies in poly (lactic acid)-based blends RSC. Advances 5:32546–32565

95.

Zeng J-B, Li Y-D, Li W-D, Yang K-K, Wang X-L, Wang Y-Z (2009) Synthesis and properties of poly (ester urethane) s consisting of poly (L-lactic acid) and poly (ethylene succinate) segments. Industrial Eng Chem Res 48:1706–1711CrossRef

96.

Zhang M, Thomas NL (2011) Blending polylactic acid with polyhydroxybutyrate: the effect on thermal, mechanical, and biodegradation properties. Adv Polym Technol 30:67–79CrossRef

97.

Zhang N, Wang Q, Ren J, Wang L (2009a) Preparation and properties of biodegradable poly (lactic acid)/poly (butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) blend with glycidyl methacrylate as reactive processing agent. J Mater Sci 44:250–256CrossRef

98.

Zhang W, Chen L, Zhang Y (2009) Surprising shape-memory effect of polylactide resulted from toughening by polyamide elastomer. Polymer 50:1311–1315CrossRef

Title: Opportunities for PLA and Its Blends in Various Applications
Authors: Teboho Clement Mokhena
Mokgaotsa Jonas Mochane
Emmanuel Rotimi Sadiku
O. Agboola
Maya Jacob John
Publisher: Springer Singapore
Book: Green Biopolymers and their Nanocomposites
Print ISBN: 978-981-13-8062-4

Electronic ISBN: 978-981-13-8063-1

Copyright Year: 2019
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-8063-1_3

Springer Professional

Abstract

Please log in to get access to your license.

Dont have a licence yet? Then find out more about our products and how to get one now:

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik"

Springer Professional "Technik"

Premium Partners