Optimizing Parthenium waste: biomass-derived carbon adsorbents for adsorbing Amido Black 10B dye analyzed through graph theory for stability and reactivity

The article presents a novel approach to optimizing Parthenium waste by converting it into biomass-derived carbon adsorbents for the effective removal of Amido Black 10B dye from aqueous solutions. The study highlights the abundance, low cost, and high adsorption efficiency of biomass-based adsorbents, which align with circular economy principles. Parthenium hysterophorus, an invasive weed with high carbon content, is particularly attractive for this purpose. The research investigates the adsorption characteristics of raw Parthenium flowers (RPF) and Parthenium flower activated carbon (PFAC) through various experimental parameters such as pH, adsorbent dosage, and contact time. The study employs advanced analytical techniques like FTIR, XRD, and SEM to characterize the adsorbents and evaluates their electrochemical properties. Graph theory is utilized to analyze the structural stability and reactivity of the adsorbents, providing insights into their adsorption efficiency. The article also explores the thermodynamic aspects of the adsorption process, revealing the spontaneity and exothermic nature of the dye adsorption. The findings underscore the potential of RPF and PFAC as cost-effective and sustainable solutions for dye removal, offering a deeper understanding of the adsorption mechanisms involved.