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Published in:
The Threat of Illicit Economies and the Complex Relations with State and Society Read chapter Read first chapter

2018 | OriginalPaper | Chapter

2. Organized Crime as a Threat to Sustainable Development: Understanding the Evidence

Author : Tuesday Reitano

Published in: Organized Crime and Illicit Trade

Publisher: Springer International Publishing

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Abstract

The chapter highlights the main arguments for a development response to organized crime, to mitigating its impact on vulnerable communities and the integrity of the state, and to building long-term resilience to countering organized crime in the future. Specifically, it discusses the evidence base of organized crime’s impact vis-à-vis four core development areas: health and wellbeing, violence and conflict, governance and the rule of law, livelihoods and the environment. It concludes that experiences collected from around the globe definitely show the manifold and interconnected negative impacts of organized crime on development.

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previous chapter The Threat of Illicit Economies and the Complex Relations with State and Society
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Footnotes
1
‘Transforming our World: The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development’, United Nations (UN) (New York: United Nations, 2015).
 
2
‘Organised Crime: a cross-cutting threat to sustainable development’, Global Initiative against Transnational Organized Crime (Geneva: Global Initiative against Transnational Organized Crime, 2015).
 
3
‘Technical Guide for Countries to Set Targets for Universal Access to HIV Prevention, Treatment and Care for Injecting Drug Users’, World Health Organization (WHO), United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNOCD) and UNAIDS (Geneva: WHO, 2013).
 
4
Catherine Martin, Casualties of War: How the War on Drugs is harming the world’s poorest (London: Health Poverty Action, 2015).
 
5
‘Taking Control: Pathways to drug policies that work’, Global Commission on Drug Policy (Global Commission on Drug Policy, 2014).
 
6
‘Report on the Drug Problem in the Americas’, Organization of American States (OAS) (Cartagena: Organization of American States, 2013); ‘Not Just in Transit: Drugs, the State and Society in West Africa’, West Africa Commission on Drugs (WACD) (Geneva: West Africa Commission on Drugs, 2014).
 
7
Kellen Russoniello, ‘The Devil (and Drugs) in the Details: Portugal’s Focus on Public Health as a Model for Decriminalization of Drugs in Mexico’, Yale Journal of Health Policy, Law and Ethics, vol. 12, no. 2, 2013, art. 4; ‘New frontiers or old boundaries? Reconsidering Approaches to the Security and Development Nexus in the Context of Responses to Organized Crime, Conflict, and Insurgency’, Global Initiative against Transnational Organized Crime (Geneva: Global Initiative against Transnational Organized Crime, 2015).
 
8
‘Guidelines for the development of measures to counter counterfeit drugs’, WHO (Geneva: WHO, 1999).
 
9
‘Organized Crime: A Cross-Cutting Threat to Sustainable Development’, Global Initiative against Transnational Organized Crime, January 2015.
 
10
Ibid.
 
11
Louise Shelley and Sharon Malzer, ‘The Nexus of Organized Crime and Terrorism: Two Case Studies in Cigarette Smuggling’, International Journal of Comparative and Applied Criminal Justice, vol. 32, no. 1, Spring 2008, pp. 43–63.
 
12
‘In Larger Freedom: towards development, security and human rights for all’, UN General Assembly (New York: United Nations, 2005).
 
13
‘World Development Report 2011’, World Bank (Washington, DC: World Bank, 2011).
 
14
‘States of Fragility 2015: Meeting Post-2015 Ambitions’, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) (Paris: OECD Publishing, 2015).
 
15
‘Homicide Report 2013’, UNODC (Vienna: United Nations, 2014).
 
16
Vanda Felbab-Brown, Bringing the State to the Slum: confronting organised crime and urban violence in Latin America (Washington, DC: Brookings, 2011).
 
17
‘Organized Crime: A Cross-Cutting Threat to Sustainable Development’.
 
18
Stephen Ellis and Mark Shaw, ‘Does Organised Crime Exist in Africa?’, African Affairs, vol. 115, no. 457, September 2015.
 
19
Charles M. Katz and Luis Enrique Amaya, The Gang Truce as a Form of Violence Intervention: Implications for Policy and Practice (San Salvador: SolucionES, 2015).
 
20
Mabel Gonzalez-Bustelo, ‘El-Salvador’s Gang Truce: a lost opportunity?’, Open Democracy, 18 May 2015, https://​www.​opendemocracy.​net/​opensecurity/​mabel-gonz%C3%A1lez-bustelo/​el-salvador%E2%80%99s-gang-truce-lost-opportunity.
 
21
Mark Shaw and Tuesday Reitano. The Evolution of Organised Crime in Africa: towards a new response (Pretoria: Institute for Security Studies, 2013); Laura Freeman, Breaking the Chain: Can sanctions crack the connections between organised crime and insurgency? (Geneva: Global Initiative against Transnational Organized Crime, 2016).
 
22
Tuesday Reitano and Mark Shaw, Fixing a fractured state: breaking the cycles of crime, corruption and conflict in Mali and the Sahel (Geneva: Global Initiative against Transnational Organized Crime, 2015).
 
23
Stewart Patrick, Weak Links: fragile states, global threats and international security (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2011).
 
24
‘Report on the Drug Problem in the Americas’.
 
25
‘Bringing the state back into the favelas of Rio de Janeiro: understanding changes in community life after the UPP pacification process’, World Bank (Washington, DC: World Bank, 2012).
 
26
Camino Kavanagh, Getting Smart and Scaling Up: Responding to the Impact of Organized Crime on Governance in Developing Countries (New York: Centre for International Cooperation, 2013).
 
27
Global Commission on Elections, Democracy and Security, Deepening Democracy: A Strategy for Improving the Integrity of Elections Worldwide (Stockholm / Geneva: International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance (International IDEA) / Kofi Annan Foundation, 2012); ‘Illicit Networks and Politics in Latin America’, International IDEA (Stockholm: International IDEA, 2014).
 
28
Sarah Chayes, Thieves of State: why corruption threatens global security (New York: W.W. Norton & Co., 2015); Tom Burgis, The Looting Machine: Warlords, tycoons, smugglers and the systematic theft of Africa’s wealth (London: William Collins, 2015); Moisés Naím, ‘Mafia States: Organised Crime takes Office’, Foreign Affairs, May/June2012.
 
29
‘Illicit Networks and Politics in Latin America’.
 
30
Tuesday Reitano and Marcena Hunter, Organised Crime and Service Delivery (Stockholm: International IDEA, 2016); Kavanagh, Getting Smart and Scaling Up.
 
31
Kavanagh, Getting Smart and Scaling Up: Responding to the Impact of Organized Crime on Governance on Developing Countries
 
32
Justin Gosling, The Global Response to Transnational Organized Environmental Crime (Geneva: Global Initiative against Transnational Organised Crime, 2014).
 
33
Brian Clark Howard, ‘Drug Trafficking Poses Surprising Threats to Rain Forests, Scientists Find’, National Geographic, 30 January, http://​news.​nationalgeograph​ic.​com/​news/​2014/​01/​140130-drug-trafficking-deforestation-central-america-environment-policy-reform/​.
 
34
‘New frontiers or old boundaries?’
 
35
Teale N. Phelps Bondaroff, Wietse van der Werf and Tuesday Reitano, The Illegal Fishing and Organized Crime Nexus: Illegal fishing as transnational organised crime (Geneva: Global Initiative against Transnational Organized Crime, 2015).
 
36
Kukka Ranta, ‘Illicit Migration to Europe: Consequences of Illegal Fishing and Overfishing in West Africa’, Global Initiative against Transnational Organized Crime, 31 May 2015. http://​www.​globalinitiative​.​net/​illicit-migration-to-europe-consequences-of-illegal-fishing-and-overfishing-in-west-africa/​.
 
37
Gosling, The Global Response to Transnational Organised Environmental Crime.
 
38
Sarah Chayes, Thieves of State: Why Corruption Threatens Global Security (London and New York: W.W. Norton & Company LTD./INC., 2015).
 
39
‘Organized Crime: A Cross-Cutting Threat to Sustainable Development’.
 
40
James Cockayne, ‘Chasing Shadows: Strategic Responses to Organised Crime in Conflict-Affected Situations’, The RUSI Journal, vol. 158, no. 2, April 2013, pp. 10–24.
 
Metadata
Title
Organized Crime as a Threat to Sustainable Development: Understanding the Evidence
Author
Tuesday Reitano
Copyright Year
2018
Book
Organized Crime and Illicit Trade

Print ISBN: 978-3-319-72967-1

Electronic ISBN: 978-3-319-72968-8

Copyright Year: 2018

DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-72968-8_2