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2017 | OriginalPaper | Chapter

3. Participatory Rights in Brazilian Law and the Requirements of contradictoire and Full Defence in Criminal Proceedings

Author : Stefano Ruggeri

Published in: Audi Alteram Partem in Criminal Proceedings

Publisher: Springer International Publishing

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Abstract

In his book ‘O devido processo penal’, Giacomolli pointed out that Brazilian courts, with rare exceptions, still largely follow practices reflecting an authoritarian understanding of criminal justice. It would be misleading to say, however, that this result is still due to the original authoritarian approach of the 1941 code of criminal procedure. Although clearly inspired by the 1930 Italian code, Brazilian criminal justice has undergone several developments over last decades, which have steered it away from the initial state-centred approach.

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previous chapter Participatory Rights in Italian Criminal Justice and the Developments Towards a contradictoire-Based Model of Criminal Proceedings

next chapter Participatory Rights in Transnational Criminal Justice Under Italian Law

Giacomolli (2014), p. 12 ff.

Casara and Melchior (2013), p. 19.

Giacomolli (2014), p. 12 ff.

Art. 122(11) of the 1937 Constitution.

Art. 141(25) of the 1946 Constitution.

Art. 140(16) of the 1967 Constitution.

Scarance Fernandes (2010), p. 60.

Art. 5(LV).

Pellegrini Grinover (1990), p. 11. The two guarantees should instead remain separate according to Scarance Fernandes (2010), p. 61.

Scarance Fernandes (2010), p. 61.

Art. 153(16), following the new enumeration laid down by the 1969 constitutional amendment.

On the strict link between contradictoire and full defence see Pellegrini Grinover et al. (2001), p. 77.

Pellegrini Grinover (1990), p. 12.

Ibid., 6 fn. 25; Lopes Jr (2017), p. 97 f.

Pellegrini Grinover (1990), p. 12 f.

Ibid., 10.

Lopes Jr (2017), p. 97.

Lauria Tucci (2004), p. 211. Of a different opinion Scarance Fernandes (2010), p. 62, who moreover admits the need to grant suspects the protection of their most relevant interests in the pre-trial inquiry.

Lopes Jr (2017), p. 171 f., 538.

Lopes Jr (2017), p. 362.

Gomes and Mazzuoli (2010), p. 113.

Pimenta Lopes (2013), p. 6 f.

Lopes Jr (2017), p. 121.

Moraes Pitombo (1983), p. 313 ff.

Lopes Jr (2013), p. 236.

Ibid.

Art. 14 CCP.

Lopes Jr (2017), p. 124.

Lopes Jr (2013), p. 286.

Art. 394 CCP (before 2008).

Art. 396 CCP.

Moreover, the code entitles the victim to lodge a complaint before the Chief of Police as well as to make another to the public prosecutor who, while agreeing with the request, will require the police to begin the investigations.

Art. 5 CCP.

Art. 5(4) CCP.

Lopes Jr (2017), p. 137 f.

Art. 29 CCP.

Art. 5(LIX) Const.

Art. 31 CCP.

Art. 129(I) Const.

Art. 30 CCP. According to Law 9.099/2005, as amended by Law 11.313/2006, minor offences are those punishable up to 2 years of imprisonment.

Lopes Jr (2017), p. 139.

Art. 5(5) CCP.

Art. 28 CCP.

See Art. 14(1) Resolution 77/2004, http://csmpf.pgr.mpf.mp.br/documentos-e-publicacoes/resolucoes/resol_77_set_2004.pdf.

Lopes Jr (2017), p. 539.

In this sense see already Lauria Tucci and Cruz e Tucci (1993), p. 25 ff.

For an overview of the main opinions expressed before and after the 1988 Constitution see Hassan Choukr (1995), p. 109 ff.

Lopes Jr (2017), p. 102 fn. 86.

Ibid., 168.

Lopes Jr (2013), p. 335.

Lopes Jr (2017), p. 169.

Chapter 9, D.

Lopes Jr (2013), p. 337 fn. 58.

The constitutional amendment reform 45/2004 enacted into the Constitution a new Article 103-A, which enables the Federal Supreme Tribunal to issue, either ex officio or upon request, binding precedents on constitutional law issues.

Lopes Jr (2017), p. 174.

Ibid., 173.

Ibid., 540.

Ibid., 543.

STF, Súmula vinculante No. 351.

Art. 360 CCP.

Art. 362 CCP.

Art. 227 CPC.

Lopes Jr (2013), p. 547 f.

Ibid., 548.

In this sense Marques da Silva (2008), p. 37.

Art. 361 CCP.

Delmanto Jr (2004), p. 152.

Lopes Jr (2017), p. 546.

Giacomolli (2014), p. 128.

STF, HC 84.580-1/SP, rel. Celso de Mello.

Chapter 9, C.

Lopes Jr (2017), p. 559. Of a partially different opinion Nucci (2014), p. 767.

Art. 260 CCP. Against this solution see Lopes Jr (2017), p. 559 f.

Art. 396-A(2) CCP.

Art. 366 CCP (before 1996).

Art. 366 CCP.

Pacelli (2012), p. 613.

RE 460.971, rel. Sepúlveda Pertence.

Lopes Jr (2017), p. 552 ff.

Hassan Choukr (2011), p. 565 f. Similarly Lopes Jr (2017), p. 551, who points out that the Constitution did not empower the legislature to set forth further cases of offences that can be prosecuted without time limits.

In this sense cf. Tourinho Filho (2010), I vol., 930 f.

Moreover, the recent Law 12.683/2012 introduced an important derogation from the general suspension of time limits in cases of economic crimes under Law 9.613/98. For criticisms on this reform see Lopes Jr (2013), p. 762.

Tourinho Filho (2010), I vol., 929 ff.

Ibid., 929; Lopes Jr (2017), p. 553 fn. 18.

In this sense see already Lopes Jr and Badaró (2009), p. 14.

Súmula No. 415.

Code’s reform project 4.207/2001.

Lopes Jr (2013), p. 760 f.

Hassan Choukr (2011), p. 565.

In this sense see Lopes Jr (2017), p. 354 f., who moreover invoked the Spanish rules on time limits for criminal offences, which provide for the interruption of the statutory limitations where the defendant, if also summoned by edict, does not appear in court and is formally declared absent (rebelde) (p. 354 fn. 21). Although the Spanish rebeldía also leads to the suspension of criminal proceedings, the declaration of absence does not entail—unlike in Brazil—the suspension of prescription, with the result that the time limit for the offence can lapse while the prosecution still suspended.

Lopes Jr (2017), p. 558.

Súmula No. 455.

Lopes Jr (2017), p. 557.

Tourinho Filho (2010), I vol., 936.

Arts. 185 et seq. CCP.

Art. 6(V) CCP.

Lopes Jr (2017), p. 141.

Ibid.

Art. 4(IV) CCP.

100

Art. 201 CCP.

101

Scarance Fernandes (1995), p. 212.

102

Lopes Jr (2017), p. 454.

103

Ibid., 454 f. In the same sense Pacelli (2012), p. 425.

104

Lopes Jr (2017), p. 477 ff.

105

Tourinho Filho (2010), I vol., 597.

106

Art. 186 CCP (old version).

107

Lopes Jr (2017), p. 446.

108

Art. 186 CCP (new version).

109

Art. 187 CCP (old version).

110

As we will see, a different method has been introduced since 2008 for witnesses’ examination.

111

Art. 188 CCP (new version).

112

For some criticisms on the vagueness of these legal requirements see Lopes Jr (2013), p. 650 f.

113

Art. 185(2)(II) CCP.

114

Art. 185(2)(III) CCP.

115

Lopes Jr (2017), p. 450 f.

116

Art. 185(4) CCP.

117

Art. 185(5) CCP.

118

Lopes Jr (2013), p. 651.

119

Art. 185(8) CCP.

120

Art. 217 CCP. It is worth noting, however, that in the practice the defendant is still often banned from the courtroom whenever the victim or the witness requests it. Hearings by videoconference are more used in other situations, e.g. where the examination concerns a victim or a witness residing in a place other than that in which the trial is held.

121

Lopes Jr (2017), p. 475.

122

Art. 201 CCP (old version).

123

Art. 201(4) CCP.

124

Art. 201(5) CCP.

125

Tourinho Filho (2010), I vol., 656.

126

Art. 201(6) CCP.

127

See Lopes Jr (2017), p. 456.

128

Art. 212 CCP.

129

Lopes Jr (2017), p. 475.

130

Ibid., 476.

131

See STJ, REsp 1.259.482, rel. Marco Aurélio Bellize, which declared the proceedings void because the judge replaced the absent public prosecutor by putting questions to the witness. Cf. Lopes Jr (2017), p. 460.

132

STJ, HC 153.140, rel. Felix Fischer.

133

See STJ, HC 151.357, rel. Og Fernandes; STF, HC 110.623, rel. Ricardo Lewandowski.

134

For an overview of the case-law of the higher courts in this respect see Hassan Choukr (2011), p. 375 f.; Lopes Jr (2017), p. 458 ff.

135

Lopes Jr (2017), p. 442 f.

136

Art. 159(1) CCP.

137

Lopes Jr (2017), p. 428 f.

138

Art. 159(3) CCP.

139

Lopes Jr (2017), p. 426.

140

Art. 159(4) CCP.

141

Art. 159(5)(I) CCP.

142

Tourinho Filho (2010), I vol., 558 ff.

143

Lopes Jr (2017), p. 429 fn. 12.

144

Ibid., 429.

145

Tourinho Filho (2010), I vol., 558.

146

Lopes Jr (2017), p. 504.

147

Art. 479 CCP.

148

Lopes Jr (2013), p. 704.

149

Art. 204 CCP.

150

Lopes Jr (2017), p. 503 f.

Ibid., 384.

Ibid., 382 f.

Art. 12 CCP.

Lopes Jr (2017), p. 155.

155

Art. 155 CCP (old version).

156

Art. 157 CCP (old version).

157

Art. 155 CCP.

158

Lopes Jr (2001), p. 119 ff.; Polastri Lima (2002), p. 4 f.

159

Lopes Jr (2017), p. 163 f. It is noteworthy that Brazilian legislature enacted the proposal made by the ‘Grinover Commission’ (a Commission appointed in 2000 by the Ministry of Justice with the aim of elaborating guidelines for the reform of criminal justice). This proposal, however, left no room for the use of pre-trial evidence, except the sole cases of pre-trial evidence taken in the context of coercive measures, non-repeatable evidence and anticipated evidence. See Hassan Choukr (2011), p. 275.

160

Tourinho Filho (2010), I vol., 522 f.

161

For an overview of the case-law see Hassan Choukr (2011), p. 278 f.

162

Lopes Jr (2017), p. 165. In the same sense see already Pellegrini Grinover (1996), p. 239 f.

163

Lopes Jr (2017), p. 161 f.

164

Ibid., 162.

165

Chapter 9, G.II.

166

Lopes Jr (2017), p. 586 f.

167

Hassan Choukr (2011), p. 443 f.

168

Law 12.403/2011.

169

Art. 282(II)(3) CCP.

170

Pacelli (2012), p. 521.

171

Lopes Jr (2011), p. 16.

172

Giacomolli (2014), p. 365.

173

Hassan Choukr (2011), p. 445.

174

Lopes Jr (2017), p. 587.

175

Giacomolli (2014), p. 364.

176

Lopes Jr (2017), p. 587. Similarly Nucci (2014), p. 645.

177

Art. 311 CCP.

178

Lopes Jr (2017), p. 629 f.; Giacomolli (2014), p. 376 f.

179

Art. 311 CCP.

180

Lopes Jr (2017), p. 630. Of a different view Pacelli (2012), p. 519 f., who considers the lack of legitimation of the victim on the investigative stage incompatible with the Brazilian system of private legal action.

181

Lopes Jr (2017), p. 630.

182

Law 7.960/1989.

183

Giacomolli (2014), p. 366.

184

Lopes Jr (2017), p. 588. In the same sense see already Pacelli (2012), p. 522.

185

Lopes Jr (2017), p. 593.

186

For in-depth analysis of the case-law cf. Jopes and Badaró (2009), p. 96 ff.

187

Giacomolli (2014), p. 367.

188

Art. 5(LXXVIII) Const. See Giacomolli (2014), p. 366 ff.

Ibid., 368.

Art. 5(LXI) Const.

Art. 5(LXV) Const.

Art. 5(LXII) Const.

Art. 5(LXIII) Const.

Art. 310 CCP.

Art. 5(LXVI) Const.

Article 310 CCP expressed it literally before 2011. See Hassan Choukr (2011), p. 498.

Ibid., 499.

Ibid., 496.

Art. 5(LXIV) Const.

Giacomolli (2014), p. 364.

201

Pacelli (2012), p. 522.

202

Art. 1(I) Law 7.960/1989.

203

Lopes Jr (2017), p. 142.

204

Art. 2(6) Law 7.960/1989.

205

Art. 2(3) Law 7.960/1989.

206

Art. 5(LVIII) Const.

207

In the latter case, the identification is of course not of compulsory nature.

208

Lopes Jr (2017), p. 143.

209

Ibid., 144 ff. and 434.

210

Lopes Jr (2013), p. 312.

211

Ibid.

212

Ibid., 311 f.

213

Art. 5(LXVIII) Const.

214

Arts. 647 et seq. CCP.

215

See Pontes de Miranda (1979), p. 123 ff. Cf. also Lopes Jr (2017), p. 1109 f.

216

Arts. 340 et seq. 1932 CCP.

217

Law 2.033/1871.

218

Gimeno Sendra (2007), p. 537.

219

Lopes Jr (2013), p. 1334 f.

220

Art. 72(22) 1891 Const.

221

Tourinho Filho (2010), II vol., 522 ff.

222

Ibid., 526 f.

223

Lopes Jr (2013), p. 1342.

224

Ibid., 1342 ff.

225

On the use of habeas corpus in cases of coercion made by private people see Lopes Jr (2017), p. 1123 f.

226

Art. 656 CCP.

227

Lopes Jr (2017), p. 1131 f., who points out, moreover, that the STF has recently smoothed this doctrine in cases of manifest unlawfulness of coercion.

228

STJ, HC 93.557, rel. Arnaldo Esteves Lima.

229

STJ, HC 19.506, rel. Felix Fischer.

230

Lopes Jr (2017), p. 1133.

Casara R, Melchior AP (2013) Teoría do Processo Penal Brasileiro. Vol. I, Dogmática e Crítica: Conceitos Fundamentais. Lumen Juris, Rio de Janeiro

Delmanto R Jr (2004) Inatividade no Processo Penal Brasileiro. Revista dos Tribunais, São Paulo

Giacomolli NJ (2014) O devido processo penal. Abordagem conforme a Constituição Federal e o Pacto de São José da Costa Rica. Atlas S.A., São Paulo

Gimeno Sendra V (2007) Derecho procesal penal, 2nd edn. Colex, Majadahonda

Gomes LF, Mazzuoli V d O (2010) Comentários à convenção americana sobre direitos humanos: Pacto de San José da Costa Rica, 3rd edn. Revista dos Tribunais, São Paulo

Hassan Choukr F (1995) Garantias constitucionais na investigação criminal. Revista dos Tribunais, São Paulo

Hassan Choukr F (2011) Código de Processo Penal. Comentários Consolidados e Crítica Jurisprudencial, 5th edn. Lumen Juris, Rio de Janeiro

Lauria Tucci R (2004) Direitos e garantias individuais no processo penal brasileiro. Saraiva, São Paulo

Lauria Tucci R, Cruz e Tucci JR (1993) Devido Processo Legal e Tutela Jurisdicional. Revista dos Tribunais, São Paulo

Lopes A Jr (2001) Sistemas de Investigação Preliminar no Processo Penal. Lumen Juris, Rio de Janeiro

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Title: Participatory Rights in Brazilian Law and the Requirements of contradictoire and Full Defence in Criminal Proceedings
Author: Stefano Ruggeri
Publisher: Springer International Publishing
Book: Audi Alteram Partem in Criminal Proceedings
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-54572-1

Electronic ISBN: 978-3-319-54573-8

Copyright Year: 2017
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-54573-8_3

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